science for peace --- There are so many things that divide people between nations and within nations, such as barriers of language, customs, ideology, and beliefs and religions. But science go above and beyond all these. Science is not based on beliefs but primarily based on question and evidence and most importantly, the language of science is common to all regardless of race, religion, beliefs. But of course, science by itself cannot achieve world peace but definitely could be one of the main paths towards it. In some cases though, the lack of openness to accept the scientific evidence and outcomes is an issue

Source author: Lakmini Premadasa lakminisurangika@gmail.com

science, knowledge, technology --- Science consists of two main things, a body of knowledge and the process by which that knowledge is produced. Knowledge is built by first, identifying a problem or based of an observation and then collecting data, making predictions, hypothesis, theories and laws and eventually testing them. I think knowledge itself is a process as Katharina mentioned. And technology can be either the application of knowledge learned through process of science or plain ingenuity.

Source author: Lakmini Premadasa lakminisurangika@gmail.com

Public pressure - Role of the media --- Vlada: Thanks. It is indeed a very complex and technical issue and there is no simple solution. If we fail to define security standards and enforce their implementation, many people will oppose further digitization. An example was the tracking Covid app, that was hardly used by citizen. Even in a country like Denmark that widely trusts digitization, this App was a failure. Trust is key. Pressure on governments to cooperate and take appropriate measures to protect the society and the CI, and pressure on TechCompanies and producers of softwares, smart devices etc. can only come from well informed consumer. Here we shall mention the role of the media. Scientific journalists have an important role to play in bringing complex topics to the general IT user.

Source author: Florence Tinguely Mattli florence.tinguely-mattli@eda.admin.ch

Consumer protection --- In addition to defining and enforcing security standards that software developers/vendors must meet, there is a need for consumer/user protection organizations to have more visibility and be more vocal. The market will push vendors to comply with standards. There are numerous security tests on cars, baby seats etc. Why not on software?

Source author: Florence Tinguely Mattli florence.tinguely-mattli@eda.admin.ch

Time = Money --- The length of time it may take to conduct additional through checks to fix every development code issue will result in an increase in cost. Another factor is the additional use of the software will bring awareness to the flaws which can only be known after the software is released.

Source author: Shabanah Mustapha shabanah.mustapha@igovtt.tt

Is it fair to blame the users?? --- If the software we buy are not safe, if it is almost impossible for a non-tech person to find vulnerabilities, if it is too costly for a SME to verify the supply chain of the product, etc. we should entrust appropriate bodies to verify and certify software, smart devices, etc.

Education and awareness is not sufficient!

When we get into a lift, we trust that all safety measures and standards have been checked. If anything goes wrong, we won't blame the user. Why should it be different when we buy a software?? Users must be willing to pay more for certified products. That's where awareness comes in.

Source author: Florence Tinguely Mattli florence.tinguely-mattli@eda.admin.ch

Online security mirrors real life one --- Undoubtedly, new technologies pose a higher level of sophistication in terms of the measures one has to take to secure networks and devices. However, a case can be made that regular “real life” measures still apply. As in the real world, you do not open your front door to a stranger (firewall) or just leave wide open your windows to your bedroom (strong passwords/encryption). Just like in the real world, it is a good idea to light your backyard (close all your ports), close the curtains when your are changing your clothes (vpn) and install some kind of security system, like proximity alerts or close circuit cameras (antivirus / proxies). Each one of these measures is “mirrored” in the online world with one program, device of service. We have to be aware of those and apply them like we do to our houses, property and offices.

Source author: Carlos García Delgrado cgarciad@sre.gob.mx

Geo-political conflicts --- In light of the increased incidence of Geo-political conflicts and even economic sanctions (mainly USA, Russia, China) probably we will witness more activity via regional, instead of global forums. Such conflicts among states can negatively impact the international cooperation in cybersecurity and/or cybercrime investigations/matters.

Source author: Vladimir Nikolov vladimir984@yahoo.com

spoken/written word seems to be orders of magnitude higher in the online space. --- Vladimir, I agree new online communication technologies increase geometrically the impact of words, as you mention. The problem is not that, since the "good guys", the ones that do not cast "hate messages", have the same access to such technologies. They, in theory, should be able to "cast" intelligent and centered messages to counterweigth the "hate messages" of the "bad guys". You see, the problem is not the media reach, is the persuassion of the content that thrives in the perception that rich and powerfull nations abuse and destroy divergent ones, those that won't bend to the hegemon command. Then, who is to say one's messages should be erradicated and another's should not?? I'd be hard press to give such power to the government of powerfull nations or any global enterprise.

Source author: Carlos García Delgrado cgarciad@sre.gob.mx

personal or sensitive data does not always mean credit card numbers ... --- Usually we believe that malware / viruses / hackers are out to steal our most precious data, like credit card numbers or passwords. Nevertheless, sometimes the most valuable data is not the most obvios one, like bank accounts or NIPS, but the way we use the internet, the places we visit, the time we spend looking at certain pictures, etc. All that is invaluable market data for companies, groups and individuals who have a stake in selling, designing or influencing people. The most scary part is that most programs or cookies that do this, are perfectly legal. No hacking necessary.

Source author: Carlos García Delgrado cgarciad@sre.gob.mx

Cyber attacks have doubled --- Cyber attacks have doubled in Switzerland during the 1st semester of 2021, compared to 2020. Recently, local and national administrations have been the target of a ransomware.

Experts call for better IT security and IT governance. An Initiative (proposal to the People and States), will be launched in 2022 asking for a better IT governance by the Federal Government. People have become more aware of cyber risks.

Source author: Florence Tinguely Mattli florence.tinguely-mattli@eda.admin.ch

Proof nothing is out of the reach of private enterprise --- The rise of private space ventures, like Elon Musk's, has broken the once believed unsurmountable paradigm that governments have special niches that only governments can fill. Space ventures for the purpose of tourism and research have proven that, if left unchecked, individuals or groups with enough resources will be able in the near future to pose a threat to regimes or would be able to at least influence governments.

Source author: Carlos García Delgrado cgarciad@sre.gob.mx

Private hands does not imply lack of control --- As has happened before, most critical infraestructures are born in private hands. From railroads to the telegraph to internet, private enterprises have been the ones pushing the innovation wave with their ventures and therefore, have been well positioned to capitalize on the gains. However, being in private hands does not mean lack of government control, since companies have the greatest stake on the investment. Usually, this symbiotic relationships means enterprises need governments to defend them while goverments need companies to stay ahead of the innovation curve.

Source author: Carlos García Delgrado cgarciad@sre.gob.mx

Sadly, elections systems do not need to be hacked --- As it has been shown in the last decade, trying to influence an election does not require the hacking of infrastructure, which by definition should be considered critical. The proliferation of social networks and bots, along with the unsuspecting attitude that most asiduous users of these systems show, has been more than sufficient to propagate fake news and to provide a taylor-made influx of information capable of impacting the result of elections.

Source author: Carlos García Delgrado cgarciad@sre.gob.mx

CI definitions must be as extensive as possible. --- As expected, CI segments are plenty and they tend to grow as countries develop a clearer understanding of interconections among different infrastructures and systems. As stated before, definitions for CI should not be left as a prerrogative for nations, due to the global interdependance that applies to a globalized world. An effort should be made to define, as exhaustive as possible, all critical infraestructure and their relations/impacts between them.

Source author: Carlos García Delgrado cgarciad@sre.gob.mx

It should not be a national prerrogative... --- In close relation with my previous comment, I believe defining what is "critical infraestructure" should not be a national prerrogative. It is understandable that some countries will draw a line in the sand when it comes to definitions, however, in a globalized world it is imperative that all countries protect global assets in the same way, since all are dependant on them. This applies for communications, water, food, financial network, just to mention a few.

Source author: Carlos García Delgrado cgarciad@sre.gob.mx

Definitions are tricky --- It is difficult to ascertain what are society's vital functions. Some of them are perhaps "evident", like protecting basic infraestructure, including energy, power generation and water supplies. However, it is clear countries will draw the line in different places, since each country will evaluate differently what is "vital" for them. Also, sadly, that determination varies in accordance with the level of development of that nation. Whereas developed nations will consider access to internet as such, others, poorer, will only include water and food supplies, for example.

Source author: Carlos García Delgrado cgarciad@sre.gob.mx

Whole-of-government --- By working closely and in comprehensive manner with the Ministries of cooperation, Trade and Economy and giving clear guidelines to investments promotion agencies. Senegal has secured very important investments in the recent two decades because of the work of APIX in close partnerships with MFA and the Ministry of Economy, Plan and Cooperation.

