This distinction often plays an important role in discussions on how to govern AI.

is crucial to consider the distinction between human rights and ethics.

The role of the state is to strike a balance between freedom and protection, rights and responsibilities.

Courts continue to interpret existing laws and fill gaps when norms do not exist, constituting de facto makers of digital rules

Finally, we consider the distinction between ethics and human rights.

We also add remarks on the role of the state with regard to its primary responsibility for upholding human rights.

The use of AI by military sectors to power autonomous weapons has encountered significant criticism.

Technology is not intrinsically good or bad but rather a mirror of human intentions.

Can you think of other advantages of introducing autonomous weapons on the battlefield?

Do you agree that fully autonomous weapons could help to address the problems mentioned?

Drones with some autonomous capabilities are being used in the context of the ongoing conflict in Ukraine (Khan, 2022).

Object detection and facial recognition, for instance, can be used by an autonomous weapon to navigate through space and identify a target.

exfiltration of data

phishing was the most common type of cybercrime in 2020

In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, cybercriminals significantly exploited the vulnerabilities caused by the shift to remote work.

Phishing

In the context of the internet of things (IoT), cross-platform malware would allow infections to spread quickly across multiple devices, making detection and removal more difficult.

The longer the malware stays undetected inside a host, the more it learns, and the more efficient it becomes in operating independently.

Semantic analysis and object recognition will be particularly useful in targeting victims.

The technology could represent a paradigm shift in the field of cybersecurity in the near future (

Estimates of the annual costs of cybercrime for the global economy vary, but the prevailing trend is that the average cost of a cyberattack for the victim and the reward obtained by attackers have both been increasing over time (O’Connor, 2018).

Different actors define cybersecurity in different ways. The Global Cyber Definitions Database, for example, contains over 400 political definitions of cybersecurity and information security.

Due to this uncertain future, redistribution policies may be necessary to ensure that AI brings social and economic improvements for all.

This could be explained by ‘Moravec’s Paradox’, which states that ‘high-level reasoning requires very little computation, while low-level sensor-motor skills require enormous computational resources’

What new jobs are likely to be created? And what jobs are likely to disappear?

In your opinion, will the net effect of AI on jobs point towards disruption or transformation in your country or professional sector?

This last scenario is known as ‘augmentation’ – a case in which AI is used as a tool to enhance workers’ capacities.

The Human Development Report 2019 argues that automation and AI do not have to reduce the demand for labour, and that instead they ‘can be leveraged to create new tasks – a reinstatement effect, which would counter the displacement effect’ (UNDP, 2019).

‘disruption’ and ‘transformation’

As a consequence, economists are engaged in considerable debate about the extent to which AI will destroy and create jobs.

As a consequence, economists are engaged in considerable debate about the extent to which AI will destroy and create jobs.

AI is the subject of concerns raised amongst policy makers and workers, especially with regard to job automation and its potential impact on inequality.

AI is the subject of concerns raised amongst policy makers and workers, especially with regard to job automation and its potential impact on inequality.

Do you think this is how a fifth industrial revolution could/should look? Why, or why not?

Do you think this is how a fifth industrial revolution could/should look? Why, or why not?

Should we start thinking about the fifth industrial revolution?

Should we start thinking about the fifth industrial revolution?

The application of advanced technologies in the field of industrial production has been called ‘Industry 4.0’, ‘smart manufacturing’ or ‘smart production’. Industry 4.0 combines hardware (advanced robots and 3D printers), software (big data analytics, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence), and connectivity (the Internet of Things) (UNIDO, 2020).

The application of advanced technologies in the field of industrial production has been called ‘Industry 4.0’, ‘smart manufacturing’ or ‘smart production’. Industry 4.0 combines hardware (advanced robots and 3D printers), software (big data analytics, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence), and connectivity (the Internet of Things) (UNIDO, 2020).

the revolutionary nature of the current transformations in the economy and society stems from (a) the unprecedented speed of economic and social change; (b) the fact that technological convergence is disrupting almost every industry; and (c) the systemic impact of the changes, which touch upon systems of production, management, and governance.

convergence of technologies

The impact that AI is expected to have on economic growth and gross domestic product (GDP) is similar to the impact of other general-purpose technologies that underpinned previous industrial revolutions

‘fourth industrial revolution’.

‘fourth industrial revolution’.

What is an algorithm?

Some authors make reference to a potential third type of AI, an artificial super intelligence, which will not mimic human skills, but present ‘an intellect that is much smarter than the best human brains in practically every field, including scientific creativity, general wisdom and social skills’ (Bostrom, 2008). Some of the concerns about the future of humanity in relation to AI, such as those voiced by Tesla founder Elon Musk, are based on the idea of artificial super intelligence. Nevertheless, there is a lot of disagreement about how likely it is that current human intelligence can be surpassed or even matched.

What do you think about Cerf’s statement? Would you like to adopt the phrase ‘artificial idiot’ to describe AI?

Is there a definition of AI that you prefer? Are you aware of any definitions used by individuals or organisations that are very different from the ones we have mentioned?

Whichever definition you adopt, it is important to keep three things in mind. AI is (a) a moving target, (b) a suitcase or umbrella term for various aspects of computer science, and (c) a general-purpose technology.

AI is ‘the scientific study of the computational principles behind thought and intelligent behaviour’ (Skilton & Hovsepian, 2018, p. 80).