Re. USAID --- It does have a compelling rationale behind it. However, I wonder if the situation today is as clear as it once was, considering the diversification of global value chains. The number of alternative sources of goods and services has increased (if not in all, at least in many sectors). Even food today should be seen rather as an 'assembled' product than a final one. Swiss chocolate, for example, is assembled in Switzerland, but its ingredients come from so many different countries.

Source author: Marília Maciel MariliaM@diplomacy.edu

'Policing' compliance --- In the case of trade, for example, it is very hard to know what happens 'beyond the border'. The only way to seek information is through local presence. For example, country X has classified a subsidy it provides as a 'green box', but is that really the case? As long as this 'policing' does not amount to interference, information-gathering seems to be a widely accepted practice.

Source author: Marília Maciel MariliaM@diplomacy.edu

Digital issues --- That's a good question, Matshedisa. When it comes to taxation, the decision of some countries to impose an unilateral digital services tax has mobilised high-raking diplomats trying to calm the spat that happened, for example, between the US and France. Recently, an agreement on international taxation was reached under the OECD/G20, so we can expect a bit less controversy in this area. When it comes to other digital issues, the approach to deal with them in the international arena varies a lot. While MFAs are responsible for a wide range of issues, there is involvement from many other governmental branches, from telecommunications regulators to national security and the military. Since the 'digital' aspect is increasingly important to the economy, I believe it would be very hard for embassies to steer away from digital issues entirely. At the very least, they increasingly manage their own online presence and communication - many of them have social media profiles, for example.

Source author: Marília Maciel MariliaM@diplomacy.edu

This is true in Kiribati's case --- We are opening a new embassy in Beijing, China next year. As one of the planners for this new embassy, I see economic diplomacy as a key priority of the Mission given China's economic importance to Kiribati and the rest of the world. I'm very optimistic that the Kiribati-China relations will yield great mutual benefits for the two countries in a long term.

Source author: David Ateti Teaabo david.teaabo@gmail.com

In response to 'Board of Review' --- Ambassador, the Board of Review is generally officers who get nominated as members to the Board of Review of Malta's Representations Overseas. They provide recommendations for Malta's Representations Overseas, in which one of their recommendations was to set up a 'Commercial and Economic Diplomacy Unit'

Source author: Tarniem Shokry Iskandar tar.eskander@hotmail.com

In response to promotion.. --- @Tarniem, I concur. Trageted interventions by the Government to improve ease of doing business is crucial to FDI attraction. In addition to that, strategic promotion of key industries is also important, for example except from natural resources most developing countries especially in Africa, have a lot of investment potential in the agricultural sector, if this sector is fully explored, it will boost economic development.

Source author: Omphile Sethunya Sedimo sedimosethunya44@gmail.com

Commercial Service --- A read-through of the U.S. Commercial Service website in South Africa, highlights that U.S. Commercial Service is present in nearly 80 countries, representing more than 95 percent of the world market for U.S. exports. This is a reflection, of U.S government dedication to supporting U.S. business interests abroad. The website also contains snippets of short video interviews with in-country trade experts, who give an overview of export opportunities for U.S businesses.

Source author: Matshedisa Emily Mokoena mokoenamati@gmail.com

USAID --- It makes sense to support economic growth in developing countries in order to grow the American economy. It is a successful strategy for the United States government, and experts postulate that USAID is both from the American people and for the American people

Source author: Matshedisa Emily Mokoena mokoenamati@gmail.com

CBDR as diplomatic success ... role of language in diplomacy --- Thanks for the thoughtful observations on CBDR, YingChu and Estefania. The blog you shared, Estefania, makes some interesting points on the language and how US negotiators made sure to introduce some vagueness in UNFCCC art. 3. For me, CBDR is a brilliant example of the diplomacy side of science diplomacy. Science finds the evidence for historic emissions and outlines present day impacts of global warming. CBDR puts this into a negotiated form that is vague enough to be acceptable broadly and then can be depend at later negotiations. This 'game with language' is the contribution of diplomacy.

Source author: Katharina Höne KatharinaH@diplomacy.edu

Successful factors --- I would say success is a very broad way in science diplomacy and even wider in diplomacy in general agreeing to Pavlina's reply to Carlos's HT. Diplomacy is not a right or wrong type of work, it is a way of working, bringing different views, one may be more right than the other, but not necessarily goes forward because it is the right way to do things. To reflect on the question, when we get to a point where scientists are key in diplomatic negotiations, scientific evidence is added to the agenda, then it would be factored as a step forward towards success.

Source author: Muna Zaqsaw zaqsaw.muna89@gmail.com

Yes. Participate in person will have more interaction --- I agree. There are more benefits in face to face meeting, especially in diplomats working area. There are more details in the face and body language.

Source author: YingChu Chen jungheng@gmail.com

Unfairness --- I agree. Climate change is more than just an environmental problem. Some even see it as a equality problem. I have seen some people argue that It isn't fair that the rich countries have heavily relied on CO2 emissions to grow their economies to get this far, but now that poor countries need to do this too, they aren't allowed to. The poor countries are also the ones who suffer the most from climate change impacts because of the inability of to pay for the measures necessary to mitigate the effects of climate change.

Source author: Sovanndanit Roath sovanndanitroath@gmail.com

Complexity of Climate Change --- Climate Change is a complex global problem which threatens life as we now know it. A consistently warmer atmosphere has resulted from the reduction of the planet's net photosynthetic capacity. This results in altering of the biogeochemical cycles - carbon, water etc.

Anthropogenic climate change is complex - intertwined with social, economic and environmental components. Development within planetary boundaries would require a new way of being with self, society and nature.

Source author: Petal Punalall Jetoo pjetoo@gmail.com

Thank you --- Thank you Vid for sharing this so interesting information.

Source author: Veronica Elena Bocci v_ele_bo@hotmail.com

saving ourselves --- I think we are saving ourselves by taking care of the environment/planet. Earth existed long before we appeared and it will continue to evolve and exist even without us. Every small change we do to live greener is more likely for the benefit of our existence. Unfortunately, probably we already have done irreversible changes to the planet's natural processes.

Source author: Lakmini Premadasa lakminisurangika@gmail.com

World is so small --- Excellent point - thank you for this! Interesting fact is that this course originated in a conversation with a science attache at the French embassy in DC, albeit a different person than in the article you attached. And the rest is history :)

Source author: Pavlina Ittelson pavlinai@diplomacy.edu

Convention and protocols --- Desiree, actually UN FCCC and the Paris Agreement would be a good example to illustrate on. Allow me to do so in different words.

The UN FCCC is a convention - Framework Convention on Climate Change, which has been signed by 197 states as of now. Based on UN FCCC, countries agreed on the Paris Agreement specifically to limit CO2 emissions. Eritrea, Libya and Yemen did not ratify the Paris Agreement so far and Iraq just did so on 1 November 2021.

When we take the USA as an example - UN FCCC was ratified by the US in 2016,as well as the Paris Agreement. When Trump administration took office, Trump declared withdrawal from the Paris Agreement in 2017, which became effective on 4 November 2020 (there is a time regulation on withdrawal, so it took this long). In February 2021, Biden administration rejoined the Paris Agreement. So, the US was the whole time party to the UN FCCC, but from 4 Nov 2020 to February 2021 it was not party to the Paris Agreement. I hope it makes it clearer.

Source author: Pavlina Ittelson pavlinai@diplomacy.edu

Diplo's work --- That is one of the areas we work in at Diplo - online, hybrid, or in person participation at the meetings. Setting aside the question of equitable participation of different stakeholders from different parts of the world, one of the reasons for participation in person, especially for diplomats is the possibility to have unstructured and private conversations. Much easier to come to an agreement (or agree to disagree0 when being able to read each others body language, dont you think?

Source author: Pavlina Ittelson pavlinai@diplomacy.edu

AI and emerging technologies --- Yes, I think AI can contribute there as well. Other emerging technologies like blockchain, 3D printing, or internet of things are very promising too. However, these technologies are not yet implemented widely, for example internet of things technologies in smart cities are just starting to embrace them (Singapore and Helsinki come to mind)

Source author: Pavlina Ittelson pavlinai@diplomacy.edu

Behavioral changes --- Could not agree more on the people not willing to change their behavior. However, the whole concept of circular economy only works if the consumers (in addition to industry) shift their behavior and habits towards sustainability. What do you think about the role of behavioral science in this regard? Is anyone familiar with work done by scientist in this field?

Source author: Pavlina Ittelson pavlinai@diplomacy.edu

another downside of nuclear energy --- that you YingChu for this information! In health I learned a lot about the downsides of nuclear fission energy, but never heard about this global size effect. Looking up what I heard about corals being CO2-sinks, I found on Science direct serious sources from similar publication years stating both -sinks and producers (although I admit I did not read them through...). I seems they have a slightly positive balance in favour of a sink (but maybe depending on their "habitants"?) Anyway, even for me with a scientific education, CONFUSING

Source author: Katharina Beyer katharina.beyer@etu.unige.ch

Ocean acidification --- Ocean acidification maybe a bit overlooked consequence. Decrease in corbonate ions and increase in carbonic acid levels causing to corals, clams, some planktons to die, reproduce less or leave an area while certain phytoplanktons, seagrass to flourish and overgrow causing major imbalance to oceanic ecosystem diversity.