Source author: Ndeye Gnagna Kone gnagna.pro@gmail.com

True --- ...When the system is inclusive and when they have been involved from the go. Most of the reluctance sometimes come from the dislike they have for policies about them and for them that were not put together with them in the process.

Source author: Ndeye Gnagna Kone gnagna.pro@gmail.com

Foreign Embassies --- Developed countries embassies in Senegal do a lot of regular consultations with civil society stakeholders. They are pretty much their go-to people to grasp the country's pulse

Source author: Ndeye Gnagna Kone gnagna.pro@gmail.com

MFAs --- ...by putting a clear and realistic strategic plan/framework in partnership with trade chambers and specific directions of Ministries (trade, cooperation, etc.). Sharing information with domestic businesses, understanding their challenges and what might hinders their competitiveness compared to other businesses in other countries and work closely with them in the development + implementation of the promotion plan.

Source author: Ndeye Gnagna Kone gnagna.pro@gmail.com

Para diplomacy in LDCs --- Yes, twining agreements between cities seem to be the alternative to para-diplomacy in LDCs where Governments still hold tightly to foreign policy and international relations that they still fiercely like to centralize. I remember that a few years ago, the former Mayor of Dakar which had a strong international exposure as part of the World Associations of Mayor caught a lot of heat from an international bond loan he made for the funding of Dakar's infrastructures and other investments projects...it sparked a political witch-hunt against him that was just the beginning of his dismay.

Source author: Ndeye Gnagna Kone gnagna.pro@gmail.com

para-diplomacy --- ... can be a great alternative for regions to develop their own foreign policies based on their specific needs, assets and interests. Even though it can be run separately from the central State foreign policy, it would not hurt if para-diplomacy could align on the core principles and guidelines of the former while doing region specific economic promotion works.

Source author: Ndeye Gnagna Kone gnagna.pro@gmail.com

curbing --- This is such a reality about "the French touch" that local investors in certain countries in West-Africa don't even bother to try to invest in certain sectors that are known to be "predicated" for French investments...

Source author: Ndeye Gnagna Kone gnagna.pro@gmail.com

Doctrine --- That people living or investing/doing businesses in foreign countries should rely on local juridictions without resorting to diplomatic pressure from their home country.

Source author: Ndeye Gnagna Kone gnagna.pro@gmail.com

Kiribati-Development Partner Economic Reform Taskforce --- The Kiribati-Development Partner Economic Reform Taskforce focuses on activities that assists Kiribati to maximise the benefits flowing from its resources and build greater economic resilience against external shocks.

Source author: Mavis Tungulu mtungulu@gmail.com

... --- With the growing trends of developed countries curling up more and more on themselves and trying to get their own way based on their own unilateral interests, the answer is no. More and more, DCs want to make their own bilateral trades which allow them to play their cards as they wish...on a case-to-case basis.

Source author: Ndeye Gnagna Kone gnagna.pro@gmail.com

Curious --- I am curious to know what WTO can really do about it? Or is it as part of WTO mandate to settle disputes that are likely to occur from illegal/unreported fishing that can happen from very legal agreement (over-fishing, extrapolation on unauthorized waters, etc.)?

Source author: Ndeye Gnagna Kone gnagna.pro@gmail.com

Standards --- The new standards have equally brought new "labels" such as "fair trade" as signs of new levels of expectations when it comes to productions, origins i.e. conditions in which the raw material are extracted or the intermediary or final product is made...

Source author: Ndeye Gnagna Kone gnagna.pro@gmail.com

SACU... --- @Bipul, sad but true..

Source author: Omphile Sethunya Sedimo sedimosethunya44@gmail.com

Cross border e-commerce --- is defined as import and export activities of cross-border trade conducted through e-commerce methods by transaction subjects from different customs borders. It is mainly classified into B2B and B2C. E-commerce in China has become part of Chinese consumers daily life.

Source author: Mavis Tungulu mtungulu@gmail.com

FDI main priority for nations in the post-COVID-19 recovery --- I agree with you. FDI was already experiencing some trouble after COVID-19. But these two years, restrictions and the suspension of commercial activities has reduced FDI considerably. As the professor, 2022 FDI may increase comparing to previous years, but definitely no better that the pre-COVID-19 period. That is why the main priority of governments has to be the display of different policies to attract FDI, but also to retain current investment projects but a clear and legal framework that support foreign businesses.

Source author: Ricardo Daniel Delgado Muñoz rdelgado@sre.gob.mx

Gender and African empowerment --- She is definitely facing big challenges, but she also has a rich experience in the matter and a background that can support her upcoming actions. As being the first woman appointed to the WTO, she can definitely empower gender equality issues that international trade has put aside for many decades. Also, representing middle-income and African countries, she can have the support of these nations to tackle some of the barriers current commercial disputes represent.

Source author: Ricardo Daniel Delgado Muñoz rdelgado@sre.gob.mx

still struggling after so many decades --- Absolutelly, that is why after so many decades that the Uruguay Round was negotiated, low and middle income countries are still struggling with this isse.

Source author: Ricardo Daniel Delgado Muñoz rdelgado@sre.gob.mx

Question --- Is it possible to share Doha Round test to the class room?

Source author: Dubo Mohamed mohacpr@gmail.com

Question --- Would East Africa Community qualify to be a custom union?

Source author: Dubo Mohamed mohacpr@gmail.com

Question --- Since fishing is in a different portfolio than trade, are ministers of fisheries allowed to attend this meeting as part of the delegation headed by the minister in charge of trade?

Source author: Dubo Mohamed mohacpr@gmail.com

Critics against WTO --- Most of Developing countries criticising WTO for not regulating properly the trade playing field. Developed countries still provides huge subsidies to their farmers which affects the Developing countries farmers out of the agrobusiness.

Source author: Frank John Mhina frankmhina01@gmail.com

Consultations before adjudication --- Atleast WTO has created a mechanism of overseeing and regulating international trade. Disputing countries are given opportunity of 60 days of consultation one another, and if failed then complaint can opt for adjudication by a panel. Brazil has passed through this process when dissatisfied with the EU over measures on poultry which was against the WTO sanitary.

Source author: Frank John Mhina frankmhina01@gmail.com

I disgaree that --- TRIPs waiver will help developing countries to produce Covid-19 vaccines. They require a process, and a very complicated one, to follow. Licensing agreement is a better option.

Source author: Bipul Chatterjee bc@cuts.org

Not ture in a larger sense and --- this is someting that needs to be addressed in a holistic manner. Are the WTO members willing to do that?

Source author: Bipul Chatterjee bc@cuts.org

Yes, it is in crisis and --- the solution is not in sight. At the same time, given the nature of inter-connected the future of trade is good.

Source author: Bipul Chatterjee bc@cuts.org

True but given the bullying nature of --- that non-market economy it will be intersting to see how RCEP will be implemented.

Source author: Bipul Chatterjee bc@cuts.org

Yes, the rules of origin in the USMCA --- is one of the most modern version of this trade-related matter. It is to see how it can help Mexico to go up in the value chains.

Source author: Bipul Chatterjee bc@cuts.org

True to a large extent and --- that's a challenge that the WTO as an organisation has to collectively address. Unfortunately, that is not happening.

Source author: Bipul Chatterjee bc@cuts.org

True that SACU is not --- as successful as the EU and the main reason is economic asymmetries.

Source author: Bipul Chatterjee bc@cuts.org

True and the EU --- is coming out with a revised version of the GSP preferences. Many more conditionalities on labour and environment will be added.

Source author: Bipul Chatterjee bc@cuts.org

Yes and the success of the AfCFTA --- will depend on how trade-related issues are addressed. Issues such as competittion policy, investment policy, consumer welfare, revenue compensation are important.

Source author: Bipul Chatterjee bc@cuts.org

Absolutely and --- here comes the importance of joint study initiatives on new trade-related issues. It is baffling that countries like India are not taking part in them.

Source author: Bipul Chatterjee bc@cuts.org

There is not much progress --- as it is not clear what will be the elements of this reform and how it will be done. The elephanty in the room is the US. They are demanding reform without articulating what it would be.

Source author: Bipul Chatterjee bc@cuts.org

True that --- such provisions are ineffective on the ground. This highlights the importance of domestic preparedness before negotiating trade issues.

Source author: Bipul Chatterjee bc@cuts.org

Nothing has happened --- since then and we are still discussing a cotton package. It is a politically sensitive issue in the US and also in China. There is not much support either for the cotton-rpoducing west African LDCs.

Source author: Bipul Chatterjee bc@cuts.org

Absolutely --- as the core objective of the WTO is gradual liberalisation of trade and not free trade.

