Para diplomacy in LDCs --- Yes, twining agreements between cities seem to be the alternative to para-diplomacy in LDCs where Governments still hold tightly to foreign policy and international relations that they still fiercely like to centralize. I remember that a few years ago, the former Mayor of Dakar which had a strong international exposure as part of the World Associations of Mayor caught a lot of heat from an international bond loan he made for the funding of Dakar's infrastructures and other investments projects...it sparked a political witch-hunt against him that was just the beginning of his dismay.

Source author: Ndeye Gnagna Kone gnagna.pro@gmail.com