1. Last 7 days
    1. Concentration of the AI Chip Supply Chain

      useful graphics as illustration of development of micro-processors.

    2. The recent advances in Chinese chipmakingcapacity, such as the fabrication of a 7nm chip25for Huawei phones (Liu 2023) haveincreased concerns about the controls accelerating China’s progress towards AI chipsupply chain independence and thus diminishing U.S. capacity to control access tocompute.

      There are two theories: one that China should have kept inderdependent and integrated in global market. second is of export-control which prevailed.

    3. The three keytechnical inputs to producing AI capabilities are data, algorithms, and compute, alsoreferred to as the “AI triad”

      AI triad

    4. First, governance of computecan help increase regulatoryvisibilityinto AI capabilities and use; second, it can steerAI progress by changing theallocationof resources toward safe and beneficial usesof AI; third, it can enhanceenforcementof prohibitions against reckless or maliciousdevelopment or use.

      There area of governance of Ai computing.

    5. Relative to other key inputs to AI (data andalgorithms), AI-relevant compute is a particularly effective point of intervention: it isdetectable,excludable, andquantifiable, and is produced via an extremelyconcentrated supply chain.

      it is easy to detect.

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    1. Project managers will not be going away, but they will need to embrace these changes and take advantage of the new technologies.

      Future roles of project managers.

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    1. Because AI is ignorant of silos, knows no boundaries within the company, has no limits to its reading capacity or attention span, and is immune from internal politics, it can enable strategic intelligence staff — including those working in marketing intelligence, strategy, and strategic management accounting — to breach a company’s internal knowledge walls.

      Ai as tool for overcoming silos.

    2. to real-time inference of otherwise hidden information about a company from publicly disclosed documents such as annual reports, quarterly financials, press releases, statements, and social media posts.

      How to identify 'hidden infomration'

    3. “Is there any statement of strategic relevance for the company XYZ in the following paragraph?

      Prompt

    4. to Uncover Hidden Information

      how to uncover hidden information.

    5. AI can become the watchful eye that spots useful insights in the field of competitive intelligence.

      Termi is 'competitive intelligence'.

    6. growing problem of information overload regarding markets and competitors,

      AI can help finding relevant information in a lot of information.

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    1. AI is great at identifying patterns and providing predictions for well-formulated problems, but it fails to practice emotional intelligence and exercise moral or ethical judgment.

      What is AI good at?

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    1. to balance privacy with security, trust with safety, helpfulness with respect for others’ autonomy, and, of course, values with short-term financial metrics.

      Trade-offs

    2. Norbert Wiener, the father of cybernetics, proposed a similar idea in a seminal 1960 Science article, launching an entire academic discipline focused on ensuring that automated tools incorporate the values of their creators.

      Start of AI and ethics

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    1. Overanalyzing

      How to do overanalysing?

    2. Rumination is best described as a mental loop where you dwell on past events, particularly negative or distressing ones.

      Wht is rumintion?

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    1. Teams in the experimental groups could use ChatGPT during both ideation phases, and they were encouraged to train the tool on the problem by inputting material from the information sheets.

      How to generate ideas?

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    1. The snail’s pace of research and publishing is badly suited to Silicon Valley’s speed.

      It is also about books and writing.

    2. is both an insider and an outsider.

      Like Diplo with diplomacy.

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    1. Qatar and the UAE increased

      Increase of diplomatic missions.

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    1. Western diplomacy must seek to counter Russian disinformation across the global south.

      ||VladaR|| Most of EU projects on digital/tech will be along these lines. It will be tricky time to preserve neutrality.

    2. If the West tried to use secondary sanctions to force the world to comply, it would backfire, leading some countries to abandon the American-led financial system.

      Risk of sanctoins

    3. Russia’s economy has been re-engineered. Oil exports bypass sanctions and are shipped to the global south. Western brands from bmw to h&m have been replaced with Chinese and local substitutes. In textbooks and the media a seductive narrative of nationalism and Russian victimhood is promulgated.

      Russia's survival formula

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    1. Christopher Myers of Johns Hopkins University is a fan of informal storytelling as a way of passing on tacit knowledge.

      The best way to pass tacit knowledge

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    1. Startups and corporations are already designing software to make it easy to switch between Open AI ’s current top model, GPT -4, and alternatives.

      Important to be ready to switch between different platforms.

    2. In January America’s Federal Trade Commission launched an antitrust probe into Open AI ’s deal with Microsoft. Regulators in Britain and the EU are considering similar moves.