Source author: Bipul Chatterjee bc@cuts.org

True and she will be judged --- by her ability to deliver balanced outcomes, particularly on issues concerning the developing and least developed countries.

Source author: Bipul Chatterjee bc@cuts.org

Absolutely and this is one of the major reasons --- why developing countries are finding it difficult to effectively negotiate their concerns on tariff reduction.

Source author: Bipul Chatterjee bc@cuts.org

True and this is primarily because of --- inability of countries to establish that such dumping is taking place. Larger geo-politics and geo-economics also play its role. It is indeed difficult to deal with a non-market economy and time for reforming the WTO agreement on anti-dumping.

Source author: Bipul Chatterjee bc@cuts.org

True but at the same time --- developing countries have played an effective role in raising their concverns in the initial years of the GATT. That led to the addition of the Development Chapter in the GATT text in 1964.

Source author: Bipul Chatterjee bc@cuts.org

Absolutely and the key here is --- rules of origin. For smaller regional economies it is better to go for cumulation of rules of origin.

Source author: Bipul Chatterjee bc@cuts.org

Absolutely and --- this should not just be looked at as a Customs matter. The key is to have an effective risk management system and for that to happen there should be inter-agnecy coordination and cooperation.

Source author: Bipul Chatterjee bc@cuts.org

There is a difference between --- non-tariff measures and non-tariff barriers. NTMs are perfectly legitimate if they are applied in a non-discriminatory manner. The challnge is sometimes it is difficult to differentiate between NTMs and NTBs and that makes the trading environment unpredictable.

Source author: Bipul Chatterjee bc@cuts.org

Yes and --- at the same time, we need to understand that this is a supply-side shock, which is now spiling over to the demand side. In 2022, global FDI is expected to recover but it will be an unbalnced recovery.

Source author: Bipul Chatterjee bc@cuts.org

Absolutely and --- they have gone through the process of transition from agriculture to manufacturing to setrvices. That is not the case for many developing countries and that's one of the reasons why they are trapped in middle income status.

Source author: Bipul Chatterjee bc@cuts.org

Boost intra-African trade --- Indeed Omphile and it is important to highlight also that removing import duties could potentially boost intra-African trade by over 50% while a reduction in non-tariff barriers will double trade volumes according to the the Economic Commission for Africa (ECA).

Source author: Cecilia Treemonisha Barros Ruiz cbarros@sre.gob.mx

SACU and SADC --- Agree, with that Simataa. All SACU member states are founding members of the WTO, and they also belong to the SADC. The foundation of SACU was based on colonialist principles. SADC, on the other hand, was established with the political goal of frontline states weaning themselves off of apartheid South Africa. Both SADC and SACU's regional integration initiatives are said to be at odds, particularly as SADC moves closer to deeper levels of integration, many governments are now debating whether SACU should be phased out in favour of SADC.

Source author: Matshedisa Emily Mokoena mokoenamati@gmail.com

Benefits despite challenges --- Yes, notwithstanding ongoing challenges, perhaps there are advantages of being a WTO member for a developing country, (1) are developed countries required to lower import barriers when trading with the developing countries? and (2) aren't developing countries benefiting from the WTO's MFN policy?

Source author: Matshedisa Emily Mokoena mokoenamati@gmail.com

Trade disputes --- According to the WTO website, as of December 31, 2020, 598 disputes were referred to the Dispute Settlement Body by WTO members. However, not all of those disagreements necessitated the official rulings. A mutually agreed-upon solution was always preferred, which in most cases related to consultations between contesting members within the structure of WTO dispute settlement processes.

Source author: Matshedisa Emily Mokoena mokoenamati@gmail.com

Digital Africa --- I have not really followed the Digital Africa initiative, nonetheless in Botswana we have adopted the Smart Botswana Strategy, “SmartBots”, that is now in the implementation stage. The strategy has adopted a whole of Government approach to transform the public sector, and thus enable us to efficiently provide services to citizens and businesses. Key focus areas of the SmartBots include leaving no one behind by connecting all Batswana and thus building an internal market. It also strive to build a knowledgeable workforce that provide knowledge and tools to compete by equipping them with the relevant skills to innovate and compete, leveraging digital technologies through co-creation of data-driven products and services. we are currently looking for partners to implement some of the commitments of the strategy

Source author: Lapologang Judah lapoduna@gmail.com

free trade agreements --- In bilateral free trade agreements, were usually presented as building blocks for meaningful trade liberalization. But, those agreements could become stumbling blocks, if they consisted of specific, preferential rules that were difficult to incorporate into multilateral negotiations.

Source author: Mavis Tungulu mtungulu@gmail.com

The Digital Economy Initiative for Africa --- The Digital Economy Initiative for Africa (DE4A) aims to ensure that every individual, business, and government in Africa will be digitally enabled by 2030 in support of the African Union “Digital Transformation Strategy for Africa.

Source author: Mavis Tungulu mtungulu@gmail.com

Land for investors --- Thank you @Omphile.

Source author: Matshedisa Emily Mokoena mokoenamati@gmail.com

Agriculture in botswana --- You will be surprised to know that at independence, before discovery of diamonds, Agriculture contributed about 40% of Botswana’s GDP and provided 90% of employment in the country. To revive the industry, the government has since embarked on a number of initiatives such the review of the National Policy on Agricultural Development to address emerging challenges and make agriculture more inclusive and attractive. Some of the initiatives include promoting and developing digital competencies in the sector (smart Agriculture) to attract young people to the industry

Source author: Lapologang Judah lapoduna@gmail.com

very true --- @Mavis, a carefully targeted economic diplomacy strategy can yield effective and tangible outcomes to a country´s economy.

Source author: Omphile Sethunya Sedimo sedimosethunya44@gmail.com

the SACU market --- and the duty free acess to Union members states is used to attract FDI to Botswana given its small population.

Source author: Omphile Sethunya Sedimo sedimosethunya44@gmail.com

land for investors --- ..@ Emily the one stop shop provides all assistance to investors including land allocation.Actually assurances for provision of land is one of the incentives for FDI. Furthermore, through its Special Economic Zones policy the Government offers the potential investor a fully serviced infrastructure.

Source author: Omphile Sethunya Sedimo sedimosethunya44@gmail.com

agriculture in Botswana... --- true @Mavis, although it´s contribution to the GDP is small, agriculture has been identified as one of the sectors for economic diversification particulalry horticulture, dairy production and value addition(especially to leather ) While Botswana is one of the major beef exporters to the EU market, a lot has to be done in regards to the advancement of the overall agriculture sector. Advancement in this sector will also tackle youth unemployment which is a major economic concern.The country is therefore taking advantage of technical assistance offered by countries such as Brazil, within the remit of South-South cooperation to build capacity and improve technologies in this sector.

Source author: Omphile Sethunya Sedimo sedimosethunya44@gmail.com

Agriculture for domestic and international markets --- I agree with your point that even though agriculture only comprises a small percentage of the economy it is still very important for the livelihood of different communities. That is why it is really important to build proper economies of scale to make this production count. In this sense, domestic production cannot only benefit from local markets, but it can also serve to export regionally and internationally.

Source author: Ricardo Daniel Delgado Muñoz rdelgado@sre.gob.mx

Digitalization and the Agenda for Sustainable Development --- Bostwana, as well as other African countries like South Africa, see the digitalization of public services as a way to increase efficiency and generate new opportunities in key sectors that lead to economic growth. According to different analysts, digitalization is essential to meet the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and Africa’s Agenda 2063. In this context, network infrastructure and building of technological capacity will be a priority for the upcoming years.

Source author: Ricardo Daniel Delgado Muñoz rdelgado@sre.gob.mx

Legal reforms in Tanzania --- Tanzania ranked 100 out of 139 countries on the rule of law, according to the WJP Rule of Law Index 2021. Tanzania improved one position in the global rank. Tanzania’s score places it at 12 out of 33 countries in the Sub-Saharan Africa region and 17 out of 35 among lower-middle income countries. How is the Tanzania’s government addressing this issue. What are the legal reforms mentioned in your analysis?

Source author: Cecilia Treemonisha Barros Ruiz cbarros@sre.gob.mx

Re-allocation of land for economic purposes --- Previously, the regulations governing land rights in Botswana were viewed as burdensome for investors because they made it impossible to re-allocate land for economic uses and imposed restrictions on land ownership and transfer. Has Botswana resolved this specific issue?

Source author: Matshedisa Emily Mokoena mokoenamati@gmail.com

Terrorism in Pakistan --- What are the various steps undertaken to reduce the risk of terrorism and increase FDI in Pakistan?