Source author: Lakmini Premadasa lakminisurangika@gmail.com

Difficult with the free-rider issues --- If this is a public and global-level cooperation, we hardly to prevent free-rider issues, especially some developing countries.

Source author: YingChu Chen jungheng@gmail.com

Different language in CBDR --- After reading the link, CBDR is a good way for developing countries to take responsibility for climate change but in their capability. Of course, it seems not fair to developed countries and makes more gray areas for developing countries to operate. But it still is a good way to ask every country to be aware to mitigate the consequences of climate change.

Source author: YingChu Chen jungheng@gmail.com

Participate online or in person --- It is an interesting question.

Since March 2020, every meeting has changed to online. People learned about how to host an online meeting or webinar. Then the meeting model goes to hybrid after the global vaccination.

I believe that participating online must be less cost and carbon footprint.

But when I ask people want to participate online or in-person? They will choose to participate in person. Even they need to cost more money and time. They still decide to take an airplane to the conference.

Source author: YingChu Chen jungheng@gmail.com

How is climate data measured? --- I always guessed that gas emissions couldn't be measured and are actually estimates based on theoretical approaches. Think of the Volkswagen emissions scandal... It might be relatively easy to underreport pollution. Does anyone have an idea how it actually works?

Source author: Samir Yeddes samir.yeddes@eda.admin.ch

agreed --- I agree with you, Carlos. It seems to me that climate change is an existential threat for humans and most living beings currently existing. That said, I believe "life" as such is not under threat - evolution will play its role and new species - fit for survival in the new ecosystem - will appear and thrive.

Source author: Samir Yeddes samir.yeddes@eda.admin.ch

companies --- I read this morning that 100 companies were reponsible for about 70% of CO2 emissions. Anyone know if that is true / measurable? If it is correct, ideally there should be international discussions to regulate those companies...

Source author: Samir Yeddes samir.yeddes@eda.admin.ch

greed --- My take is that greed is one of the main responsible. Should society in general and the private sector in particular had other values than short-term profit only (without concerns for negative externalities), I bleieve the world would be in a much better/different situation.

Source author: Samir Yeddes samir.yeddes@eda.admin.ch

loss of biodiversity --- Of course climate change is a major threat, but one should also mention the issue of biodiversity loss, closely linked to climate change. It is perhaps an issue that is much more difficult to study for scientists and complex to understand for the public. Because of that, a political choice was made in the 1990's to focus the narrative on global warming. This might make sense, but we shouldn't forget about biodiversity, as it might have a terrible impact on the ecosystem and our living conditions... Ideally, countries should tackle climate change and biodiversity loss at the same time...

Source author: Samir Yeddes samir.yeddes@eda.admin.ch

Eco-efficiency --- Indeed, the computing power and deep learning can certainly help with better modeling and forecasts. I was thinking also of AI in terms of eco-efficiency, optimizing energy production and consumption, reducing waste of materials and generally optimizing supply chains ?

Source author: Mouloud Khelif mouloud.khelif@gmail.com

Coordination role --- New actors, new issues, and increased interplay between domestic and international forces within a nation's foreign policy arena bring about an increased need for coordination both within the Foreign Ministry and between ministries.

Source author: Mavis Tungulu mtungulu@gmail.com

Need to be monitored --- I just wonder how is this going to be monitored. When following hints of terrorism or extreme violent acts could be justified, but this could also be used by Government agencies to interfere in people's private lives, therefore violating basic human rights, such as those to privacy and freedom of speech.

Source author: Jorge Ernesto Salcido Zugasti jsalcido@sre.gob.mx

Both --- Whit this kink of content I think you should do both, report it immediately to the police and to the hosting platform, as time is of the essence when the announce attacks or possible acts of terrorism are so imminent.

Source author: Jorge Ernesto Salcido Zugasti jsalcido@sre.gob.mx

Access to data in the cloud --- Florence, they could, with a due process - court order, for specific case, etc. In such cases, GAFAM and other companies in US always cooperate with the law enforcement authorities. I suspect it is similar in many other countries as well.

There are cases, however, when they refuse - or, rather, when they can't - such as when the content stored is encrypted. The case of Apple vs FBI was a famous example. In fact, in order to protect privacy of users (which increasingly demand for it), many companies are turning to encryption of the content transferred to and stored by the users. This makes the whole environment much safer, but also disables LEA to get hold of plain content when needed. But the cooperation between companies and LEA are usually functional.

It is another story when it comes to security services. Unlike LEA, which often need access to only certain information about a certain person in a certain moment, for which they may obtain court order, security sector is interested in surveillance - of many, en mass, and at longer periods. This is where encryption stands in a way in particular, and where big tech object strongly (especially after Snowden's revelations that they secretly cooperated with NSA, so their reputation went down).

It is interesting to observe that, in discussion about encryption, there is difference in arguments and demands by LEA and by the security services.

Source author: Vladimir Radunovic vladar@diplomacy.edu

Rules for cleaning the content --- Florence, you outline the paradox we have: on one hand, we want big tech to be responsible for content on/through their networks - because they are the gatekeepers; on the other, we don't want them to deal with the content - because it should be the society (and, indeed, the elected institutions) to decide what is wrong and what not (particularly complex when it comes to grey areas of violence, hate speech, etc).

It is important to define the roles and responsibilities clearly. If we expect big tech to police content - we may well expect this - then we (policy-makers?) should set clear guidelines and principles on what is acceptable and what not.

Moreover, since in practice much of the material will be in the grey zone, should we also have 'national content police' sitting next to big tech censors to ensure right decisions - and add to the legitimacy of that process? What are the nus-effect of such content control?

Source author: Vladimir Radunovic vladar@diplomacy.edu

Gamification --- What I'm afraid of is the concept of Gamification. Today to fly an army drone you sit in front of the PC and control the joystick or press buttons as on a playstation...Young extremists working behind the computers lose the sense what in fact are they doing as they do not see the object/facility they attack with their eyes, instead they see lines of codes, software applications and so on. Then, it becomes easy to hit enter and destroy a nuclear power plant or water treatment facility...There is no emotion or empathy in front of the screen...And today all the dangers of the world can be activated using a simple PC, screen and a keyboard..In the cyber world everything has became a Game...CSAM, extremism, pornography - we think it is not real it is just on the PC....just a Game....And add to that all the socially alienated kids sitting at home without social interaction during the covid-19 pandemics who probably will have different neural networking related to emotions/empathy than the people of 20th century had for instance...Any comments?

Source author: Vladimir Nikolov vladimir984@yahoo.com

Interesting --- Interesting, I will have to watch the film soon. It is very similar to what the main character in the book 1984 from George Orwell was in fact doing :)

Source author: Vladimir Nikolov vladimir984@yahoo.com

Agree --- Absolutely! Or even they can "rent" attacking services on the darkweb and employ well trained hacker-attack groups from across the globe.

Source author: Vladimir Nikolov vladimir984@yahoo.com

Collateral damage --- We see a whole building as a target...it was probably turned to ash with powerful rocket....However is this a legitimate target? In which apartment/hall are the computers? It may be only one apartment full with computers/extremists and the rest to be just normal people/families living there, turning to ash as a "collateral damage"...without knowing what was going on in the next apartment (that maybe they thought was a computer firm or whatever)...

Source author: Vladimir Nikolov vladimir984@yahoo.com

Access to data --- Doesn't the US Government already have access to data stored by the GAFA and other tech companies?

Source author: Florence Tinguely Mattli florence.tinguely-mattli@eda.admin.ch

Alert the police --- This is an urgent matter. My first thought would be to call the police. However, this hate message is anonymous, so not clear where its author is physically.... I would think that the police can identify the person, with the help of cyber intelligence services, and would contact/alert Interpol and the hosting platform.

Source author: Florence Tinguely Mattli florence.tinguely-mattli@eda.admin.ch

Atomisation of terrorism --- I am not sure that I understand.... It is a fact that terrorist groups increasingly consist of independent cells, or even individuals, who adhere to a cause and are difficult to apprehend both on the net and in the real world. This atomisation makes the counter terrorism fight in the cybersphere very difficult. Emerging terrorist groups are indeed a concern for our governments and the real issue is to identify and locate them.

Source author: Florence Tinguely Mattli florence.tinguely-mattli@eda.admin.ch

How many great coders are there in Afghanistan or in poor African nations? --- I agree, Afghanistan or African and poor countries doesn't have much coders than developed countries. But must consider these few coders, they can be attracted by terrorist offer to be paid highly versus their salary in their countries. This might be a risk to consider.

Source author: Ioniarimalala RAKOTONIRINA ioniarimalala@gmail.com

Victim of its own success --- All these platforms that giving live video possibility are, in these case, victim of their own success. It's very usefull as functionnality or feature but are they really secured ? Are they doing more for protecting the users actually ? Specially for children ? What kind of solution have they applied to stop these kind of contents? To avoid these kind of abuse, limiting live video broadcast time for public can be taken as locking key. Giving only live video for more long time to company or professional.

Source author: Ioniarimalala RAKOTONIRINA ioniarimalala@gmail.com

What if --- @Ioni, then we see the beginning of a cyber war as each nation counterattacks. It is for this reason and more that there needs to be international agreement on the issue of cyberterrorism and extremism. If Israel came to the conclusion that all evidence leads to Hamas and made the decision to physically attack Hamas buildings and infrastructure as first strike, any of state include those considered as rogue states can possibly do the same. The game gets worse when the US or China or Russia were to act in a similar vein. Ooops! World War 3!!!