      First anti-trust moves agains OpenAI

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    1. If the probability distribution of the words is flat, ie many words have similar likelihoods of being chosen, this means that there is less certainty as to which is most likely.

      ||Jovan|| What is this about?

    2. One solution is retrieval augmented generation ( RAG ), which splits the job of the AI model into two parts: retrieval and generation

      ||Jovan|| Good description of RAG

    3. This is a later stage of training in which the model’s weights, which encode statistical relationships between the words and phrases in the training data, are updated for a specific task

      Important of weights.

    4. he fundamental problem is that language models are probabilistic, while truth is not.

      good point

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    1. Many countries are more than happy to play both sides—receiving Chinese investment and intermediate goods, and exporting finished products to America.

      Position of many countries.

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    1. On February 20th Silo AI , a Finnish firm, unveiled a new LLM that is even more open than Mistral’s, furnishing information about the data on which it is trained and the software that did the job.

      ||JovanNj|| Anything on this model?

    2. to divulge its data recipe

      ||sorina|| It seems that battle was not around open-source but around data provisions.

    3. This places them among the 100 or so people worldwide who really know how to train cutting-edge models.

      Is only 100 people? ||JovanNj||

    4. “It’s no longer about being bigger—it’s about being creative and being fast,”

      Key for AI developments.

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    1. in establishing an internal “data and analytics culture”, which plenty of businesses find stubbornly difficult to nurture.

      Important aspect of AI impact on data culture

    2. three big categories: window-dressing, tools for workers with low to middling skills, and those for a firm’s most valuable employees.

      3 types of use cases.

    3. more than 300 AI use cases in production today”

      What is AI use cases? It seems to be terminology 'use cases' ||JovanNj||||dusandATdiplomacy.edu||

    4. n February only about 5% of American firms of all sizes said they used AI . A further 7% of firms plan to adopt it within six months (see chart).

      Little use of AI in businesses.

    5. According to a recent survey from the Boston Consulting Group ( BCG ), a majority of executives said it will take at least two years to “move beyond the hype” around AI .

      2 years to move beyond hype.

    6. The spread of the typewriter put some workers out of a job: “With the aid of this little machine an operator can accomplish more correspondence in a day than half a dozen clerks can with the pen, and do better work,” said an observer in 1888.

      Observation about use of typewritter.

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    1. The Global AI Index is underpinned by 111 indicators, collected from 28 different public and private data sources, and 62 governments. These are split across seven sub-pillars: Talent, Infrastructure, Operating Environment, Research, Development, Government Strategy and Commercial.

      Elements for AI analysis

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    1. However, in our research, we found 35 countries who have made any significant stride in GenAI ever.

      Geography of AI

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    1. TikTok has also injected welcome competition into the social-media market. Six of last year’s ten most-downloaded apps came from Meta, Facebook’s owner. TikTok, which beat them to the top spot, has brought in a wave of innovation. Consumers everywhere are the winners.

      ||sorina|| An interesting economic angle to Tik-Tok saga from the Economist. We will see if security of economic angle will prevail ultimately. This is also battle between geopolitics and geoeconomics. TikTok saga is more important than simple market access issue.

    2. True, it hoovers up users’ data. But there is no evidence that it takes more than it claims (or indeed more than rivals such as Facebook).

      ||MariliaM|| an interesting comment from the Economist

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  2. Mar 2024
    1. if ministers took all the advice offered on the National Tutoring Service, accepted it fully, and then it failed, the blame would rest firmly on the civil servants offering that advice.

      failure of advice.

    2. Political impartiality has been a key principle of the civil service since the famous Northcote-Trevelyan report of 1854, the foundation document for the way civil servants should be appointed and should operate once in post.

      Relevance of UK civil service to the UN.

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    1. Working alongside experienced colleagues is the best way to transfer tacit knowledge but it is not always possible.

      The bet way to capture knowledge is through cognitive proximity.

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    1. Remarks of President Joe Biden — State of the Union Address As Prepared for Delivery

      The State of the Union is deep rooted in the context of American elections. References to domestic and foreign policy seek to highlight the difference between Biden and Trump, on issues such as women's reproductive rights, and NATO and Ukraine. Domestic policy is the core, and Biden speaks to sectors of American society - middle class, workers, women, transgender. The references to technology are few. Importance of CHIPS Act for R&D and jobs, two sentences on AI (harness the promise, protect from peril, ban impersonation). Protecting advanced technologies from China.

      ||AndrijanaG|| not sure that there is enough 'digital' meat to analyse for DW. Pinging you just so you know that we screened the digital issues in it ;) ||JovanK|| No big focus on foreign policy. Most attention in this area given to Israel-Gaza, which is a topic that also speaks to domestic audience. Highligthing as well that Trump's victory is a security threat to Europe.