Source author: Matshedisa Emily Mokoena mokoenamati@gmail.com

Innovation mission --- One example that comes to my mind, is the Innovation Mission that businesses from german-speaking countries make in West-Africa in the recent years...Tech and Industry companies from Germany, Austria and Switzerland come together to promote their interests and build partnerships in French-speaking West-African countries.

Source author: Ndeye Gnagna Kone gnagna.pro@gmail.com

Creative --- It is indeed where creative campaigning and marketing-communication works do wonder for countries that know how to "sell" themselves.

Source author: Ndeye Gnagna Kone gnagna.pro@gmail.com

Mediation --- Yes, sure. Many tend to think that mediation is only required in time of crisis, misunderstanding or disagreement but it's key on a daily basis, especially for diplomats who always have to find the common ground/consensus in their day-to-day

Source author: Ndeye Gnagna Kone gnagna.pro@gmail.com

Interpersonal --- Or called also interpersonal skills that are key in succeeding in negotiations, building and fostering relationships across levels and organizations, and more importantly the ability to keep delivering under high stress and through crises.

Source author: Ndeye Gnagna Kone gnagna.pro@gmail.com

Brain drain --- It is a sad reality. Beside the lack of trainings, generally the skilled people in Economy from developing countries tend to go and work abroad for other countries and anywhere but in Diplomatic missions.

Source author: Ndeye Gnagna Kone gnagna.pro@gmail.com

Involvement of non state actors --- Through the course, I have actually realised the need to have non state actors in board! Like the need for scientists and diplomats to work with the public.

Source author: Kiconco Patricia kictricia@gmail.com

Isn't there also... --- a wide body of stakeholders, which also makes a contribution to the process of shaping the foreign policy for Namibia?

Source author: Tarniem Shokry Iskandar tar.eskander@hotmail.com

The vast majority of economic intelligence.. --- is legally gathered from open sources, involving no clandestine, coercive, or deceptive methods. In some cases, economic intelligence is collected through covert or illegal means. These activities are referred to as economic or industrial espionage.

Source author: Tarniem Shokry Iskandar tar.eskander@hotmail.com

Best HR practices --- Agreed, Mavis as this principle insists in particular on the need to make sure that professional skills of local government employees are continuously maintained and strengthened, in order to improve their output and impact, develop their performance and produce better results.

Source author: Tarniem Shokry Iskandar tar.eskander@hotmail.com

Port of Walvis Bay importance --- Very interesting analysis Simataa. Thank you. Port of Walvis Bay is the biggest commercial port in Namibia and it offers direct access to main shipping routes serving international trade. So I understand how the supply chains play a key role in improving Namibian exports of goods.

Source author: Cecilia Treemonisha Barros Ruiz cbarros@sre.gob.mx

Non UN-governance --- This system is certainly an efficient model of governance that allows the management of DNS in a technical, open -and least political- way. It is however revealing that the UN system was not chosen to manage the DNS. That 180 countries participate in the GAC makes it almost universal while probably avoiding that some States push for an increased control of the internet.

The UN can raise awareness about the effects of digitalisation and make recommendations to the Member States. Is it realistic to expect from the UN an agreement on norms on privacy, freedom of expression, free access to internet etc. ? Or will these issues continue to be regulated in other fora?

Source author: Florence Tinguely Mattli florence.tinguely-mattli@eda.admin.ch

Vote for 15.2 --- I would agree with YingChu here with 15.2 being the most important for two reasons: 1. that CO2 emissions are the most contributor to greenhouse gases and the most dangerous and those having the most impact in what we call today climate change. The first way to tackle CO2 is by keeping Oxygen engines in and have more if we can 2. Deforestation is an absolute ignored challenge by leaders for its industrial benefits, greed is blocking the scene being clear about the impact of it on the future generations

Source author: Muna Zaqsaw zaqsaw.muna89@gmail.com

@Alan re: Apple vs FBI from our legal expert --- Pavlina Ittelson (our legal expert) has been very busy, but she just got back to me with this response to Alan's question:

So, if we have a device which is evidence in criminal proceedings, law enforcement (the FBI) has the right to access the information on the device. If they are unable to do so themselves, they ask the manufacturer (Apple, who refused) or other experts - in this case the Israeli security company, who cracked it.

It is legal, and there are no liability considerations as it is evidence [being evidence in proceedings implies due process has already been followed].

If 'Mr. Joe' goes in and tries to get the data from the cell phone, which is not his and he has no authorisation, that is illegal and he bears liablity for his action. Not sure what that would entail (whether it would be a criminal case or civil).

Similar to that is the Pegasus case - with NSO Group entering the devices without the knowledge of the owners and using them for their purposes - triggering liability for their actions.

Let me know if this answers your question, Alan (with thanks to Pavlina).

Source author: Ginger (Virginia) Paque VirginiaP@diplomacy.edu

Kurbalija, 2016, still important @Juan --- Well put, Juan. We know this is true, as reiterated in the class meeting today (9 December). But it seems that while we talk about a multistakeholder model for a social contract, we run into the challenge noted by Guillaume and others: we don't seem to be making any headway. We can only hope that recent pressure on Big Tech by governments and users will bring progress. What possibilities do we have to move from theory to practice?

Source author: Ginger (Virginia) Paque VirginiaP@diplomacy.edu

A possible HR certification --- One possible measure to improve the interaction between digitization and human rights can be the launch of a “Human Rights certification program.” Service providers who would like to increase trust among their consumers could opt for getting certified by Human Rights organizations that have developed expertise in addressing challenges related to digitization. The proposal entails that a set of standards must be developed. When can we say that a services provider is meeting Human Rights obligations? The reflection process can start with that process. Discussions are needed on how to certify that company is enhancing Human Rights. There are no easy way to balance Human Rights protection and security. However, human rights must be prioritized, given that they are the cornerstone of international and domestic policies. Therefore, the international community must ensure that all services related to the digitization of societies protect peoples’ rights.

Source author: Juan Feliciano Ascencio Moctezuma jascencio@sre.gob.mx

I agree --- I do agree with Kurbajila. The dialogue between the human rights and security communities must be permanent. They both can raise legitimate concerns and enrich the debate leading to policy decisions. The truth is that if we want to build safe societies, we need some degree of regulation. To make such regulation balanced, people’s freedoms must be considered. The security community sees the distribution of content leading to radicalization as a real threat. Encouraged by certain content, people can undertake dangerous activities, including terrorism. The human rights community has the valid position of protecting the freedom of expression and the right to privacy. Members of society need channels to communicate their opinions, and they should be monitored. The two communities must listen to each other and analyze practical cases. The dialogue should focus con concrete problems, not on generalities. Why? Because it is with specific cases that the difficulties can be seen clearly. The exercise of reviewing specific cases will reveal what challenges exist to balance security and human rights, including effectively implementing laws.

Source author: Juan Feliciano Ascencio Moctezuma jascencio@sre.gob.mx

Regulations and Legislation are 1st steps --- While there is global consensus, and many countries including developing countries such as Trinidad and Tobago have established laws and policies to combat CSAM, enforcement and education remains a challenge and are also key to prohibition of CSAM. Resources capacity to detect CSAM online by enforcement authorities and also the reservation of parents to educate their child on these sensitive topics are real world challenges that need to be addressed in order to ensure cyber security and safety of our children.

Source author: Devita Abraham abrahamd@foreign.gov.tt

No need for a third party --- Juan, as far as I understand one of the advantages of blockchain technology is precisely that there is no need for a third party involved in the transaction.

Source author: Jorge Ernesto Salcido Zugasti jsalcido@sre.gob.mx

Potential --- The internet does have the potential to empower and meaningfully contribute to sustainable development. However, there are still many persons globally who do not have access to technology and unfortunately who do not enjoy their human rights. In addition, the internet is not only used for good but to undertake activities that have serious negative consequences. Therefore, the internet can only be transformational if accessibility and awareness goes hand in hand. Hence, just as governments and other stakeholders are committed and advocate for digital transformation for the ease of doing business and to facilitate our development, they must be equally committed to developing and implementing cybersecurity infrastructure.

Source author: Devita Abraham abrahamd@foreign.gov.tt

Unintuitive: India and China --- I understand why you say that, Devita! However, if you go to the breakdown of the rankings, you'll see that unfrt % of telnet attacks by originating country India and China are numbers 1 and 2 (highest) perpetrators of attacks:<br> India – 19.99%<br> China – 15.46%<br> Perhaps they owe this to their expertise?