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

alerting authorities --- Many countries do not have a national security agency with the relevant resources and expertise to act on online terror activities. Should some come across some violent images online depicting and insinuating possible violence, in small island developing states, we report to the police who would likely contact either their regional counterparts or Interpol. However, timing is critical as these postings may be online and removed or deleted in the next hour while the attackers may already be into their act. Therefore while reporting is important, greater communication efficiencies should be in place nationally,, regionally and internationally for report in real-time to at least act quickly to avoid any mass casualties.

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

Encrypted Chat and Terrorism --- The recent violet attack of January 6, 2021 on the US Capitol urged, supported and gaslighted by the former US President was further exacerbated using Telegraph where much of the violet groups used this platform to organize, financed and eventual launch the attack on the Capitol. Isn't this a piece of the iceberg for future violent extremism?

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

difference --- @Guillaume. Your points are valid but I tend to want to disagree with you that motives are not necessarily the key reasons and secondly, while political, military and financial considerations are very compelling motives for such actions, other actors actually use ideology to trigger extremisms, others use living conditions or oppression of a people or ethnicity. You would agree that the ethnic violations in Yemen or the Palestinians or the ethnic cleansing in Serbia/Srebrenica etc.. were indeed extremism. The same applies to online terrorism/extremism; What prevents a group of actors or concerned nationalistic citizens with advanced computer knowledge to act in a similar manner for all of the above reasons and more in the interest of their people or society? Some of these "extremism" may be higher level forms of traditional extremism or innovated or ew ways of attack possibly using bots or other malware to destructive purposes- and yes trigger electronic warfare

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

extremism vs freedom of speech --- @Carlos. You make a valid point. "Beauty is in the eye of the beholder" - what may be seen as cyber-extremism by one regime may be an act of desperation for freedom of expression or ventilation. However, such expression should not find relief in violent behavior to the detriment or harm of others or institutions or societies - there are always peaceful ways to vent one's frustration

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

What if --- What if China or Russia also has to bombard hacker in western countries territory?

Source author: Ioniarimalala RAKOTONIRINA ioniarimalala@gmail.com

legal definition of terrorism --- @Scott. While there may not be any internationally legal definition, the time is fast approaching (if not imminent) that the international legal fraternity possibly under the UNGA or OECD etc.. This is a major problem and must be tackled collectively by all stakeholders

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

undermine cyberterrorism actvities --- I agree that the war on cyberterrorism can be easily undermined should both the definition of cyberterrorism and those who perpetuate these acts are not clearly defined and classified. Terrorism has now taken different motives differing from the conventional "terrorism" by bad actors. Persons in "respected" offices and high credentialed individuals with some ulterior motive whether political, social or mental or anything which disturbs their psychic can easily engage in cyberterrorism

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

cyberterrorism --- @Nikolov. Absolutely on point. Anyone who sees otherwise is blind to the present situation. The many acts we have seen over the last 12 months spells danger for the near future. The level of sophistication in these attacks will only increase both in severity and intensity unfortunately which will trigger a cycle of recurring attacks and counter-attacks on government institutions, water systems, electrical grids, nuclear power stations (like what happened in Iran a few years ago) and the least goes on. Even hospitals medical systems are being attacked and held ransomed.

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

cyberterrorism into cyberspace? --- Of course, cyberterrorism has already moved into cyberspace. Irrespective whether there is a narrow or broad definition, the end results is to harm or coerce or severely degrade the conventional way of life of establish society using electronic or ICT-related tools and applications. It will not be long unfortunately when civilized society will be confronted with a major world "war" as the major powers or their proxies trigger some confrontation. For example, North Korea can easily use its cyberterrorism tools to seek some level of world recognition; the same applies to Iran or even China or Russia; America and its allies may counteract as President Biden seemed to have suggested in a recent public speech. Cyberterrorism is not only here but defines the next battlefield

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

Offline Vs Cyber --- Probably, yes and no in the same time. While the same conditions can be fertile ground for cyberterrorism or online violent extremism I think that such devastated societies don't have the financial means nor prerequisites to gather enough state of the art hardware/software nor train many cyber attackers as rich countries have. How many great coders are there in Afghanistan or in poor African nations? (Aside of maybe capability for internet propaganda and usage of social networks). We see that most of the cyber attacks originate from developed and developing societies (I read that USA/Russia/China/India/Iran are mentioned in many media-covered attacks). Maybe special risk originates from autocratic regimes in developing countries (that have enough financial means to build/train equipment/people for cyber extremism). So, even organized societies/states, with good rule of law and enough legislation, can pose risk for cyberterrorism (especially politically or economically motivated).

Source author: Vladimir Nikolov vladimir984@yahoo.com

Cyberterrorism --- In my view cyberterrorism is a fact...as we now witness frequent DDoS & ransomware attacks, is it just a question of time when the same will happen with cyberterrorism. It will be much "cheaper" for some government sponsored cyber groups or terrorists groups to undertake a cyberterrorism attack than to go in a conventional war, where one needs well equipped and trained army. From a "profit/cost" point of view, why spend so much money when you can achieve the same goal with less resources, lets say through cyber means? Therefore, I believe the international community needs to join forces and regulate/address the cyberterrorism treats with highest priority.

Source author: Vladimir Nikolov vladimir984@yahoo.com

Advertising Algorithms for kids protection? --- @Vlad. Andrin has a very good point. Advertisers target users without their consent which is in effect a violation of one's privacy yet noting is done but we see it as marketing campaign. Spams enter our Inbox at will which is yet another invasion of privacy from Advertisers - we simply delete the messages or filter them out - no discourse on privacy. Why is there so much debate about privacy to the extent that even child abusers are perceived as victims of privacy? How about sending child protection campaign notices to major companies who target us as their customers?

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

Advertising Algorithms for kids protection? --- Andrin, this is an interesting idea. We can't identify the users as accounts are not connected to real identities (though some social networks, like Facebook, try to insist on connecting the two). But our digital profiles are very rich with various personal data of our preferences, browsing history, connections... that help advertisers. Could this data be used to better understand if a person behind a certain profile is a minor? Probably.

There might be some privacy concerns - but then again, there are concerns already about those personal information collected for advertisements.

Interesting food for thought. I welcome others' inputs.

Source author: Vladimir Radunovic vladar@diplomacy.edu

Netherlands on Top --- Andrin, take a look at the hypertext exchange just above in the paragraph (under 'servers in Europe' and 'Europol' highlights) where we shared some attempts to understand why. Your reflections there are most welcomed

Source author: Vladimir Radunovic vladar@diplomacy.edu

Working with kids --- Diego, adding to the control of how kids use digital environment is - working with them.

One of the big problems is that, because they know better how to use it - and because parents have lack of time to devote - we just give them devices to 'play'. If only we - as parents, educators, older peers, etc - would walk through the Internet with them, be with them when they explore it, play with it, face challenges - they would learn from us while exploring it (and we would learn as well).

So, spending time with kids while they explore digital world is also very important.

Source author: Vladimir Radunovic vladar@diplomacy.edu

User responsibility --- Reporting the CSAM should be responsibility of the internet users voluntary, but there is no enough mechanism to enforce the failure of reporting, so raising awareness can help the level of reporting on the internet users.

Source author: Mustafa Yaasin Sheik mysheik@hotmail.com

Capacity building --- The issues of awareness-raising and education can be included in capacity-building programs. National authorities responsible for developing child protection policies should effectively explain to children and their parents the risks and dangers of certain online activities. Some organizations like EduCARE (https://www.educare.co.uk/courses/child-protection-education-v2) have developed education programs that can be used as a basis for capacity-building programs implemented through bilateral or multilateral cooperation mechanisms. These courses need to be complemented with strategies to address online risks, like the ones we reviewed in this course’s materials. For example, the course by EduCARE that I reviewed has comprehensive content on the issue of child abuse but is not specific on the online aspect.<br /> This is a field of opportunity to involve universities, research institutions, and private consultants. The effort can result in comprehensive programs that combine the ITU Child Online Protection guidelines with state-of-the-art risk and abuse prevention research. The main goal of these capacity-building endeavors is that national authorities can effectively and easily communicate with children and parents.

Source author: Juan Feliciano Ascencio Moctezuma jascencio@sre.gob.mx

Responsible and liable ofc --- Interesting way to look at it. Just like putting a child in harm’s way in the real world entails legal consequences for parents, doing so online should too.

Source author: Sébastien Monnet sebastien-joel.monnet@eda.admin.ch

Understanding Hashing --- I wanted to understand better how hashing technologies are used to protect children online. I came across an article detailing a case involving Google’s automated system to monitor users for illegal activity.<br /> Google had to report to the authorities that it had ‘hashed’ files with child pornography content. The authorities carried out investigations that led to the detention of the suspect. The case opened up a legal debate on the acceptability of searches by private companies cooperating with the government. However, it is an example of how hashing technologies successfully identified harmful content and its eventual removal. Here is the story: https://www.bjcl.org/blog/hashing-it-out-how-an-automated-crackdown-on-child-pornography-is-shaping-the-fourth-amendment

Source author: Juan Feliciano Ascencio Moctezuma jascencio@sre.gob.mx

Education is indeed the key to success --- I made a similar point earlier in which I suggested that education on risks should be included in the school curriculum particularly given the increased dependency of children on technology.

