@Bi: WMD related activities --- Yes, you are right. "Related activities" means that one does not have the weapons but some of the work is doing might lead to the acquisition of such weapons. There is an ambiguity in that sort of formulation. The "related activities" might be real intelligence, proving an intention, but they also could be just coincidence.

For example, in the case of Iran, "related activities" aim, according to the Iranian government, to the development of nuclear energy capacity. Israel and United States claim that such activities are a step forward in producing nuclear weapons.

Or, in simpler terms, if I go to the Los Angeles Car Show 2021, I take photos with the newest model of Porsche 911, study the engine, take note, ask the price, and exchange cards with the half naked young lady that escorts the car, these are clearly Porsche acquisitions related activities, in the eyes of my envious neighbour! In reality, I have no intention whatsoever to buy a Porsche 911 latest generation, because simply I cannot afford it!

Source author: Petru Dumitriu PetruD@diplomacy.edu