Penetration of ICT --- devices or networks is an increasingly sophisticated activity, Bentom. As such it is difficult to sustain the formulation of 2012 from the text you have referred to because of rapid strides in technology for penetration. The best example is the ongoing investigation into the Pegasus software which allegedly can penetrate ICT devices like smartphones aggressively often without the user knowing anything about such penetration.

Source author: Asoke Mukerji asokem@diplomacy.edu