Source author: Devita Abraham abrahamd@foreign.gov.tt

Responsibility of who? --- In such cases where a very young child under the age of 5 shares inappropriate content, who should be held accountable? First and foremost, the parent is ultimately responsible for the child's safety and protection but should the platform on which the content is shared hold some level of accountability by removing such content or prevent it from being posted in the first place?

Source author: Devita Abraham abrahamd@foreign.gov.tt

Bloodshed=inappropriate --- Violent content, in particular bloodshed, may also result in children who are very easily influenced/vulnerable to commit egregious acts without being affected or concerned as they may become numb to seeing violent acts and blood due to continuous exposure to such content, especially since the advances in technology makes everything seem so real when viewing in virtual world.

Source author: Devita Abraham abrahamd@foreign.gov.tt

Awareness and education --- Since the use of technology has become an integral aspect in the daily lives of children, particularly as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, maybe a similar strategy should be adopted as is suggested for adults in order to eliminate risk and vulnerability, that is, education and awareness.

While, parents/guardians, governments, educators and other stakeholders do have a responsibility to protect children from harm both online and offline, the safe use of technology should be included in the school curriculum, which focuses on educating children on the risks and harmful aspects associated with the use of technology in accordance with their evolving capacity (age appropriate).

Many schools do include information technology in their curriculum in my country. However, those classes are aimed at enhancing skills with regards to the use of ICTs and do not necessarily educate or raise awareness in respect of its associated risks.

Source author: Devita Abraham abrahamd@foreign.gov.tt

Minimum age --- Well, since we don't know who is behine the computer, social media account, I guess this actions is not enough. I am not saying is wasted idea but the social media platforms should create new strategies in collaboration with the users.

Source author: Iván Arnulfo Fernández Hernández administracionini01@sre.gob.mx

Platform for children --- I will have to disagree with you on this one, same as you are unable to know who is a kid and who's not at the time of making an online purchase, you can't know if the person creating the account on the Instagram for kids is really a kid. I agree that companies search only their economical benefit but I don't think creating a platform only for kids would be the solution, instead of that, you can as a platform restrict the amount of profiles created by linking them to a national ID (government and industry cooperation must be part of it). In this case if you want to open an account for your kids it must be linked to yours. With this you would also have a better settlement while trying to combat cybercrimes. In my personal belief children should not have access to social media until the age that they are aware of the risks of surfing it and knowing the consequences of what they can share.

With all these points I'm not taking responsibility off of social media platforms. They can surely improve their ways of keeping the user's content safe and secure. But it also requires that users have more awareness and responsibility on the content we search for.

Source author: Diego Alberto Estrada Ramos destrada@sre.gob.mx

Advice --- Just think in how much do you want your kids to know about the internet and how exposed you want them to be. While kids have a better comprehension of technology than us, they need time and practice to understand completely how it works. For example if they need to use a computer or a mobile for online classes, what are they doing after the classes? Do you allow them to browse the web? Do you have any kind of parental control over what they can browse? In my opinion technology is a great tool for learning when used responsibly. I believe that more than a matter of an age it's a matter of how you monitor their activity on the internet. Instead of giving them free access parents can keep a track of their children's activity and restrict the usage and content that is available to them.

Source author: Diego Alberto Estrada Ramos destrada@sre.gob.mx

Re digital pacifier --- I like your description of a 'digital pacifier' Sebastien! You're right, in fact, that this is a main reason why very young children are often seen with a mobile in hand.

The famous phrase from Netflix's The Social Media Dilemma - 'There are two industries that call their customers users: illegal drugs and software' – is not famous enough.

Source author: Stephanie Borg Psaila StephanieP@diplomacy.edu

Violence related to video games --- I as an active player of videogames have been interested on how these subjects affect the people that is in this area.

One of the solutions that has been proposed is the ban of the IP address of the offender (not always happens) same as when they're caught doing illegal use of the content of the video games (piracy or exploits).

I find this one of the best solutions to end the violence or cyber bullying. This ban is always implemented by the video game creator or the console distributor.

How can we transform this company policy into a government regulation?

Source author: Diego Alberto Estrada Ramos destrada@sre.gob.mx

Not an excuse --- Hi Shabanah,

I agree with the point that children can be more tech savvy than parents and it might be difficult for them to cope with the knowledge of their kids, however, I believe it is possible for parents to monitor the way their kids interact with the internet. Almost every store that sells computers/mobile phones have an "IT expert" which can help with these issues before you buy the product.

If for a parent learning is not the solution they can always try to find help from people with more knowledge.

Source author: Diego Alberto Estrada Ramos destrada@sre.gob.mx

Netherlands on Top --- Is there an explanation on why the Netherlands stand out here so much. Any indications that can be found in dutch legislation which can explain this? Or is it of a infrastructural nature?

Source author: Andrin Schwere andrin.schwere@eda.admin.ch

Re signatories --- There are actually 192 state parties to the CRC, which is a very high number (see: https://indicators.ohchr.org/).

And when it comes to national legislation, only 16 countries do not have laws which deal specifically with CSAM - at least, until 2018 (see: https://www.icmec.org/csam-model-legislation/)

Source author: Stephanie Borg Psaila StephanieP@diplomacy.edu

Advertising Algorithms --- Why can we not use the algorithms for targeted marketing to identify children and protect them better? It seems that, especially social media companies, possess so many data about individuals to provide them with targeted, tailored content but at the same time lack to protect the most vulnerable in our societies.. Could algoriths help us to protect children?

Source author: Andrin Schwere andrin.schwere@eda.admin.ch

Digital Divide --- COVID-19 has most likely also made the debate around the digital divide more prominent, especially when it comes to eduaction tools used in schools. On the one hand the digital divide or unequal distribution of access to the internet, also within societies, raises the concern of leaving children behind in education if they cannot access the internet or do not have privileged access at the other hand, connecting everyone to the internet in the name of providing education everywhere anytime increase vulnerabilities. I am very interested to know how this dichotomy is addressed by specialist in the development sector and teachers around the world.

Source author: Andrin Schwere andrin.schwere@eda.admin.ch

Trade-offs --- Spot on Bennette! It's called, making a trade-off. It's what stakeholders have the most trouble agreeing on.

Source author: Stephanie Borg Psaila StephanieP@diplomacy.edu

Re encryption and privacy --- Good points Bennette. One of the major dilemmas is how 'encrypted data may be electronically tracked and designated as "suspicious sexual content"' without infringing on people's privacy. For data to be 'tracked', someone/something/somewhere must have access to it in order for the 'tracking' to be carried out. And what happens when there is a doubt about potentially suspicious activity? All these are issues which Apple faced when it announced its new child safety features (which are now on hold). We'll be digging deeper into these issues during our weekly chat.

Source author: Stephanie Borg Psaila StephanieP@diplomacy.edu

Set of mind --- I agree completely with Stephanie, while technology might affect kids in early ages, parents are the ones exposing them to the online world. I understand that with the IoT kids are getting a bigger exposure to the Internet than we might have had at their age, but it falls unto the parents to control or supervise what and at what age they're exposed to certain things in the web.

Going to Bennette's point if a 5 year old is having a smartphone in their hands is because the parent is allowing it and giving him/her the possibility to do so.

So instead of pointing out how this exposure to the internet can affect younger generations, the discussion must be how to control this exposure, not only for parents but for governments and industry.

Source author: Diego Alberto Estrada Ramos destrada@sre.gob.mx

Re disappearance of CSAM --- So true, though it's one thing to have adult consent-based activity, and quite another when there are children involved. I'm not judging the ethical aspects of adult activity (there are so many other factors that come into play - culture being one of them), but highlighting the illegality and heinousness of anything else involving vulnerable kids, which should be tackled in a distinct way.

Source author: Stephanie Borg Psaila StephanieP@diplomacy.edu

Re paedophilia & Dr Patrice Renaud's research --- Jorge, I'm not sure Dr Patrice Renaud's (or the journalist's) intention is to reduce peadophilia to a sexual preference. His research is with convicted paedophiles, and is aimed at 2 things: rehabilitating criminals, and preventing new crime, by helping people control their inclinations (ie, by helping people to NOT act on their thoughts)

Source author: Stephanie Borg Psaila StephanieP@diplomacy.edu

Our kids are as safe as we allow them to be --- Even though technology is developing beyond what we at some point thought impossible, the ways to be safe are also developing at the same rhythm.

In my opinion children are as safe as we want them to be, there are many ways and tools that parents can implement to keep them as safe as possible from online risks (I understand that it might still happen), as an example all video games are rated according to the content they have so parents can know which ones are appropriate for their children.

Same as you take care of your kids in real life you can take care of them in this "online life", it might be more complicated if you're completely out from the IT world but a first step is to be aware of what kids are doing online and about the risks they might face while surfing the net

Source author: Diego Alberto Estrada Ramos destrada@sre.gob.mx

Re online vs offline --- I think we're actually all on the same page. What 'amplified' means here is that the issues existed already well before the internet was born. What the internet did was reflected what already happened offline, and amplified it in ways in which criminals found more space and opportunity to engage in illicit activity.

For instance, access to the dark web, the possibility of staying anonymous, the possibility of hiding behind a false persona, and the relative ease with which one can get into contact with young users. Other examples?