    2. Thanks to my Chips and Science Act the United States is investing more in research and development than ever before. 

      Importance of Chips Act for R&D and jobs.

    3. And our trade deficit with China

      Foreign policy-China. Brief and light. The point of the speech is really domestic policy.

    4. Harness the promise of A.I. and protect us from its peril.   Ban A.I. voice impersonation and more! 

      Two sentences on AI.

    5. I’ve made sure that the most advanced American technologies can’t be used in China’s weapons. 

      Protecting critical and emerging technologies.

    6. Creating stability in the Middle East also means containing the threat posed by Iran.  

      Foreign policy -Iran

    7. As we manage challenges at home, we’re also managing crises abroad including in the Middle East. 

      Foreign policy. Gaza. Hamas is to blame, Israel should do a better job protecting civilians. Cease-fire.

    8.  new emergency authority to temporarily shut down the border

      Another "emergency". The US is now governed under emergency situations and executive orders. Not so democratic...

    9. Look, I’m a capitalist.  If you want to make a million bucks – great!  Just pay your fair share in taxes.  A fair tax code is how we invest in the things –   that make a country great, health care, education, defense, and more.  But here’s the deal.  The last administration enacted a $2 Trillion tax cut that overwhelmingly benefits the very wealthy and the biggest corporations and exploded the federal deficit. 

      Taxation of large companies.

    10. the wealthy and biggest corporations no longer get all the breaks. 

      Workers vs. capital. Indirectly also tech companies?

    11. Wall Street didn’t build this country!  The middle class built this country! And unions built the middle class! 

      White collar vs. blur collar again. Quite strong in his speech.

    12. Well instead of having to import semiconductor chips, which America invented I might add, private companies are now investing billions of dollars to build new chip factories here in America!  Creating tens of thousands of jobs many of them paying over $100,000 a year and don’t require a college degree. 

      Technology does not only create white collar jobs - speaks to American workers

    13. my purpose tonight is to both wake up this Congress, and alert the American people that this is no ordinary moment either. 

      Comparison between the present moment and the Nazi advances in Europe leading to WW2. Message to the Europeans. Further down below, it is clearly stated that if the US walks aways (following Trump's victory) Europe is at risk.

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    1. The model to be used by the Albanian government will translate into Albanian and provide a detailed overview of what and where changes need to be made to local legislation to align with EU rules. It will also provide an analysis of the impact of all measures and changes, which usually require many experts and a lot of time.  

      Very interesting example mentioned by a course participant ||JovanK|| and ||sorina||

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  3. Feb 2024
    1. “tea” and “sea” would be farther apart because they have dissimilar meanings and are not used together often, even though they have similar spelling.

      They are not used often together.

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    1. Types of vector embeddings

      What type of embedding we have in our vector database: word, sentence or document. Could we have embedding of all three?

      ||JovanNj|| ||anjadjATdiplomacy.edu||

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    1. Computing Power and the Governance of Artificial Intelligence

      @jovan @sorina This article (published just a week ago) was a new research on regulating frontier AI models by imposing restrictions and safety measures on AI chips.

      I previously shared a similar article called 'How to Catch a Chinchilla', which expresses preliminary ideas of this one.

      The article is focused on regulating the 'hardware' part of frontier models both because it's more visible and easier to track/locate and because, as far as the current way AI is built are concerned, development of advanced AI models still rely on securing a good number of AI chips.

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    1. By that text, titled “Promotion of inclusive and effective international tax cooperation at the United Nations” (document A/C.2/78/L.18/Rev.1), the Assembly would stress that efforts in international tax cooperation should be universal in approach and scope and fully consider the different needs and capacities of all States, in particular developing countries and countries in special situations.  The Committee approved it by a recorded vote of 125 in favour to 48 against, with 9 abstentions (Armenia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Iceland, Mexico, Norway, Peru, Türkiye, United Arab Emirates).

      Vote on drafting UN Taxation Treaty.

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    1. Following the UN Secretary-General’s report earlier this year highlighting the exclusionary nature of the OECD’s tax work, however, we now see a most welcome formal challenge.

      Interesting document

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    1. by despite the tendency for multi-stakeholder processes to water things down”

      ||sorina|| it is interesting aspect that multi-stakeholder processes are used to water things down.

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    1. I'm struggling with getting to the group page. every time I log in I land on the textus page.