Source author: Ginger (Virginia) Paque VirginiaP@diplomacy.edu

Technological capacity vs Cybersecurity --- It is quite interesting that according to Figure 5, countries such as India and China, which are amongst the most advanced in the development of digital technology are amongst the least cyber-safe in the world.

Source author: Devita Abraham abrahamd@foreign.gov.tt

Cryptography and encryption --- Interesting point, Gustavo. I usually jump right to encryption, seeing it as the principal current use of cryptography. I guess we will be studying more cryptography as we look for different and stronger forms of encryption in the future.

I also think of cryptographyy and encryption as an indispensable part of online messaging: I don't use any non-secure messaging if at all possible, just as a matter of course. If nothing else, it stops my provider from scanning my messages for keywords!

Source author: Ginger (Virginia) Paque VirginiaP@diplomacy.edu

They often walk hand in hand --- It's worth keeping in mind that, quite often, the dichotomy between security and human rights is a false one. I've seen, in Internet Governance spaces, law enforcement attacking cryptography and saying it should be banned outright as criminals use it — meanwhile, other law enforcement professionals will recognize that cryptography is essential nowadays as it protects e-commerce, privacy, personal data and much more. To bring a more emphatic example to the discussion, cryptography (security) and human rights often walk hand in hand when it comes to whistleblowing against grave human rights abuses. Kurbalija's Introduction to Internet Governance has a brief section about false dichotomies in Internet policy debate, it's worth checking out.

Source author: Gustavo Paiva gdp.direito@gmail.com

A paradox with "crypto hype" --- I find it paradoxical how blockchain, a technology designed around security to a certain extent, has given way to so much of its opposite. A blockchain may be secure in the sense of protecting privacy, but it has issues. Smart contracts often have bugs that cause immense financial damage, password issues have led to incalculable losses, there's now a whole community of scammers holding people's data under ransom and demanding cryptocurrencies as payment... On top of that, the hype around blockchain — crypto hype as it's called — was exploited both by incompetent and malicious developers who profited off of people who don't understand crypto. I find it very telling that even people with high quality training on blockchain technologies can and do struggle when it comes to reading white papers and distinguishing the wheat from the chaff.

Source author: Gustavo Paiva gdp.direito@gmail.com

Cryptography & e-commerce --- One of the unsung heroes of e-commerce is how pervasive cryptography has become, and how advancements such as HTTPS have made it safer for users to make transactions online. I'd also add here anti-virus programs that warn users about suspicious websites. Speaking as an anecdote, I know I've refused to buy from e-commerces without adequate security certificates. That said, thinking ahead I worry about what impact quantum computing will have if it ever falls in the wrong hands — might we see someday a large financial crisis from criminals using it for financial crimes? Time will tell, I suppose.

Source author: Gustavo Paiva gdp.direito@gmail.com

I think the question should be --- Would diplomats ever allow AI to replace them?

Source author: Muna Zaqsaw zaqsaw.muna89@gmail.com

Validating emotions should be the global common --- I agree Vid, also with George's comment. And this provoked the idea that these values could be the global common discussed above. everything else falls under. It is the people before leaders and politics a the end of the day that makes decisions go forward, stay in the direction or change, right? Engineering negotiations, to be successful, maybe should not be programmatic

Source author: Muna Zaqsaw zaqsaw.muna89@gmail.com

How true is this --- ... and how concerning because these digital views are not necessarily as mentioned be factual truth. Concern is utilizing digital messaging and cascading it

Source author: Muna Zaqsaw zaqsaw.muna89@gmail.com

Here is a challenge --- As much as I agree on the dire need of this, but also, knowing how rapid the diplomatic representations it is and how changing individuals on a short term do change along the priorities and the direction of the relation too, raises the challenge on how to sustain these diplomatic interests/engagement?

Source author: Muna Zaqsaw zaqsaw.muna89@gmail.com

sounding boards seems interesting --- I love this idea Marga, sense checking the citizens pulse. but then I am more interested in the forward work, how are you going to use this to influence, and how much do you believe you can influence with the outcome of this sound board?

Going back to your first question, I feel I and many people around me are conscious of the side effects of this technology invading this way yet we prefer to go with it for the way its making our life convenience and also because you will be so behind, no? from a personal experience, I stopped using WhatsApp for 5 years now for its bad influence on my life. It has been the best decision ever, but that does not mean that I am not excluded or sometimes criticized for it, which requires resilience indeed, a whole lot of it.

Source author: Muna Zaqsaw zaqsaw.muna89@gmail.com

national perspective can also be diverse --- Katharina, if I may come in to your unsettling (justifiable) feeling in writing about a country that is not yours and touch on the reflection here: You have the right not to be feeling your best writing about a different country than yours, but have you thought about the perception of people of the same background and the same field of expertise, would they still have the same opinion? unlikely it is. and this bring in my reflection to this point, which is basically that the biggest challenge is not about only having open science, rather than being open to science, us as scientists in the first place. We always think of credits, ownership, names on publications for obvious reasons, but we are not always open for others to use our science or us to bring other's science and debate it and challenge it. If we can't get there, join language is difficult to achieve.

Source author: Muna Zaqsaw zaqsaw.muna89@gmail.com

Interdisciplinary --- This text and the discussion we had today reminded me of the importance of interdisciplinary science point of view. Meaning that one solution can be a problem from another perspective, therefore, it is important not only to have a scientific engagement but also for that engagement to be interdisciplinary too. adding of course the invaluable points of my colleagues on public engagement in a smart and inclusive way.

Source author: Muna Zaqsaw zaqsaw.muna89@gmail.com

Interesting insight --- Thanks Samir for sharing this insight, it is very interesting because we do know that humans want to belong and that belonging usually goes to exclusive groups of religion, sports, nationality, etc. It is interesting that we lack the global perspective of belonging which if we have we could have both the belonging and being inclusive.

Source author: Muna Zaqsaw zaqsaw.muna89@gmail.com

Hope not :) --- As a joke I mean, from someone who enjoys good food :)

Source author: Muna Zaqsaw zaqsaw.muna89@gmail.com

Rights --- Thanks Carlos for putting it this way, I could not put my finger on how I feel or want to reflect on this topic but your second point here explained this feeling. I mean we are struggling to have basic rights of living, like education right , so how important it is now to look at such a new and emerging right like neuro-rights would be perceived by the people?

Source author: Muna Zaqsaw zaqsaw.muna89@gmail.com

jargon --- That is the main point. Most of the times even the scientists from different regions and disciplines do not understand each other.

Source author: Encieh Erfani encieherfani@gmail.com

Complementary tool --- AI is surely a powerful instrument which can increase human capacities in the negotiation process by providing the analysis of a large amount of relevant data, which help in the simulation of possible scenarios or the formulation of predictive models, but it cannot replace nuances and sensitivity specific to human nature, essential for developing a deep understanding of the other, effective communication, empathic interaction and for reaching agreements on complex issues.

Source author: Aura Fossati aura.fossati@gmail.com

Complexity of challenges --- I agree with you Sameer. The multilateral organisations, which we seem to consider as a default, only came into existence after World War II ~75yrs ago, primarily to prevent humanity from destroying itself after realising the clear potential to do so. What has changed are the expectations for these multilateral bodies - as brokers at a minimum, but also as champions for increasingly complex challenges realising that no one country is capable of addressing them and that our destinies are intertwined needing collective action.

Source author: Vid Nukala Vid.Nukala@gmail.com

Technocentrism is not the only way --- This anticipation radar appears to be much too technology-centered. From GESDA and more generally from the science diplomacy perspective, I would expect a much stronger component dealing with human and social sciences, like anthropocentrism or even sentiocentrism.

Source author: Patrick Furrer Patrick.furrer@smartfree.ch

Marriage of natural and social sciences... --- Is needed, out of necessity if not out of affinity

Source author: Vid Nukala Vid.Nukala@gmail.com

Global citizenry --- Very few individuals cross their hard-wired thresholds, whose magnitude increase from family to community to country to world.

Source author: Vid Nukala Vid.Nukala@gmail.com

compliance and legal accountability --- For psychiatric disorders I see both high potential and high danger. Some of the problems we face now are not due to the unavailability of a treatment, but lack compliance, which is partly due to the pathology itself. Another issue is that treatment can in rare cases make the issue worse, and lead for example to suicide. The other issue -not only for the psychiatric patients- is: who/when are you accountable for your actions? Does a treatment make you more accountable than if you are not treated = considered sick?

Source author: Katharina Beyer katharina.beyer@etu.unige.ch

Captivating field of research --- I am wondering... where are those texts archived? Are they accessible for researchers?