Source author: Stephanie Borg Psaila StephanieP@diplomacy.edu

Re some solutions --- Thanks Ivan - I haven't used it personally, so I turn to our colleagues to share any experience they've had with this site.

Regarding other apps, there are at least two great resources on apps and other spaces which are popular among children, for parents to understand whether these apps are safe or not.

https://www.net-aware.org.uk/networks/?page=8

https://www.familyeducation.com/mobile-apps/a-complete-guide-to-potentially-dangerous-apps-all-parents-should-be-aware-of

If anyone knows of other resources, just share!

Source author: Stephanie Borg Psaila StephanieP@diplomacy.edu

Exposure --- In my opinion children protection must be one of the points that need to be addressed while speaking of online regulations.

The main point should be to regulate how much exposure to the internet children must have according to their age. This can be done directly by focusing on educating the society about what children should watch and how to protect them with parental control actions. From the business point of view, this could be addressed by releasing children friendly devices with this parental control already included.

In my personal life I can see and notice that the new generations of parents try to keep their children busy just by giving them phones with access to Youtube and playing videos for them which I don't completely disagree to but it goes without any control sometimes. Even in this platforms where everything is "safe" or children oriented, all kinds of risks are present.

Source author: Diego Alberto Estrada Ramos destrada@sre.gob.mx

Used for god or bad --- The use of encryption has been playing a good role into the cyberspace but also can be use it for harm, like the ransom virus and some other techniques. Technology can play in both sides.

Source author: Iván Arnulfo Fernández Hernández administracionini01@sre.gob.mx

We are on the www --- I agree sexual abuse has existed before the internet came out. In my point of view internet is another way to get comunicated and every day more people are getting connected with the world. Therefore in my point of view internet have amplified the problem.

Source author: Iván Arnulfo Fernández Hernández administracionini01@sre.gob.mx

Statistics to raise awareness --- Regarding the contribution of UNICEF, I decided to check what child protection tools are mentioned on its website. The first important thing I noticed were the following alarming statistics: “Some 80% of children in 25 countries report feeling in danger of sexual abuse or exploitation online.” (https://www.unicef.org/protection/violence-against-children-online) It is of alarming because of the terrible experience these children face, but also because we only have information about a few countries. If we want to raise awareness among policymakers, it is then necessary to develop a system to collect reliable statistics that help them understand the gravity of the issue and the many shapes it takes in every specific context (i.e. in developed countries, emerging economies, or countries where Internet use is slowly expanding).

Source author: Juan Feliciano Ascencio Moctezuma jascencio@sre.gob.mx

WHO's guidelines for kids --- @Vlad. I believe parents have allowed peers and society to dictate the management of their kids from traditional principles and hence the issues we are now faced with. Children should be allowed to enjoy the freshness of nature and seeing the beauty of it instead of looking at a screen for 3 hrs/daily. As you indicated, we are in the cyber age and kids will have sufficient opportunities to get cyber savvy because internet-related activities are already being taught at all levels of education. However, if they are not aware or been physically exposed to the basic things of life then they will be in for a shock to find out that cyberspace is not identical to our tradition world.

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

International legislation --- Why not integrate mandatory school content for cybersecurity in primary schools or even kindergartens within the international instruments instead of distributing such content through NGOs, dedicated websites or occasional educational seminars/workshops that are dominant now?

Source author: Vladimir Nikolov vladimir984@yahoo.com

AI & Machine learning --- I believe this application of AI & machine learning is one to which we don't have any opposition. This is a good example of using technology for good causes and absolutely socially acceptable.

Source author: Vladimir Nikolov vladimir984@yahoo.com

Response --- @Sebastien, excellent argumentation! As you say the combination of e-learning, lock-downs and social distancing, then the lack of possibility for children to grow socially and emotionally...and then let's teleport this 5-10 years from now. Is today's situation a fertile ground for today's kids to become tomorrow's socially alienated CSAM users/creators, thus multiplying the problem. Especially, if we suppose that such criminal social/sexual behavior is closely related or at least influenced by psychological/social connections/roots of a human being.

Source author: Vladimir Nikolov vladimir984@yahoo.com

Mandatory technical measures --- I see the mandatory filtering measures as a good technique for addressing this issue. ISPs can filter content with technical tools easily. And why not a governmental sponsoring of an advanced filtering software that will be used by ISPs or even AI powered tools that will detect and automatically mark/remove such content? The know-how is present...it is even possible such AI software to automatically report the found content to a dedicated law-enforcement operated reporting line, so the process can be fastened (we have the tools, we need more will to implement).

Source author: Vladimir Nikolov vladimir984@yahoo.com

Pedophilia as a crime --- Good point, Jorge - we should start from understanding pedophilia as a crime; finding ways to reduce such conduct, including through treatments, builds on that, but shouldn't change this setting.

Source author: Vladimir Radunovic vladar@diplomacy.edu

alternatives are still abounding --- Sure the Internet is superior to any single document book, magazine, or library, given its extent and availability. However, as far children education is concerned and provided they're available, physical or analogue alternatives abound and offer a different experience. I would even argue a superior one in terms of what you learn and the knowledge retained. Scrolling/reading through wikipedia and online resources can be done mindlessly amongst kids, as opposed in most cases to reading a book which entails a certain commitment I reckon.

Source author: Sébastien Monnet sebastien-joel.monnet@eda.admin.ch

Absolutely right --- Couldn't have said it better. This also goes beyond as no matter how much guidance you give to your kids, their friends' parents aren't necessarily on the same page and this creates tensions. Example: my kids who do not have devices do not understand why some of their friends have one... these conversations usually end in a drama or best case scenario in them complaining about their boring parents.

Source author: Sébastien Monnet sebastien-joel.monnet@eda.admin.ch

Shouldn't buy one and a mobile device shouldn't be used as a 'digital pacifier' --- if necessity is the mother of invention, I wonder whose mother - convenience - is... maybe 'digital parenting'. Why should children use mobile devices in the first place? No need at all. The only benefit is that of the parents and this is a pretty sad indictement of our society.

Source author: Sébastien Monnet sebastien-joel.monnet@eda.admin.ch

Re websites on child safety --- ...more awareness among kids and most importantly in my opinion - parents - is key. Again, the onus is on parents to provide guidance and show the way. I doubt any kid would stay long on websites about child safety...unless forced to.

Source author: Sébastien Monnet sebastien-joel.monnet@eda.admin.ch

Home schooling is a temporary fix --- ...I hope, e-learning effectively help maintaining a sense of normalcy as far as school curricula are concerned and in specific cases is the only option, e.g. for remote communities. The 'school of the air' in Australia is a good example. Distance learning is not new, however the combination of e-learning, lock-downs, and social distancing is the killer. It is a major issue in my opinion and the deficit in terms of social and emotional learning will have long term ramifications amongst today's children and teenagers. So to answer Stephanie's question, the issue is not e-learning but the prolonged lack of or limited opportunities for school-aged children/teenagers to grow socially and emotionally in schoolyards.

Source author: Sébastien Monnet sebastien-joel.monnet@eda.admin.ch

Violation --- There is on going discuss about the data collection of children, that will need a parents or guardian to sign off the consent on their behalf. This usual includes in Data Protection Regulation of each economy.

Source author: Phannarith Ou phannarith-ou@mptc.gov.kh

Education --- Yes, I do agree that education plays an important part to equip the children with certain cyber knowledge. In addition, government should issue a country wide policy on this matter as well to support the commitment and implementation.

Source author: Phannarith Ou phannarith-ou@mptc.gov.kh

Agreed --- South Africa’s economic diplomacy has evolved on many levels but there is still a need for a more specific definition of its objectives and to develop greater interaction between stakeholders.

Source author: Tarniem Shokry Iskandar tar.eskander@hotmail.com

Impact on the Tourism sector. --- I want to believe that this selling of Green passports initiative or rather strategy meant to attract foreign investment was indeed successful in not only achieving the intended goal but also, as the text suggests, but also attracting visitors to the country and as thus boosting the tourism sector in Kiribati. If that is the case, to what extent did the initiative impact that sector in terms of growth?

Source author: Malefetsane Dominic Mosala mosalalaw@gmail.com

MINCETUR an inspiration for Mexico's economic diplomacy --- Thanks Juan Carlos. This is very interesting for Mexico's economic, diplomatic network. I think my country could be inspired by the Peruvian case to reinforce its place in global markets by merging both Ministers to boost tourism investment and exports.

Source author: Cecilia Treemonisha Barros Ruiz cbarros@sre.gob.mx

Covid --- So true and how Covid and the new online medium used for engagements makes understanding non-verbal cues so much more difficult

Source author: Shane Wilkes swilkes4129@gmail.com

National Director's and Comms' Department Role --- As to me, across the INGOs I have worked, this is a primary job of Communications in drafting and the National/Country Director to give a press releases to media. This must be clearly put on the communication protocol and must be supported in trainings in managing media in time of crisis.

Source author: Wossene Hailu Wossene_Hailu@wvi.org

Start and end with the FHPs --- Very well said Haris. That's a great final comment.

Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com

Knowing how to write --- Well said Mario. Everyone should keep your comment in mind as they write their research papers for this course.

Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com

Grammar --- Excellent, thanks Marwa. A good drafting process should always finish with a proof-reading of all the official texts to make sure that nothing like this happens. Unfortunately, though, I suspect that haste and a wish to save money sometimes sees errors like this happen again and again. I can remember a couple of them but it suited me not to mention them at the time.

Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com

M+E indicators --- Thanks Maria (and Ivy). When I was at IFRC I was asked by a newly installed head of M+E to produce indicators for the achievement by IFRC of the RCRC Fundamental Principles. I refused and sat him down for a lesson in what the FPs are, how they were developed and how they need to be used to design policies and implement programs through the entire RCRC. He didn't stay long in his job.

Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com

Pitching press releases --- Thanks Murdoch. I find that press releases may often go unnoticed by the media unless something happens which makes them seem more relevant. Sometimes our Australia Myanmar Institute pitches press releases in the hope that they will be picked up and amplified by another organisation, and then we see that amplification picked up by the media and get called by the media ourselves. The value of alliances comes forth from this example.

Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com

Lack of time? 5 --- The end result is that instead of speaking for 3 minutes at the formal meeting I had almost ten minutes at this early hearing and was able to print our case very strongly in the minds of all those present. In a way, that's a nice example of putting HD learning to work in a completely different context.

Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com

Lack of time? 5 --- The end result is that instead of speaking for 3 minutes at the formal meeting I had almost ten minutes at this early hearing and was able to print our case very strongly in the minds of all those present. In a way, that's a nice example of putting HD learning to work in a completely different context.

Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com

Lack of time? 4 --- The lawyer for the developers then tried to recover by saying he would arrange a special meeting with my building to see if that could help. The Chair encouraged this and I said "you know how to reach me, and I'm ready for this".

Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com

Lack of time? 3 --- The Chair smiled and some of the others present saw that this way of speaking had given us a special entry into the way the matters would later be handled. The Chair then asked what I would be saying in such a short time, so I took five minutes to explain what we would say. One of the developers' lawyers then foolishly said that he couldn't see how our building could have enough expertise to be present at the formal meeting to come and the Chair rapped him down and said my building would be most welcome.

Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com

Lack of time? 2 --- The chair of the hearing addressed me directly asking why I had sought only three minutes when the developers and their friends all asked for three to five HOURS each. I said I wanted to make relevant points for my building's occupants and did not need to fluff out the points with irrelevant stuff. I said I had learned how to compress arguments at hundreds of UN and similar meetings and, though, if the chair was happy to let me have four minutes I would gladly accept.

Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com

Lack of time? 1 --- Thanks Anna. I had an interesting experience a couple of weeks ago. I attended a hearing organised to set the ground rules for a legal challenge to a construction project next to the apartment building where I live. I found myself the only individual swimming in a sea of lawyers for development companies and assorted others. I had asked for three minutes at the formal hearing for which we were planning.

Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com

Hierarchy of issues --- Thanks Cara and Taban. This also shows why a concise executive summary is so important, especially for a document more than a couple of pages long. In a speech or long document it is good to do as you say but also good to conclude with a quick restatement of the most important points. A lot of readers/listeners are attentive at the start and the end but skip the middle bits.

Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com

Protocol at certain events --- I was privileged to be present at a pontifical high mass in St Peter's at the Vatican in 2018, marking The Church's World Day of the Sick. I was representing IFRC, and the Vatican Heath Council arranged the seating in the cathedral. To my surprise I was seated immediately behind the Cardinals and in front of the Ambassadors. The explanation I was given was that IFRC was entitled to this position because of our direct responsibility for health care. The Ambassadors, including my Australian friend and colleague, were not dismayed by this - it would not have happened at a State occasion but the nature of the event allowed for this variation.

Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com

Receiving VIPs at the airport --- Thanks John for this. A refinement of this arises when the airport at which the VIP arrives is not in the capital city of the country. In Australia, VIPs arrive from other countries by air at one of the state capitals and it isn't a required expectation that the Australian counterpart will be there to receive that VIP in Australia, but he or she will be there when the VIP arrives in the capital, Canberra. An appropriate Minister will however be there at the state airport.

Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com

M+E for HD --- Thanks Ivy. I agree with Gerhard on this - I've always found it best to evaluate HD by linking it to the program for which it's being used. A side effect of this approach might be the growth in government (for example) of respect for humanitarian approaches to other challenges.

Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com

Key messages --- Thanks Joe and Taban. Good comments, and I'd only add that a communications protocol should also include, somewhere, agreement on what NOT to say.

Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com

Confidentiality and risk --- Thanks Virginia. As an example, the Australia Myanmar Institute (AMI) with which I'm associated has a webinar every month. We are able to bring people at high risk into these webinars because they can take part anonymously. The other participants trust what they say because they know enough about AMI to understand that the people, though anonymous, are what we say they are in terms of credibility. I'm not sure how this is going to be treated by researchers in the future, but it works well now and protects the vulnerable people themselves.

Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com

Timeliness --- Thanks Wossene and Murdoch. The timeliness issue is further complicated by the way the internet and associated technologies have filled the news space with messaging aimed at markets in (for example) one time zone but arriving in other markets at the same time. The world sees that right now with the multiplicity of messages from the Glasgow COP26 Climate Change conference. It can be very confusing working out how to make this multiplicity relevant to the situation in which we, as HDiplomats everywhere in the world, work.

Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com

Silence misunderstood --- Thanks Baboloki. Transmitting a message using silence is a delicate art, and must only be done with a strong understanding of the culture at both ends of the transmission.

Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com

HD starts and end with fundamental principles --- Wow... Intentionally or not, but this is so powerful to put fundamental principles as last words of final module on HD.

Source author: Haris Magrdžija haris.magrdzija@ckfbih.ba

Know your subject --- It is easier to speak from the heart when person is very much familiar with topic. So preparation is key for public speaking.

Source author: Haris Magrdžija haris.magrdzija@ckfbih.ba

prepared "sandwiches" --- Prepared short responses or so called "sandwiches" are useful to avoid and mitigate risks of uncomfortable situations and make more space and time for thinking to respond on question.

Source author: Haris Magrdžija haris.magrdzija@ckfbih.ba

Less is more --- Ture. This is period of instant information and short messages thanks to social media - so it almost became a rule: Less is more.

Source author: Haris Magrdžija haris.magrdzija@ckfbih.ba

Speaking style --- Should be tuned to the culture, not derogatory or scornful on the audience Tone should not be hard like a commander addressing his soldiers before deployment.

Source author: Taban Sabir Alahai taban.sabir@ssdredcross.org

Importance of Communication Protocol --- Where there are partnerships or consortia, is always a good practice to have a communication protocol. In South Sudan, the Red Cross Red Crescent movement has nine Partner National societies, IFRC, ICRC and host National Society. without a Communication Protocol, Press releases would be a mess, if each component decides to do without consulting others.

Source author: Taban Sabir Alahai taban.sabir@ssdredcross.org

Who is to speak to the Media --- Is good to have Communication policy that spells who speaks to the media or the official spokesperson of the organization. I watched on BBC a Branch Coordinator in neighboring Country's National Society recently talking to the Media on the Congolese influx into Uganda. The local Branch Coordinator did not have facts to speak to the Media-Not Prepared!

Source author: Taban Sabir Alahai taban.sabir@ssdredcross.org

Avoid lengthy background --- A brief introduction and direct to the point my be useful. For example using opening words like Recalling......

Source author: Taban Sabir Alahai taban.sabir@ssdredcross.org

Automatic choose of words --- While using social media to deliver a message to a key personalities, one has to be careful with automatic choice of words that may seriously change or automat disgusting words. Double check and make sure all is fine before prese=sing the send button

Source author: Taban Sabir Alahai taban.sabir@ssdredcross.org

Proper address to interlocutors --- Is common to hear in events speakers addressing only the key personalities or the chief guest and ending with Protocol remains observed. Remain observed may undermine titles of key influencers or decision makers that may affect the outcome of the event.

Source author: Taban Sabir Alahai taban.sabir@ssdredcross.org

Protocol made easier --- I recently paid a visit to Our South Sudan Ministry of Foreign Affairs and learned of many Directorates handling functions that may seem less valued to an ordinary person like me. I learnt is always a good practice to make courtesy visits to government institutions to learn and understand how they operate

Source author: Taban Sabir Alahai taban.sabir@ssdredcross.org

Photographs in Official events --- It's becoming complicated with emergency of ICT technology- smart phone cameras. Unless authorized to take photos in official events, a professional Photographer or Journalist should be invited and he/she should have a clear identification not to cause uneasiness.

Source author: Taban Sabir Alahai taban.sabir@ssdredcross.org

Reputational damage --- In situation when things go amiss, the social media can be used to very fast spread negative messages. However, the impact of the message reception by the public will depend on the trust and sustained investments in reputation.

Source author: Taban Sabir Alahai taban.sabir@ssdredcross.org

Multitasking --- Humanitarian diplomacy is not just a matter of laws, negotiations and reports. A professional in humanitarian diplomacy must be multi-faceted and capable of performing various tasks for the benefit of the objectives set. For this reason, it is necessary that the teams be diverse, with various disciplines, knowledgeable about the reality of work and international dynamics, with skills in communication and negotiation ... and above all passionate about their work.

Source author: Mario Fanjul mariofanjulbenitez@gmail.com

Diplo 2.0 --- Currently, digital media are a fundamental tool for diplomacy, also humanitarian. Having basic knowledge of how social networks and the media work is essential to understand the dynamics of thought of a society, the power of the available tools and creativity when it comes to achieving our persuasion goals..