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    1. one common definition of weight is the importance given to individual input features when training a machine learning model

      What is exactly weight? There are two explanatons in this paragraph. ||JovanNj||||anjadjATdiplomacy.edu||

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    1. Factors such as the intense US-China tech rivalry and the escalating chip embargo on Chinese AI firms further diminish the government’s incentive to impose strict regulation.

      ||MariliaM|| This article discusses AI governance in China. It has linkages between digital and security as you are focusing on.

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    1. distributing power, catalyzing innovation, and ensuring transparency

      Three reasons for open source AI.

    2. n the EU, open foundation models trained with fewer than 1025floating point operations (a measure of the amount of compute expended) appear to be exempted under the recently negotiated AI Act.

      EU AI Act on open source foundational models.

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    1. For each key finding below, more granular response categories are presented in the main text, along with demographic breakdowns of interest.

      Why America was afraid of AI in Spring 2023.

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    1. LangChain and LlamaIndex.

      Are we using any of these methods?

    2. a time-weighted approach would help us retrieve the most recent document.

      Can we use this for updates, courses, blog posts?

    3. we use list comprehension to get text embeddings for all text chunks.

      ||anjadjATdiplomacy.edu|| does it mean that we get at the end one vectoral value or whole text (not only text chunk).?

    4. it is crucial to split the document into smaller chunks so that it's more effective to identify and retrieve the most relevant information in the retrieval process later.

      Can we split it into smaller chanks? Ideally it should be on the level of sentence or paragraph in the text. Can we use some of HTML markers/code to identify beinning/end of para or sentence.

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    1. The Act takes a “risk approach”, i.e. it conditions intervention on the basis of the expected “risk” of the application – but not a market power approach.

      EU AI Act ignores market power risks.

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    1. as the Federal Government, aim to coordinate our international digital policy even more closely with our partners

      Continuation of block-thinking, divides and paralysis.

    2. value-based technology partnerships

      This says it all about partnerships. Either you are like-minded and democratic, or, partnerships will be limited.

    3. same time, we are encouraging the commitment and representation of like-minded partner countries of the Global South in relevant Internet governance forums as well as the reciprocal capacity building and expansion

      More participation and capacity building. BUT, for like-minded.

    4. We use digitalization to tackle global challenges

      Although the layout masks it a bit, much more attention and space were given to resilience than to sustainability.

    5. The high complexity of global value and supply chains requires close collaboration and specialization at EU level and with partners and allies worldwide

      Friendshoring

    6. EU to connect additional partners to existing infrastructures and make space-based data, services and products accessible to them.

      EU Global Gateways?

    7. We reject any political influence that runs counter to our values

      I though standards were a technical-only area! Just being ironic...

    8. We also take into account at all times the increasing security and defence policy dimensions of data policy

      Securitization of data flows. ||MariliaM||

    9. The deteriorating geopolitical environment increases the urgency of constantly considering also other dimensions, particularly security and defence policy, when dealing with regulatory issue

      This creates the link to coordinate with EU Economic security strategy, and with EU and German China strategies.

    10. o promoting digital skills along the entire education chain

      Focus on education.

    11. to counteract the possible leakage of critical technologies and knowledge.

      This is 'Chinese norm'

    12. with our values and interests.

      A strong focus on 'our' in values and interests. It remains to be seen if 'others' relate to those who have different values and itnerests (but not confrontational) or only to those who directly oppose 'our' values and interests. It will be key distinction in this 'value-based' approach. Does it include cooperation with China?

    13. improving geo-redundancy.

      Interesting new concept. What would it mean in practice?

    14. the expansion and protection of submarine data cables, terrestrial optical fibres and new satellite constellations

      Critical infrastructure.

    15. democratic partners

      is there any indication of criteria (e.g. elections, free press)? Is there any list of those partners?

    16. also

      It opens the space for other format such as multilateral (unlike previously mentioned digital networking).

    17. innovative, secure, trustworthy, human-centric and sustainable artificial intelligence (AI).

      to follow this phrase in AI debates. It could emerge as 5-pillars slogan for AI governance.

    18. in particular through our cooperation in ‘Team Europe’.

      Does it mean that cooperation with Africa, and the neighbours will be more pushed via EU-channels, including 'Team Europe'?

    19. we are enhancing bilateral cooperation with partners who share our values and who are important political, economic and regulatory players in the digital sphere.

      Is this AND or OR condition between two elements: - 'share our values' - important players

      For example, does China fit into this criterioon?

    20. We consider the multi-stakeholder approach essential for global digital networking.

      What is 'global digital networking'? Is it cybersecurity as well? What about AI?