Source author: Patrick Furrer Patrick.furrer@smartfree.ch

take into account the fear of people --- thank you for this great article that I agree with. At least recently, my feeling is that leaders are hiding more behind fear of people than behind the science. Two examples are booster shots for anybody, and the closure of borders. For both scientific evidence at the moment is not in support of these measures, but they give people a feeling of safety. But I remember cases from last year where "hiding behind science" to justify not giving permission to opposition parties to run election campaigns (but at the same time not postponing the elections) were used in certain countries (ex. Myanmar)

Source author: Katharina Beyer katharina.beyer@etu.unige.ch

Agreed! --- I agree, AI cannot completely account for all the nuances in diplomatic negotiations and human relationships. Using AI as a tool for policy making to analyze data would make the decision making process more efficient, while at the same time not leaving the future of humans to non-human objects.

Source author: Kiconco Patricia kictricia@gmail.com

IA and diplomatic negociations --- Artificial intelligence will rather help diplomats in the conduct of negotiations instead of replacing them. In any case, negotiations are a non-linear process that involves cultural, emotional, contingency and creativity aspects.

Source author: Désiré NEBOUA dneboua@yahoo.fr

AI vs real intelligence --- I think it all comes down to whether the difference/ gap between AI and human(real) intelligence can ever be eliminated. Human's creativity, flexibility, ability make decisions based not only on data but also instinct and intuition, ability to feel empathy and emotions and the ethics (that are set by human) are unique to human. so my conclusion is no, or at least not any time soon.

Source author: Sovanndanit Roath sovanndanitroath@gmail.com

Inequalities, indeed --- @Mouloud you summarized here the way I feel about this topic in general. In a world where you can't get fair access to vaccines against a virus affecting all countries, it makes sense to assume human augmentation would lead to further inequalities between those who can access it and those who can't, even if it's merely to alleviate disease and suffering. Still, I'd like to see where science can take us on alleviating deceases: it's a matter of how well can governments and other key stakeholders react to it.

Source author: Brenda Estefania Ortiz Calva eortizcalva@aaas.org

Metaverse --- I wonder how the realization of metaverse will impact on international negotiations. I reckon an online virtual world which incorporates augmented reality, virtual reality, 3D holographic avatars, video and other means of communication, would bring the process of negotiation to the next level. However, Privacy and Security Issues will also be serious drawbacks.

Source author: Sovanndanit Roath sovanndanitroath@gmail.com

gene therapy --- Human genome editing for reproductive purposes is unethical. But you cannot say all gene editing is dangerous. I'm an infectious disease scientist, there are so many benefits of gene editing, that could be used as gene therapy to treat many diseases.

Source author: Lakmini Premadasa lakminisurangika@gmail.com

gene editing --- I am thinking since we are progressing in gene editing, maybe we can "produce" humans who do not need food for living. They can photosynthesis like plants:)

Source author: Encieh Erfani encieherfani@gmail.com

Solution to world hunger --- Technologies like quantum computing could possibly enhance the agriculture system for example, by facilitating better cost-effective catalysts for making fertilizers. However, none of these technological advancements will be able to resolve the world hunger issue given how the global economy manage food demand currently. The developed nations throw away tons of food every year. Technological solutions will not solve the hunger problem without a socio-political change and a change in the framework of how we manage the global food security.

Source author: Lakmini Premadasa lakminisurangika@gmail.com

useful? --- Why this is useful? The only possible planet to live in the solar system is Mars. This look more science-fiction.

Source author: Encieh Erfani encieherfani@gmail.com

danger --- this is dangerous. we are converting humans to machines.

Source author: Encieh Erfani encieherfani@gmail.com

computer of human brain? --- With the machine learning and AI, why we need human brain augmentation?

Source author: Encieh Erfani encieherfani@gmail.com

subject dependency --- it depends on the subject. One can not say all scientific subjects are developing with the same speed

Source author: Encieh Erfani encieherfani@gmail.com

misuse of words --- As a physicist I can not understand how quantum computing will be able to solve the food problem. We are playing with words

Source author: Encieh Erfani encieherfani@gmail.com

The rigth to have rights --- I want to make emphasis on the main arguments against Neuroright to Equal Access to Mental Augmentation. In the first place, they say this right could damage the right to not acces to this technologies, showing a concerning misundertanding of how human rights work. The right to acces to something does not affect to the people tan don't want to acces it. Decriminalization of abortion laws don't force people to abort. In second place, they say this right would be obsolete in developing countries where state cannot even gaurantee basics rights. That means if you don't have acces to basic raght then you don have right to another rights. It is true that formulating this neurorights wont guarantee acces to this techologies, but same is true for every right, nevertheles, it is improtant to state that this right exist, at least in paper, so people can aspire to achieve it, and states start to work in guarantee it

Source author: Carlos Arturo Garcia Bonilla carlos.garcia@cancilleria.gov.co

go back to when? --- I wonder when in human history were international cooperation and solidarity a reality? I guess the sentence could be "We simply have no choice but to make international cooperation and solidarity a reality if we..."

Source author: Samir Yeddes samir.yeddes@eda.admin.ch

really? --- is it really no longer able to deal effectively with global challenges? Was it ever able to deal effectively with the situation?

I think this affirmation could be nuanced. Multilateral diplomacy is about building common narratives. Repeating over and over that multilateral diplomacy doesn't work anymore is actually, in my opinion, a self-fulfilling prophecy.

Source author: Samir Yeddes samir.yeddes@eda.admin.ch

@Aura --- I totally agree! I also think inclusive development should start at the research, technology development and education phase.

Source author: Lakmini Premadasa lakminisurangika@gmail.com

UDHR --- UDHR is a historical milestone and opening a discussion to amend its content is highly risky ; there would be too many competing requests to add or modify parts of the Declaration. Given the current state of the world, there is a serious probability that we would end up with a much weaker document.

Source author: Samir Yeddes samir.yeddes@eda.admin.ch

Technology and inequality --- Technology can be sometimes seen as increasing inequalities. Some technologies may replace unskilled workers with more skilled workers who have access to higher education or the wealth. This may result in a change in the labor market and cause social disparities and inequalities. But with the right policies and regulations that enhances diversity and equity, creative mechanisms and specially with a fair and just development culture, technology can be used to reduce the inequalities.

Source author: Lakmini Premadasa lakminisurangika@gmail.com

passwords --- at the same time, most of us know at least a dozen of passwords by heart for all our digital devices and services (email etc.)...

Source author: Samir Yeddes samir.yeddes@eda.admin.ch

solutions to current problems exist already... --- I believe we don't need new technologies to address the current inequities. It is fundamentally a societal problem that is not linked to a lack of technical solutions. Technologies may play a role in reducing inequities but the core issue is the way our societies are organized at national and international levels. In my opinion, social sciences are much more useful to address this issue than "hard" sciences.

Source author: Samir Yeddes samir.yeddes@eda.admin.ch

We? --- I wonder if there is a globally shared conception of "we/us". Perhaps I am too pessimistic, but I am not sure that most people feel a connection to a global "we". Most individuals still perceive themselves as part of a nation/religion etc. A worldwide discussion on humanity's shared values and identity is needed to create a definition of what it means to be a human being that would be truly inclusive and not only based on Western concepts and views.

Source author: Samir Yeddes samir.yeddes@eda.admin.ch

steer behavior --- No doubt this would be possible with the advancing technologies and science. But clearly will be unethical. Can't think of any scenario that it could be allowed.

Source author: Lakmini Premadasa lakminisurangika@gmail.com

Being human in the age of robots --- Being human means being able to build relationships with one another, ability to be intuitive, creative, think critically, be empathetic etc. In this age of the robots, machines have taken over more routine and data driven tasks, as a result, it opens up an opportunity for us to find new ways to maintain our uniquely human traits. However, we need to make sure that the machines won’t be used to take over those human traits but rather amplify.

Source author: Lakmini Premadasa lakminisurangika@gmail.com

More inclusion starting from the research phase --- Of course erasing the already existing divide is and will be hard, but perhaps a first step could be that of fostering inclusion from the research and technology development phases by more meaningful scientific collaborations between Global North and Global South focused on mutual benefits, adapted to different needs and realities; and by integrating (maybe pooling for? also through science diplomacy?) the setting-up of funding systems that can directly assist in the implementation and deployment of the technology in all the countries involved in the scientific project/initiative.

Source author: Aura Fossati aura.fossati@gmail.com

dehumanizing isnt the way --- I think the human link shouldnt be replaced under any circumstances. Rather these technologies should provide the tools necessary to overcome human weaknesses (like bias, prejudices) and give back the decision making capacity to the human touch

Source author: George Thomas georgethomasdesk@gmail.com

And the military... --- What we see is only what is visible! But there's more...defense ministries in certain key countries support research both in-house (completely classified) as well as through institutes or companies, through backdoor channels. The money trail in both these cases is hard if at all traceable.