Source author: Mario Fanjul mariofanjulbenitez@gmail.com

Diplo 2.0 --- Currently, digital media are a fundamental tool for diplomacy, also humanitarian. Having basic knowledge of how social networks and the media work is essential to understand the dynamics of thought of a society, the power of the available tools and creativity when it comes to achieving our persuasion goals.

Source author: Mario Fanjul mariofanjulbenitez@gmail.com

The power of knowing how to write ---

In Humanitarian Diplomacy, avoiding confusion of ideas is essential to ensure clear agreements for all parties. This is especially important considering that in many cases the interlocutors are not fluent in the working language. Therefore, a high capacity is necessary to reflect clear ideas, without too many ornaments, that present the concepts with good definition and without room for misinterpretations.

Source author: Mario Fanjul mariofanjulbenitez@gmail.com

Protocol and cultural adaptation ---

Promoting certain protocol measures must be in tune with adaptation to the cultural norms of each context. Respecting customs (even if they are sometimes a bit ridiculous) is essential to gain the recognition of the interlocutors.

Source author: Mario Fanjul mariofanjulbenitez@gmail.com

Small efforts matter --- So true!

Source author: Anna Beijmo advocacy@forumongi-rdc.org

potential traps --- The use of encrypted texting apps is ever increasing, however the risks that these texts may be leaked, hacked etc is also very real. Sometimes people adopt a less formal approach when texting and fall in a potential embarrassing situation if not worse, if the texts are leaked. In law we used to say dance like no one is watching but text like it will be read in court someday. I guess the same also applies to emails.

Source author: Marwa Shabbar marwashabbar@yahoo.com.au

tone-deaf --- I found many press releases can be tone-deaf because they are often issued defensively such that they can alienate the people the organisation is trying to reach. Also they are not always sensitive to other things that are happening in the country. Maybe it is time to move away from press release and rely more on media.

Source author: Marwa Shabbar marwashabbar@yahoo.com.au

Photographs are very sensitive --- This is a very sensitive element that should be addressed or discussed maybe at the outset of a visit. I sometimes made the mistake of not mentioning it then get caught of guard by an aid of the interlocutor taking photos, then you have to have an awkward conversation about deleting them because if they are released they released out of context it make create issues with beneficiaries.

Source author: Marwa Shabbar marwashabbar@yahoo.com.au

@Christian: promises and clusivity --- When it's about politicians' promises, the the relationship between "we" and "I" should be examined with a grain of salt.

"C'est une promesse qui n'engage que ceux qui veulent bien y croire" said former French President Jacques Chirac and we have all reasons to believe him.

A politician's promises only bind those who believe them.

Source author: Petru Dumitriu PetruD@diplomacy.edu

Good jobs --- This concept is very frequently used by the Democratic party (or the left globally). It's a semantic category, good jobs as opposed to simply jobs. Conveys the message that jobs in themselves are not enough, jobs have to provide specific things: living wages, standard of living, proper health and environmental conditions, development and education opportunities, most probably good jobs also means unionized jobs, etc. It is amazing how one simple adjective can add so much meaning to a sustantive.

Source author: Alejandra Mayela Martinez Silva ammartinez@sre.gob.mx

Redress --- Literally, we even used the definition: we can right wrongs! This part is dedicated to what the people, through his government, can aspire to set back on course: good jobs, safe schools, rebuild the middle class.

Source author: Alejandra Mayela Martinez Silva ammartinez@sre.gob.mx

appeals to authority --- By quoting Lincoln, and appropriating his words, his appealing to his authority and putting himself by Lincoln's side. There are many references in this speech that direct to that idea: I am now the president, I'm surrounded by presidents, I was elected by the people, I took the oath of Washington and my feelings are those of Lincoln.

Source author: Alejandra Mayela Martinez Silva ammartinez@sre.gob.mx

Typecasting and selectivity --- Biden defines a uniquely American way: restless, bold, optimistic. This is a sterotype used in a positve way.

Source author: Alejandra Mayela Martinez Silva ammartinez@sre.gob.mx

Assertion --- Given the circumstances of his election, the refusal of his predecessor, a significant part of the Republican party and electorate, to accept Biden's victory, this statement is a consequential assertion.

Source author: Alejandra Mayela Martinez Silva ammartinez@sre.gob.mx

Ethos and Credibility --- I find that this first act as President is a powerful message of credibility: "I am leading for all Americans. The victims unite as all"

Source author: Liliana Oliva Bernal loliva@sre.gob.mx

Assertion and semantic group --- He asserts that certain "common objects" define American, and then lists positive nouns (a semantic group).

Source author: Liliana Oliva Bernal loliva@sre.gob.mx

Appeal to autorithy --- Biden's speech makes several appeals to authority: Saint Augustine, Martin Luther King, Lincoln.

Source author: Liliana Oliva Bernal loliva@sre.gob.mx

Stories in a capsule --- This a powerful appeal to emotion by means of a story in a capsule (a two-word story: first woman).

Source author: Liliana Oliva Bernal loliva@sre.gob.mx

Metaphor --- Metaphors using fire, storm, thunder and other natural phenomena seem powerful to me.

Source author: Liliana Oliva Bernal loliva@sre.gob.mx

Assertion --- This a powerful assertion because it confronts the so-called American dream with reality.

Source author: Liliana Oliva Bernal loliva@sre.gob.mx

Another use of semantic groups --- The numbering of the common foes strengthens the message, both by constructing a semantic group and by means of musicality (groups of three).

Source author: Liliana Oliva Bernal loliva@sre.gob.mx

Metaphor --- A country has no soul, but it is a powerful metaphor indeed.

Source author: Liliana Oliva Bernal loliva@sre.gob.mx

Semantic categories --- He prepares the ground (US defeating X, Y and Z) with a powerful (evil) semantic group: political extremism, white supremacy, domestic terrorism.

Source author: Liliana Oliva Bernal loliva@sre.gob.mx

Biden appeals to authority and precedent on his taking of office --- As Trump and his followers have been denouncing the election as fraudulent and stumped the Capitol under a tactic aimed to interfere with the incoming inauguration ceremony, Biden uses this framing strategy APPEAL TO AUTHORITY AND PRECEDENT, in the form of having the support of all living former U.S. presidents from both the Republican and the Democratic political parties. Biden seems to project even James Carter supports his taking of office and seems to imply he is not there because of his delicate health. He reinforces the support mentioning the U.S. Constitution situating his presidency as legal and legitimate.

Source author: Eric Suzán Reed esuzan@sre.gob.mx

Biden uses Shared Aspirations --- Biden uses the SHARED ASPIRATIONS framing device and talks about unity around "the unique American way": "restless, bold, optimistic", and emphasizes the shared aspiration of “the nation we know we can be”. Alludes to a would-be world, the ultimate expression of all that is best of America. Biden expands the circle of inclusion: “to set our sights on the nation we know (ASSSERTION) we can be”, as an idealized future which shows none of the divisions and strifes that have afflicted the U.S. recently.

Source author: Eric Suzán Reed esuzan@sre.gob.mx

Biden’s inaugural speech relies heavily on the REDRESS framing device --- The REDRESS framing device can be detected in this whole section (as well as in other parts of the inaugural speech): The no-longer-candidate is taking office after a close called election just after a period of uncertainty and divisiveness marked by the storming of the Capitol Building instigated by the previous president Donald Trump in another attempt to interfere with Democrats assuming the U.S. presidency. After such a political crisis Biden does well in recurring to REDRESS trying to signal concerned U.S. citizens and authorities the hurtful democratic nightmare is over and announces a REDRESS by saying, for example: ”Through a crucible for the ages America has been tested anew and America has risen to the challenge” preceded of: “This is America’s day.” “This is democracy’s day.” “A day of history and hope”.”Of renewal and resolve.” And followed by "Today, we celebrate the triumph not of a candidate, but of a cause, the cause of democracy... We have learned again that democracy is precious... fragile. And at this hour, my friends, democracy has prevailed." Along his full inauguration speech, Biden tries to reasure those millions of people who considered and experienced Trump's presidency as a very dark period in the American exercise of leadership right at the higest office of the land. At the ceremony of taking charge of that office, Biden signals along his whole speech that the inauguration of Biden's presidency means: Going Back to Normal. (EPILOGUE: A "catastrophy" was averted on those days but the arrival to a governance paradise was -naturally- far away on that inauguration day, as the U.S. continues to be polarized today and showing signs of diviseveness -as Biden's below 40% job approval popular ratings detected by polls, the Republican Right electoral comback show right now-... troubling currents are still running deep inside the socio-political system...).

Source author: Eric Suzán Reed esuzan@sre.gob.mx

Redress --- It is implicit in this sentence that the US´ alliances have been damaged, and Biden promises to "repair" them, thus offering redress.

Source author: Christian Peter Clay Mendoza cclay@sre.gob.mx

Shared aspirations --- This sentence and the preceding ones are an example of the crescendo towards a visionary future which starts with unity and not division, and ends in greatness and goodness.

Source author: Christian Peter Clay Mendoza cclay@sre.gob.mx

Clusivity --- "I promise..." followed by "We will..." is a clear use of pronouns to emphasize something. HE alone promises, but WE all will get through it.