    21. We want to avoid duplicate structures, which make a broad-based and inclusive participation of stakeholders in international bodies harder

      Highly relevant link between duplucate structire as a way that prevent inclusive participation.

    22. economic interdependencies in the area of digitalization do not adversely affect our security.

      An interesting interplay between interdependence and security with a possible shift closer to security.

    23. Especially in the Global South, standards can be a way to remove obstacles to development, promote innovations and stimulate economic growth in a sustainable manner.

      It is the far-fetched link. Standards can be useful. But, developing countries have so many other obstacles (access, funding) apart from standards.

    24. We advocate for corresponding binding rules on digital trade at international level. Moreover, we support the efforts of the EU with regard to rules on digital trade, in particular in trade agreements. We are coordinating closely with the other EU Member States and the European Commission in international negotiations. We also take into account the challenges faced by the countries of the Global South.

      Interesting! There is no mention of WTO e-commerce negotiations explicitly which was a pillar of Germany's e-commerce and data policies. Does Germany follow US shift away from data negotiations in WTO? It can be followed by statements during WTO Ministerial conference.

    25. he FAIR principle (findable, accessible, interoperable, reusable) for data.

      to be further analysed

    26. the concept of Data Free Flow with Trust (DFFT)

      to be further analysed

    27. We are promoting broad-based options for participation in order to make digital policy decision-making processes and digital participation as inclusive as possible.

      A possible support of Diplo?

    28. This includes our commitment in the G7, the Group of Twenty (G20), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), the Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization (WTO), international financial institutions such as the World Bank and the UN, including the ITU. We coordinate closely with the other EU Member States and the European Commission.

      Key global partners of Germany.

    29. net neutrality is an overriding principle in the Internet ecosystem.

      Almost forgotten concept.

    30. or a global, open, free and secure Internet

      We should monitor how many countries use this 4-pillar phrase in their strategies, speeches, etc.

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    1. Russia also ranked 38th out 193 countries in the latest AI -readiness index by Oxford Insights, a consultancy; America came first.

      ||sorina|| ||Jovan||

    2. Yandex, Russia’s search giant, has integrated an LLM , Yandex GPT -2, into its virtual-assistant service, known as “Alice”.

      ||JovanNj|| Alice - Russian GPt. Do they have API?

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    1. Many in Europe hope the DSA will ensure major social media companies are held more accountable for how they protect elections from disinformation.

      Test

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    1. Another Hanna paper, presented at the Resistance AI workshop, urges the machine learning community to go beyond scale when considering how to address systemic social issues and asserts that resistance to scale thinking is needed.

      From what I observed, the notion of 'scaling an algorithm' always results in high decontextualization of data and outputs (i.e., training data is taken out of the context from which it was derived, and the outputs are applied to various contexts instead of merely the one the model was trained for).

      And a huge problem for the lack of reflections in this regard was, in my opinion, the tech community's blatant refusal to think about the systemic, societal risks of their models--they framed it as the problem of policymakers and ethicists, and that the social can be separately mitigated apart from the technical conception of the models.

    2. “We argue that fixes that focus narrowly on improving datasets by making them more representative or more challenging might miss the more general point raised by these critiques, and we’ll be trapped in a game of dataset whack-a-mole rather than making progress, so long as notions of ‘progress’ are largely defined by performance on datasets,” the paper reads. “Should this come to pass, we predict that machine learning as a field will be better positioned to understand how its technology impacts people and to design solutions that work with fidelity and equity in their deployment contexts.”

      I suspected that the current AI regulations discussions are missing out on long-term risks that certain paradigms in the current AI development space might impose; one is the predominant idea that we can resolve fairness by simply codifying fairness metrics and making the latter a requirement of a model to 'hit the market'.

      This logic fails to challenge what this paragraph is trying to say here: ensuring fairness goes beyond the idea of getting a 'fair dataset' that performs well; it concerns what the deployment context is, how developers and users are to interact with the AI model, and how does the model become interwoven in the lives of the people working around it.

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    1. as well as clarifying the principles and norms under which various organizations should operate.

      Deos it mean that it will instruct ITU, UNESCO about princples and norms?

    2. A ‘distributed-CERN’ reimagined for AI, networked across diverse states and regions, could expand opportunities for greater involvement

      CERN is already distributed.

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    1. Chaos theory is about systems where small changes to the initial conditions result in extremely large changes in the results.

      Problem with predicitons

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    1. Sometimes referred to as data-centre alley, northern Virginia is home to just over three square kilometres of data centres, most of which are within 75 square kilometres in Loudoun County.

      ||sorina|| Here is relevan paragraph for you.