Source author: Vid Nukala Vid.Nukala@gmail.com

A key takeaway --- Thank you Aura for making the case for balance and cooperation both addressed by inclusion.

Source author: Vid Nukala Vid.Nukala@gmail.com

eHealth --- I completely agree with you Marga on the negative side of this valuable data which is Gold and could be used for discrimination. There should be strict rules on the usage of this data.

In the current medical crisis with scarcity of medical professionals and expensive consultations, an e-health device to monitor patients in the comfort of their day to day activities would go a long way if data is protected

Source author: George Thomas georgethomasdesk@gmail.com

Being human or being differently human? --- An important question to be answered is - what does it mean to be human in our present context and how would cognitive augmentation make us "differently" human?

Source author: Petal Punalall Jetoo pjetoo@gmail.com

Profit Driven vs. Purpose Driven --- I think that a better world for everyone is not the same. For example large corporations that are driven by profit may use technologies that are damaging to the environment to increase profits. A better world in this case means more more money. Other organisations would value the environment and not profit. These organisations are purpose driven. We have seen how ICT can do both good and cause harm. It is a tool to reach a wider audience with information that can support sound decision making, yet there are so many cases of misinformation that creates chaos.

Source author: Petal Punalall Jetoo pjetoo@gmail.com

Participatory Action Research --- I agree with you Patrick. One challenge is that most research findings are not used to advance /support development. Participatory Action Research can involve citizens in problem identification and exploration and lead to the translation of research findings into actions - real solutions to problems.

Source author: Petal Punalall Jetoo pjetoo@gmail.com

Values Based Leadership and Education --- This is where the role of values-based education - valuing oneself, others and the environment will help to equip learning for future scenarios. Teamwork and being globally minded are essential for designing future science-policy-society interface. Would human rights be challenged by AI and other emerging advanced technologies? What social risks would emerge. These questions would be answered through values-based leadership. Identifying a common set of values through which technologies will support sustainable development becomes essential.

Source author: Petal Punalall Jetoo pjetoo@gmail.com

Not sure a "common goal" is possible --- Just writing a paper on digitalisation of heath care in China during Covid with two Chinese. I had to realise we don't see the world with the same eyes, even as "scientific" with the goal to be "objective". The problem is I'm not talking about my country, so I feel uncomfortable to "judge", but on the other hand I can not override my value of protection of personal data (among other....) I got with my education and system of value.

Source author: Katharina Beyer katharina.beyer@etu.unige.ch

opposed tendencies --- thank you for sharing this link with what I see as a very positive trend. What I observe around me are two opposed trends: one towards exactly this: without inclusive sustainable practices we won't get anywhere, and on the other hand the one for cheep immediate growth with the argument that we can not afford the alternative

Source author: Katharina Beyer katharina.beyer@etu.unige.ch

Dreaming of basic AI, but scared of advanced AI --- simple AI to reduce medical errors, or to make medical workers more efficient, exists already. I personally trust a machine more than my own or a colleagues' tired eyes to detect the small node on a X-ray or the little hook on the otherwise normal ECG, and then use my brain to make sense (or not) out of it. But these simple tools still have a difficult life in our daily life. I think it's because it's tempting to rely only on it and to switch off our brains (I have seen that...), or/and because it is feared that this will lead to a reduction of the workforce, without acknowledging that the remaining task, namely the synthesis, is more demanding, so a balancing calculation should be done (which is not the strength of some health directors). But having seen what already basic AI can do as harm -as for example the panic of a patient whose watch told him he might have a heart attack, rising his heart rate so much because of stress that he augmented his risk for that- I'm a bit worried of what advanced AI can do without proper preparation.

Source author: Katharina Beyer katharina.beyer@etu.unige.ch

indeed a very good demonstration --- the prioritising of vaccination group was a good example on how this can be changing quickly and in contradiction with what was just said before. In Switzerland -and other western countries- the major concerns were the economy suffering from lockdown and overcrowded hospitals, especially ICUs. So the logic would have been to first vaccinate people susceptible to go to ICU and/or at risk in the working age (the 55-65 with the critical comorbidities). Instead, they (and again, many western countries) decided to start with the ones (>75, elderly homes) that will neither contribute to the economy (ok, indirectly to the investors in elderly homes....) nor will go to the ICU -at least in most of the cases- anyway! On the top of it, since these candidates are more likely to die, it gave arguments to the anti-vaxxers. I'm not saying it was wrong per se, but it was not consistent in what was said to be the the main issue to be solved.

Source author: Katharina Beyer katharina.beyer@etu.unige.ch

thank you --- very good points Vojko!

Source author: Marga Gual Soler marga.gualsoler@gmail.com

discrimination --- What about the opposite scenario, where your usage patterns and data collected would be used for example by insurance companies to increase your policy because their algorithm knows something about your health before you notice any symptoms?

Source author: Marga Gual Soler marga.gualsoler@gmail.com

better world --- Do you think everyone has the same notion of what a 'better world' looks like? Can you think of a technology that would be beneficial for certain groups of people but do more harm than good to others?

Source author: Marga Gual Soler marga.gualsoler@gmail.com

out of the ivory tower --- Agreed, Carlos. How would you propose to concretely do that? From your current perspective as a diplomat, how can diplomacy help take science out of the ivory tower, without compromising academic freedom and the independence of universities?

Source author: Marga Gual Soler marga.gualsoler@gmail.com

Private sector research on 'deep tech' --- We are certainly seeing large public investments in mission-oriented research such as brain research or climate tech. But one of the issues the Radar has brought attention to is that new scientific developments in frontier fields are funded by the private sector - mainly via the so-called 'deep-tech' startups, and charities or philantrophies. How can publicly funded research and private sector research work together to ensure this "social positive direction" that you mention?

Source author: Marga Gual Soler marga.gualsoler@gmail.com

Soft law vs hard law --- Connecting this with our discussion earlier this week regarding the UNESCO and OECD recommendations on AI, which are non-binding, how would such a punishment be legally enforced at the international level? Can you think of other examples of scientific misconduct that carried such consequences?

Source author: Marga Gual Soler marga.gualsoler@gmail.com

A WMD use by Hussein to terrorize the American people (according to precedents) --- With the first two sentences Bush Gives place for the audience interpreting that Saddam Hussein is going to perpetrate another aggression to terrorize the U.S. people but this time the aggression will be through a WMD he finally achieved to get.

Source author: Eric Suzán Reed esuzan@sre.gob.mx

MATMA: What about locating the GAP between the 1-2 phrases AND the 3-4 ones? --- My analysis gets more focused in this GAP as: The first two phrases go in the same direction, are similar references & contents, and even begin with the same verb assertion: "We knew..." in the past tense, and both refer to Saddam Hussein's record. The 3rd phrase changes the verb to its present conjungation: "We know" and it does not mentions Saddam but the post 9/11 dangerous deadly world as a justification for "the need" to think differently than before (to take preempitive precautionary anticipatory militar action). The 4th phase reinforces and constitutes the CONCLUSION: That is why the U.S, had to invade and occupy Iraq "We must, and we will, confront threaths to America before is too late" (or as Condolice Rice and Dick Cheney said: We do not want to see a mushroom cloud on U.S. soil or a friendly Nation and then regret -with no remedy- having refrained from ousting Saddam Hussein from power in Iraq and securing a regime change not fond of WMD and keeping operative links with terrorists (Collin Powell's words before the UN Security Council and the US decision makers and the public were on the line of: Saddam Hussein presents a clear and present/inmminent actual danger to International and National Security -after the 9/11 attacks presented an example catastropihic damage can be inflicted-, Saddam Hussein will felt encouraged to hit the U.S. by directly ussing WMD or giving them to terrorists)).

For a quite interesting fully detailed analysis I recommend reading: Chapter 8 of Matthews, Jeffrey J., COLLIN POWELL: Imperfect Patriot, University of Notre Dame Press, USA, 2019; Chapter V, of Hersh, Seymour M., CHAIN OF COMMAND. The Road from 9/11 to Abu Ghraib, Harper Collins, USA, 2004, 203-248; and Chapter 5 of Dershowitz, Alan M., PREEMPTION. A Knife that Cuts both Ways, Norton & Company, NY, 2006, pp. 153-173. Dershowitz expands on precedents of preemptive actions and goes deep placing the decision making and action by the Bush Administration under the light of preemptive criteria allowing for the possibility of a serious legitimate concern in 2003 on the need for preemptive action (and not being the result of simple political maneuvering and living), despite the fact -he points out- Bush, Cheney, Rumsfeld, Powell et al. were wrong on some of their key assumptions.