Source author: Christian Peter Clay Mendoza cclay@sre.gob.mx

Eternal? --- I´m wondering if this might be considered a semantic category? I mean, we all say and hope that those who have passed may rest in "eternal peace", but what exactly does that mean? Nobody alive knows, that´s for sure...

Source author: Christian Peter Clay Mendoza cclay@sre.gob.mx

Appeal to authority and precedent --- Obviously, making reference to Martin Luther King and stating that "...we stand looking out to the great Mall where Dr. King spoke of his dream" is indeed a forceful appeal to authority and precedent and it also subconsciously tells people "I also believe in that dream of equality and diversity".

Source author: Christian Peter Clay Mendoza cclay@sre.gob.mx

Typecasting --- Undoubtedly referring to those people as a "riotous mob" is indeed a form of typecasting and selectivity and clearly marks a division between "us" and "them".

Source author: Christian Peter Clay Mendoza cclay@sre.gob.mx

Pre-emptive --- This sentence and the one that precedes it are, in my opinion, examples of pre-emptive arguments. He states in the sentence before this one that "...the Union itself hung in the balance" but, he continues "Yet we endured". So it is clearly a NOT X BUT Y type of statement.

Source author: Christian Peter Clay Mendoza cclay@sre.gob.mx

Assertion --- A clear example of an assertion. He begins this short sentence with "But the fact is" signalling that what he will say next is factual. He then states that "...we face them (the seven tests to America´s democracy he has stated previously) all at once..." Here, he is subjectively trying to convince his listeners that every single citizen has faced all those trials at once, which may or may not be factual, but he is indeed convincing in his assertion.

Source author: Christian Peter Clay Mendoza cclay@sre.gob.mx

two framing devices --- appealing to emotion through shared aspirations

Source author: Maryam Almheiri jody_06@hotmail.com

self-aggrandisement --- an example of typecasting and selectivity

Source author: Maryam Almheiri jody_06@hotmail.com

shared aspirations --- Biden here may refers to shared aspiration, by looking forward to change future.

Source author: Maryam Almheiri jody_06@hotmail.com

Blocking the brave women --- This is typecasting and selectivity.

Source author: Akua Sekyiwa Ahenkora sekyiwaa@yahoo.co.uk

But as neighbors --- This is a pre-emptive argument. Not X but Y .

Source author: Akua Sekyiwa Ahenkora sekyiwaa@yahoo.co.uk

A cry for survival comes from the planet itself --- This is a metaphor

Source author: Akua Sekyiwa Ahenkora sekyiwaa@yahoo.co.uk

Democracy is fragile --- This is an assertion. It is the hard truth that needs to be acknowledged by all.

Source author: Akua Sekyiwa Ahenkora sekyiwaa@yahoo.co.uk

Trump again --- In his inauguration speech, he started speaking of "them", the forgotten men and women of America, or adressing them directly "you" "your country". Funny because it made him sound completely foreign to both the people and the elite at the same time.

Source author: Alejandra Mayela Martinez Silva ammartinez@sre.gob.mx

Thanks for refering me to Lakoff, Biljana --- You got my interest on his website

Source author: Eric Suzán Reed esuzan@sre.gob.mx

Half truths? --- I was not aware of selective disclosure being a framing device, but it is massively used in political speech. Politicians use the data that is favourable to their position, or that which proves what they've done, and not what they have failed to.

It is very interesting to rationalize/theorize with framing devices, as we commonly use them/receive them in a very unconscious manner.

Source author: Liliana Oliva Bernal loliva@sre.gob.mx

Paired terms --- Diplomatic immunity vs. unnecessary privilege

Gun-control laws vs. illegal curtailment of Second Amendment rights

Source author: Liliana Oliva Bernal loliva@sre.gob.mx

NLP --- This is a very interesting point of view, Christian!

Indeed, psychologically "I am not a crook" has nothing to do with, for instance "I am an honourable man"! The message we receive is completely de opposite.

Source author: Liliana Oliva Bernal loliva@sre.gob.mx

Common metaphor --- Thanks for sharing the example MacOswald!

I think that "Blood in his/her hands" counts among the most popular metaphors for linking someone to a crime - and it is very powerful indeed!

Source author: Liliana Oliva Bernal loliva@sre.gob.mx

Short-term 'scapegoat' for long-term problems --- Sorry to hear about the things you mentioned Marie, but similar things have been happening in other places too, so I'm not really surprised.

I presume the public is aware of the fact that the (vast majority of) problems listed here have their roots in previous years/decades. How successful (if at all) is the current Administration in explaining this? I.e. how are these problems 'framed' in the official communication?

Source author: Andrej Skrinjaric andrejs@diplomacy.edu

Subliminal associations --- Agreed, Petru, they are distinct terms but I think that Obama intended for us to confuse them in a way that was plausibly deniable (he never said they were equivalent) but that nevertheless gave people the feeling (by allusion) that this kind of war was just and therefore justified. I may well be wrongly imputing intentions to him, but this is how spin works best: by subliminal association.

Source author: Biljana Scott biscott@diplomacy.edu

To be forewarned is to be forearmed --- Great analysis of Trump's speech with this succession of devices after each utterance, Eric, thanks! Interesting link too.

Although Trump was extreme in his accusations, as you can see, these framing devices are in common use and we should always remain alert to how belittling, othering and other forms of attack are expressed. Sometimes the more subtle they are the less we notice them, and the more vulnerable we are to their influence

Source author: Biljana Scott biscott@diplomacy.edu

Verminising --- The Hutu example is one of the most sustained and horrendous cases of othering through 'verminising' (by analogy with 'demonising')

Source author: Biljana Scott biscott@diplomacy.edu

Hippies, Yuppies, Buppies and Dinkies... --- ... are further terms in which the sound contributes to the connotations

Source author: Biljana Scott biscott@diplomacy.edu

Changing connotations --- Agreed, Christian, meaning does indeed change over time and one of the first changes involves connotations.

Further examples include 'rebel' which used to be associated with fringe and doomed-to-fail protestors but which during the Arab Spring came to acquire much more positive connotations.

Under Greta Thunberg the connotations of 'activist' has similarly shifted towards something commendable and admirable.

Source author: Biljana Scott biscott@diplomacy.edu

Othering --- I love both Petru's example and Eric's comment on the contrast between 'the retired' vs 'our grandparents'. Very often, conflicting frames capitalise on this difference between the parasitic other and the beloved one-of-us - something to bear in mind when it comes to finding your own minimal pair in your midterm assignment!

Source author: Biljana Scott biscott@diplomacy.edu

Highfalutin --- A great exercise, Petru! We used to analyse Obama's inaugurals and I found that exercise highly rewarding because you could hear Obama's own voice, not just the speech writers'.

You are right about the checklist of points that have to be communicated. This kind of analysis of rhetoric helps us understand why we all become a little cynical about 'highfalutin' language.

"Highfalutin": (especially of speech, writing, or ideas) pompous or pretentious.

Source author: Biljana Scott biscott@diplomacy.edu

The better of the two --- I prefer Donald Trump's speech writer - there's a better ring to his phrases!

Source author: Biljana Scott biscott@diplomacy.edu

All was well until it isn't! --- Thanks for asking Andrej. America had high hopes for Joe Biden, especially his promises of unity...the country is now more divided than before and little gets done in Congress. Americans are forgiving and especially so of Joe Biden...the media in particular. However, there's been a comedy of errors during his reign so far that will be difficult to overcome. 1. Afghanistan was and is a stain on this country's reputation forever. JB was advised by his military advisors not to pursue the course he took and yet he made the decision to do so...it didn't have to be so devastating. To compound the debacle he did not warn his European allies beforehand...not to mention the Drone Strike that killed innocent people including children. 2. He gravely insulted and displeased President Macron of France...again a staunch ally of the US. 3. Yes, he fell asleep during the G20 presentation on climate change I believe. 4. Last but not least, the American people, especially those on fixed incomes or low incomes, are suffering from high inflation that is most probably going to get worse. Crime has destroyed the peace and security of the residents in major cities such as LA and San Francisco where they are now barracading their houses against burglaries and burglars who face no consequences. I have never known an America like this and where America goes (for all its flaws), so goeth the world (my opinion of course). So to answer your question Andrej on how Americans feel about the President, his poll numbers are in the 30s. Let's hope for brighter days ahead.

Source author: Marie Betts-Johnson mbj@ipicalifornia.com

WAR BY OTHER MEANS. Geoeconomics and Statecraft by Blackwill & Harris --- A 2016 variant proposal was explained at the peak of his 5 decades international experience when at his 75-years-old by Robert D. Blackwill (a practitioner of Soviet detente and European affairs in the 1970's and 1980's at the White House National Security Council and U.S.Departmet of State; former 2001-2003 U.S. Ambassador to India; evaluator for NSC Head Condoleezza Rice in 2003-2004 of the deep troubled nation building experience on Irak, and associate dean, lecturer and faculty chair for executive trainning programs at the Harvard KSG for more than 20 years, lobbyst, and senior fellow at the RAND Corporation:

Blackwill & Harris, WAR BY OTHER MEANS. Geoeconomics and Statecraft, Harvard University Press, USA, 2016.

https://www.cfr.org/book/war-other-means

Source author: Eric Suzán Reed esuzan@sre.gob.mx