    2. Because AI is based on matrix maths, it involves large blocks of computation being done at once, which means a lot of transistors have to change states very quickly. That draws a lot more power than normal computer tasks, which flip far fewer transistors at once for a typical calculation.

      Why AI takes more energy?

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    1. The GDPR protects the personal data of individuals in the EU. Personal data is defined as: “any information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person (‘data subject’).”

      Milos testing

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    1. However, it warned the cables at some points run at a depth of 100 metres, reducing the need for hi-tech submarines. In 2013, three divers were arrested in Egypt for attempting to cut an undersea cable near the port of Alexandria that provides much of the internet capacity between Europe and Egypt.

      This is a problem with cables ||sorina||

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    1. for the first time

      ||AndrijanaG||||sorina|| Was it adopted for the first time?

    2. its own Global AI Governance Initiative in October, calling on major powers to take “a prudent and responsible attitude” on military use of artificial intelligence technologies.

      Do we have t

    3. the Political Declaration on the Responsible Military Use of Artificial Intelligence and Autonomy a year ago.

      ||sorina||||VladaR||||MariliaM|| Do we have anything on this declartion?

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    1. A paper by Rebecca Johnson, a researcher at the University of Sydney, published in 2022, found that Chat GPT -3 gave replies on topics such as gun control and refugee policy that aligned most with the values displayed by Americans in the World Values Survey, a global questionnaire of public opinion.

      To be checked

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    1. Firms in countries that have not signed on to the American export-control regime, like Singapore, can buy chips and send them on to Chinese entities without the knowledge of the American firms or the Department of Commerce.

      Singapore does not join American export restrictions to China.

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    1. Publishers around the world are all too aware of this shift; over half of those recently surveyed by the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism said that they plan to devote more effort into putting stories on TikTok this year.

      @jovan Major shift

    2. “It has to be short, it has to be fast,”

      It is useul guidelines for DW ||Jovan||

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    1. The emphasis on assessing academic performance by how many papers a researcher can publish, for example, acts as a powerful incentive for fraud at worst, and for gaming the system at best.

      This could question whole academic system - push for more publishing.

    2. Checking models against reality is what science is supposed to be about, after all.

      Good analogy with role of science in human society.

    3. That can cause “model collapse”.

      Model colapse can be triggered by using AI-genereated data for development of the model. ||JovanNj||||anjadjATdiplomacy.edu||||sorina||

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    1. the company dominates the market for AI accelerator chips, accounting for 86% of such components sold globally;

      86% of AI chips are produced by Nvidia

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    1. The concept intentionally obfuscates (clouds, one might say) the user’s ability to see the existence of hardware.

      Cloud i

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    1. Taylor Swift, the latest high-profile victim of a deepfake, might disagree.

      H

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    1. let’s get rid of bloody nationalism, let’s eradicate corruption, let’s stop the brain drain, let’s provide a decent life and, above all, a future to all our citizens, let’s take care of nature and let’s live in peace. The rest – EU, UN etc. – may come sooner or it may come later: what matters most is that we take better care of people. 

      Very good point! But, elites and mafia cannot make money in such scenario. It is easier to divide people and take money and resources from them.

    2. Bioregionalism, thus the rivers (White Drin, Lepenac, Ibar) and their plains and basins on all sides, could function as an excellent ‘negotiator’ and connect efficiently Kosovo to Albania, Macedonia and Serbia without mobilizing the narrative of ‘Great Serbia’, ‘Great Albania’, etc.

      Great proposal. Unfortunately, it is uitopian. But, worth keeping alive.

    3. The reality check is mind-blowing: the end of SFR Yugoslavia (1991-1992), the end of FR Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) in 2006, the loss of Kosovo (2008) and, let’s not forget, a ‘brain drain’ of unprecedent magnitude. Except for the potential breakup of the United Kingdom (Northern Ireland and Scotland), no other European country has faced such devastating consequences of its policy failures.

      Agree!

    4. the EU is quite supportive of Serbia... as it needs a strong player in the region.

      It is for debate. I agree that it is the case. But, I think it is more 'tactical' than 'strategic' reasoning. EU does not need conflict in the Balkans and they want to close 'Kosovo chapter'. They do not see Serbia as long-term partner.

    5. Both Vučić and Bosnian Serb leader Milorad Dodik have invested so much in pro-Russian sentiment that they are unable to wean themselves off it.

      True!

    6. What is noteworthy is that Serbia is increasingly being mentioned in the same way.

      I am not sure it is the case. Serbia is more mentioned as 'Western Balkans'.