Source author: Eric Suzán Reed esuzan@sre.gob.mx

Thank you so much Eric. --- To be mentioned in the same sentence as Petru is indeed a compliment! I highly recommend his Course in Multilateral Diplomacy...an outstanding learning experience...never a dull moment in his class either! So lucky to have crossed paths with such stellar scholars.

Source author: Marie Betts-Johnson mbj@ipicalifornia.com

The Gettysburg address --- As we played trump quite often in our comments, mainly for negative illustrations, allow be to bring on the stage Abraham Lincoln.

In the famous Gettysburg address, learnt by heart by primary school children in the Unites States, he made a full use of prepositions in order to make clear the meaning of government. All gaps seem to be filled:

“government OF the people, BY the people, FOR the people.”

Source author: Petru Dumitriu PetruD@diplomacy.edu

Cogito, ergo sum --- This tendancy is also expressed with a maxim I was aware of, without having it in such a clear way:

'Post hoc, ergo propter hoc', meaning "after this, therefore because of this'

A similar but much more popular maxim is 'cogito, ergo sum", meaning 'I think, therefore I exist'.

At face value, it is yet another expression of link between cause and effect, but it is not actually a fallacy. It is an attempt to define the essence of the human existence.

Source author: Petru Dumitriu PetruD@diplomacy.edu

You're on to something here... --- Even in English, "glass of water" contrasts with "block of ice", which is a block made of ice (not containing it).

Source author: André Xuereb andre.xuereb@um.edu.mt

It is a great cure for... --- ... foot-in-mouth disease 😉

Source author: André Xuereb andre.xuereb@um.edu.mt

High praise --- In practice the process of priming predominantly proceeds through carefully prepared prose.

Source author: André Xuereb andre.xuereb@um.edu.mt

Thank you Eric --- I often worry that my sense of humour is not quite what people enjoy but this sets my mind at rest 😊

Source author: André Xuereb andre.xuereb@um.edu.mt

Alejandra gets it --- 🤣

Source author: André Xuereb andre.xuereb@um.edu.mt

Likewise! --- Thanks so you much for your kind words, Eric!

Thanks much to you as well, I never missed your very insightful comments and very revelant examples! :D

Source author: Liliana Oliva Bernal loliva@sre.gob.mx

Thank you HARVÉ for setting the path to free us! --- Another of your joyful contributions, Harvé. This even more potential for usefulness... in quite a momentous time & circumstance!

Source author: Eric Suzán Reed esuzan@sre.gob.mx

A never ending avoidance of agreement but being active at the negotiating table: --- The mention of ping-pong diplomacy brings to my mind (besides the use of ordinary venues and circumstances to backchannel diplomatic exchanges -as Mao did with Nixon in 1971-):

1 A never ending quick exchange of proposals and counterproposals made to avoid reaching agreement made by Nations but at the same time showing the appearance of willigness to dialogue and negotiate.

2 A very quick skillfulll manouevring by both Nations trying to maximize benefits to themselves in a diplomatic negotiation.

Source author: Eric Suzán Reed esuzan@sre.gob.mx

Ever onwards and upwards! --- It has been a great pleasure, Mamta, and I am glad you have found it relevant. Thank you for your sustained input throughout!

Source author: Biljana Scott biscott@diplomacy.edu

You've hit an ace! --- Thank you for this information, Eric!

Source author: Biljana Scott biscott@diplomacy.edu

Interesting! --- What is he insinuating between the 1st two sentences, do you think?

Source author: Biljana Scott biscott@diplomacy.edu

LOL --- I shall remember this when I next have a yogurt!

Source author: Biljana Scott biscott@diplomacy.edu

Individual superpowers and Mystic wisdom --- So true! I prefer Rumi's adage "May the beauty that you love be what you do!" - so much more enticing and affirmative, especially as each individual tends to excel at what they love and yet love different things!

Source author: Biljana Scott biscott@diplomacy.edu

Hear, hear! --- This is a new proverb for me and a very culturally specific one as I would never have guessed its meaning!

Source author: Biljana Scott biscott@diplomacy.edu

Wisdom and Swiss cheese :) --- MacOswald, you need to write your autobiography and map your journey from an assertive, intransigent 'call a spade a spade' youth advocate to the wise diplomat as replete with unsaid as a Swiss cheese is with holes, and equally well-seasoned in your wisdom, that you have become!

Source author: Biljana Scott biscott@diplomacy.edu

No lower standards than the Budapest Convention! --- As the Budapest Convention has been ratified by 66 countries, it should set the minimum standard the international community should aim at.<br /> The Russian-led resolution was an attempt to lower the ambitions. Let's hope that the growing impact of cyber crimes on our economies will call for an ambitious international cooperation framework.

Source author: Florence Tinguely Mattli florence.tinguely-mattli@eda.admin.ch

Possible cooperation agreement? --- We have probably to distinguish the case of Russia to the case of other large non European countries. As a member of the CoE, Russia should join the Budapest Convention, or stay outside unfortunately... For countries like India, we could imagine an agreement that would allow a cooperation between India and the parties to the Budapest Convention.

Source author: Florence Tinguely Mattli florence.tinguely-mattli@eda.admin.ch

A well-known challenge: International cooperation... --- to fight money laundering, drug trafficking, child pornography etc. It is a lengthy process but sometimes international cooperation is successful!

The cyber space broadens the scope and complexity of the crimes committed. We are reaching the limits of the efficiency of the current international cooperation. However national boundaries become fluid in cyber space. This can be reflected some actions taken by governments, for example in accessing data in the cloud.

Source author: Florence Tinguely Mattli florence.tinguely-mattli@eda.admin.ch

Access to the modules after the end of the course --- Will it still be possible to access the content of the course once it is over? I would very much appreciate to read again some modules as well as some of the recommended reading material. Thanks.

Source author: Florence Tinguely Mattli florence.tinguely-mattli@eda.admin.ch

Kids --- Kids like to prepare nutritious snacks presumably in the morning or as funny as it may seem....kids can be served as nutritious snacks LOL

Source author: Hervé Pool erve619@gmail.com

Thank you Mohammad --- Today, I had this very same conversation with colleagues from various parts of the world. We are all in agreement...it seems the world is in "sleep walking" mode.

Source author: Marie Betts-Johnson mbj@ipicalifornia.com

whitewash --- To whitewash is to intentionally hide some kind of wrongdoing, error, or unpleasant situation—or deal with it in a way that attempts to make it seem less bad than it is. ... More recently, the word whitewash has become a slang term meaning to cast a white actor to play a character of color, such as in a TV show or movie.

Source author: Mohammad Daud Mahmoody dauodmahmoody@gmail.com

hypernormalisation --- HyperNormalisation wades through the culmination of forces that have driven this culture into mass uncertainty, confusion, spectacle and simulation. Where events keep happening that seem crazy, inexplicable and out of control—from Donald Trump to Brexit, to the War in Syria, mass immigration, extreme disparity in wealth, and increasing bomb attacks in the West—this film shows a basis to not only why these chaotic events are happening, but also why we, as well as those in power, may not understand them. We have retreated into a simplified, and often completely fake version of the world. And because it is reflected all around us, ubiquitous, we accept it as normal. This epic narrative of how we got here spans over 40 years, with an extraordinary cast of characters—the Assad dynasty, Donald Trump, Henry Kissinger, Patti Smith, early performance artists in New York, President Putin, Japanese gangsters, suicide bombers, Colonel Gaddafi and the Internet. HyperNormalisation weaves these historical narratives back together to show how today’s fake and hollow world was created and is sustained. This shows that a new kind of resistance must be imagined and actioned, as well as an unprecedented reawakening in a time where it matters like never before

Source author: Mohammad Daud Mahmoody dauodmahmoody@gmail.com

Subjectivity --- Subjectivity refers to how someone’s judgment is shaped by personal opinions and feelings instead of outside influences. Subjectivity is partially responsible for why one person loves an abstract painting while another person hates it. Since a subject is a person, subjectivity refers to how a person's own uniqueness influences their perceptions. For example, if you have six sisters, that might influence how you view women or families — it's part of your subjectivity. Subjectivity is a form of bias and also individuality. Subjectivity is the opposite of objectivity, which is based purely on the facts and isn't personal. We expect judges to put aside their subjectivity and make decisions based on objectivity. judgment based on individual personal impressions and feelings and opinions rather than external facts.

Source author: Mohammad Daud Mahmoody dauodmahmoody@gmail.com