Attacks --- have visible impact, Bentom. I found your HT comment very interesting. What would you do when faced by the impact of an attack on critical infrastructure? To respond, you would need to "fix" the damage, and "attribute" who caused it so that it does not recur. In the UN GGE, for example, in 2017 there was a gridlock over attribution for cyber attacks, because of the response (how to retribute). The problem in technical terms is to clearly attribute cyber attacks - even between the United States and Russia this is largely a grey area. What happens in the cases of developing countries whose critical infrastructure is either attacked directly or suffers "collateral" damage (given that a large amount of critical infrastructure in developing countries is owned by foreign corporates).

Source author: Asoke Mukerji asokem@diplomacy.edu