    7. Consequently, the natural European anchorage for the post-Yugoslav states is Central Europe – naturally, I am viewing this in the framework of the European Union.

      Interesting 'shift of geography'.

    8. the Western powers are not in control of this new conflictual world where power has become powerless, while weakness has given rise to power to the point of destabilizing the agenda of the strongest.

      There is a good point here.

    9. Politics is driven less by state initiatives and more by social dynamics –

      I am not sure that it is the case. It could be the case on deeper level. But, we are facing exactly opposite - power polticis everywhere.

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  4. Jan 2024
    1. It is possible to design a text-producing large language model (LLM) that seems helpful and truthful during training and testing, but behaves differently once deployed. And according to a study shared this month on arXiv1, attempts to detect and remove such two-faced behaviour are often useless — and can even make the models better at hiding their true nature.The finding that trying to retrain deceptive LLMs can make the situation worse “was something that was particularly surprising to us … and potentially scary”, says co-author Evan Hubinger, a computer scientist at Anthropic, an AI start-up company in San Francisco, California.

      Kind of scary indeed. It takes us back to the question of trust in developers.

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    1. four-fifths of grade six maths teachers in South Africa did not understand the concepts they were supposed to teach.

      What about training them?

    2. A chatbot can give undivided attention to each child, at any time of day, and never gets tired

      Makes sens

    3. The third reason is that developing countries have gaping shortages of skilled workers: there are nowhere near enough teachers, doctors, engineers or managers.

      Should we use AI or education of people? I can understand using AI in Europe with labour shortage, but in Africa, it does not make sense at all ||sorina||

    4. There are three main reasons for optimism.

      These arguments are not related only to Arica. They are general. Can they apply to Africa? ||sorina||

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    1. Some developers in India are already taking Western models and fine-tuning them with local data to provide a whizzy language-translation service, avoiding the heavy capital costs of model-building.

      b

    2. the phone in their pockets.

      Ok

    3. Pupils in Kenya will soon be asking a chatbot questions about their homework, and the chatbot will be tweaking and improving its lessons in response.

      Is it g

    4. The imf says that a fifth to a quarter of workers there are most exposed to replacement, compared with a third in rich countries.

      Interest

    5. Because emerging countries have fewer white-collar workers, the disruption and the gain to existing firms may be smaller than in the West.

      Possible tru

    6. Most exciting of all, it could help income levels catch up with those in the rich world.

      How?

    7. As it spreads, the technology could raise productivity and shrink gaps in human capital faster than many before it.

      Interesti

    8. N ew technology brings with it both the sweet hope of greater prosperity and the cruel fear of missing out.

      Opportunitiy/threat binary.

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    1. The boss has to show their face to employees regularly, and it cannot be the face of someone who looks like they haven’t slept for two weeks. They have to glad-hand the board, meet investors, attend endless networking events and make time for actual work. It is exhausting to contemplate, let alone

      ||sorina|| why it is not good to be boss.

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    1. with national

      What about 'international standardisation organisations'.

    2. as the WTO, dispute resolution can also be facilitated through global forums.

      Dispute resolution failed in the WTO. Again, we have governments as actors.

    3. 72. Reporting frameworks can be inspired by existing practices of the IAEA for mutual reassurance on nuclear safety and nuclear security, as well as the WHO on disease surveillance.

      In both examples, reporting is done by member states. How realistic is to use this in the case of AI. Is analogy useful?

    4. a techno-prudential model, akin to the macro-prudential framework used to increase resilience in central banking

      How useful is this analogy between AI which is very diverse and rather centralised system of central banks.

    5. The possibility of rogue AI escaping control and posing still larger risks cannot be ruled out.

      Extinction risk stenence

    6. A new mechanism (or mechanisms) is required to facilitate access to data, compute, and talent

      New structuers/mechanisms

    7. The borderless nature of AI tools

      What is 'borderless' nature? AI is created and used within certain jurisdictions always.

    8. could also be coordinated through a body that harmonises policies, builds common understandings, surfaces best practices, supports implementation and promotes peer-to-peer learning

      new body

    9. A consensus on the direction and pace of AI technologies

      What type of consensus is expected?

    10. 45. Rather than proposing any single model for AI governance at this stage, the preliminary recommendations offered in this interim report focus on the principles that should guide the formation of new global governance institutions for AI and the broad functions such institutions would need to perform.

      Slight inherent contradiction.

    11. the possibility that it could pose an existential threat to humanity (even if there are debates over whether and how to assess such threats).

      Mentioning existential threat

    12. 28. Still others relate to human-machine interaction. At the individual level, this includes excessive trust in AI systems (automation bias) and potential de-skilling over time. At the societal level, it encompasses the impact on labour markets if large sections of the workforce are displaced, or on creativity if intellectual property rights are not protected. Societal shifts in the way we relate to each other as humans as more interactions are mediated by AI cannot also be ruled out. These may have unpredictable consequences for family life and for physical and emotional well-being.

      Societal risks

    13. New and existing institutions could form nodes in a network of governance structures.

      This sounds nice. But, nobody knows how it will work in reality as many are for 'coordination' but a few like to be 'coordinated'.

    14. New horizontal coordination and supervisory functions are required and they should be entrusted to a new organizational structure.

      There is a call for a new organisational structure. It is interesting that that the text use 'should' instead of 'may' or 'might' which are typically used in the policy documents.

    15. What should be the threshold or the trigger for identifying red lines (analogous, perhaps, to the ban on human cloning in biomedical research)? How would any such red line be policed and enforced?

      extinction risk

    16. shared and differentiated responsibilities

      Key concept

    17. At the global level, international organizations, governments, and private sector would bear primary responsibility for these functions. Civil society, including academia and independent scientists, would play key roles in building evidence for policy, assessing impact, and holding key actors to account during implementation.

      Different functoins

    18. (a) build scientific consensus on risks, impact, and policy (IPCC); (b) establish global standards (ICAO, ITU, IMO), iterate and adapt them; (c) provide capacity building, mutual assurance and monitoring (IAEA, ICAO); (d) network and pool research resources (CERN); (e) engage diverse stakeholders (ILO, ICANN); (f) facilitate commercial flows and address systemic risks (SWIFT, FATF, FSB).

      inspiration for governance mechanisms.

    19. 36. We also need to meet member states where they are and assist them with what they need in their own contexts given their specific constraints in terms of participation in and adherence to global AI governance, rather than telling them where they should be and what they should do based on a context to which they cannot relate.

      Novelty: avoid lecturing

    20. 25. We examined AI risks firstly from the perspective of technical characteristics of AI. Then we looked at risks through the lens of inappropriate use, including dual-use, and broader considerations of human-machine interaction. Finally, we looked at risks from the perspective of vulnerability.

      Novelty: Comprehensive approach to AI risks combining technical characteristics, inappropriate use and perspective of vulnerability.

    21. Repositories of AI models that can be adapted to different contexts could be the equivalent of generic medicines to expand access, in ways that do not promote AI concentration or consolidation.

      Novelity

    22. Open-Source and sharing of data and models could play an important role in spreading the benefits of AI and developing beneficial data and AI value chains across borders.

      Open source

    23. to develop local AI ecosystems, the ability to train local models on local data, as well as fine-tuning models developed elsewhere to suit local circumstances and purposes.

      Novelity

    24. AI presents distinctly global challenges and opportunities that the UN is uniquely positioned to address, turning a patchwork of evolving initiatives into a coherent, interoperable whole, grounded in universal values agreed by its member states, adaptable across contexts.

      An important 'coordinating function' of the UN

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    1. including by scaling up the use of open science, affordable and open-source technology, research and development

      open science and open source

    2. We reaffirmthat the creation, development and diffusion of innovations and new technologies and associated know-how, including the transfer of technology on mutually agreed terms, are powerful drivers of economic growth and sustainable development. We reiterate the need to accelerate the transfer of environmentally sound technologies to developing countries on favourableterms, including on concessional and preferential terms, as mutually agreed, andwenote the importance of facilitating access to and sharing accessible and assistive technologies

      details for the part on tech transfers in the chapeau

    3. commit to exploring measures to address therisks involved in biotechnology and human enhancement technologies applied to the military domain

      Might have been good not to limit this to the applications in the military domain

    4. developingnorms, rules and principles on the design, development and use of military applications of artificial intelligence through a multilateral process

      also interesting

    5. strengtheningoversight mechanisms for the use of data-driven technology, including artificial intelligence, to support the maintenance of international peace and security

      which mechanisms?

    6. commit to concluding without delaya legally binding instrument to prohibit lethal autonomous weaponssystems that function without human control or oversight, and which cannot be used in compliance with international humanitarian law, and to regulate all other types of autonomous weapons systems

      LAWS - another proposed strong commitment

    7. international norms, rules and principles to address threats to space systems and, on that basis, launch negotiations on a treaty to ensure peace, security and the prevention of an arms race in outer space

      interesting commitment to working on a treaty for outer space security. curious if it will stay in the final doc

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