It is through their work that South Africa can be positioned as a preferred destination for trade, investment and tourism, among many other key strategic sectors geared towards building our economy.

Vienna

Games

This essentially bilateral approach to a multilateral settlement was followed over the next 150 years

‘The important thing is not to win, but to take part.’

to be open, in principle, to those jurisdictions which accept the objectives and principles

interoperability with other data protection and privacy frameworks.

globally to facilitate data protection and free flow of data;

review data protection and privacy standards

a forum for information exchange and cooperation

the Global CBPR and PRP Systems;

an international certification system based on the APEC Cross Border Privacy Rules (CBPR)

the importance of strong and effective data protection and privacy in strengthening consumer and business trust in digital transactions;

that regulatory barriers threaten to undermine opportunities created by the digital economy

not just for big, multinational technology companies, but for companies across all sectors of the economy, and for micro, small- and medium-sized businesses, workers, and consumers as well;

the following points

Of the European SMEs that the EU Agency for Cybersecurity (ENISA) surveyed in 2021, 90% stated that cybersecurity issues would have serious negative impacts on their business within a week of the issues happening, with 57% of them likely to become bankrupt or go out of business.

on shared trade concerns regarding third-countries measures

successful digital and green transitions,

to promote internationally recognized labor rights and to help workers

A new Cooperation Framework on issues related to information integrity in crises, particularly on digital platforms

An early warning system to better predict and address potential semiconductor supply chain disruptions as well as a Transatlantic approach to semiconductor investment aimed at ensuring security of supply and avoiding subsidy races;

a U.S.-EU Strategic Standardization Information (SSI) mechanism

privacy-enhancing technologies

trustworthy Artificial Intelligence and risk management

on exports of critical U.S. and EU technology

They are collaborating closely on emerging technology standards, climate and clean tech objectives data governance and technology platforms, information and communications technology services’ (ICTS) security and competitiveness, and the misuse of technology threatening security and human rights. The TTC working groups are also coordinating on export controls, investment screening and security risks, and a range of global trade challenges, including countering the harmful impact of non-market, trade-distortive policies and practices on technological development and competitiveness in sectors of shared priority

by expanding access to digital tools for small- and medium-sized enterprises and securing critical supply chains such as semiconductors

disagreements on tariffs

If our continent’s unmet energy needs are already huge, future demand will be even greater as populations expand, urbanisation accelerates and more people move into the middle class.

we will need reliable low-cost power for facilities such as data centres and, eventually, for millions of electric vehicles.

Total electricity use for more than a billion people, covering all 48 sub-Saharan African countries except South Africa, is less than that used by Spain (home to just 47m)

AU Agenda 2063

he African Continental Free Trade Area (ACFTA) and African Single Market (ASM) 3)

Less than 10 countries have established the office of the national data commissioner, a critical office under the Malabo Convention.

“Cyber direct” project: contribute to the development of a secure international cybersphere, to support the principles of single open stable free secure cyberspace which adheres to the values of democracy and human rights. The initiatives promote the UN framework for responsible states' behaviour to ensure the stability of cyberspace.

Africa is diverse and each state has its context,

Taking the example of the Malabo convention, the failure or refusal to ratify this convention may have political dimensions rooted in our diversity (political, cultural, historical) in addition to the lack of capacity despite many initiatives, confidence building measures and capacity building, led by the AUC.

The continent should be interested in issues related to Cyber Diplomacy because cyberspace like any global environment is only as strong as its weakest link, and Africa must NOT be the weak link.

and that does that but Kat Dr Katarina Höne,

oday we will discuss the impact of AI on diplomacy and mediation.

Center on Conflict, Development, and Peacebuilding, Graduate Institute in Geneva

Number of internet users and world trade by sector

Open trade should not have to suffer in this global reordering. But that outcome is not guaranteed. It requires us to combine the pursuit of a rules-based international order with a drive to reduce our strategic vulnerabilities.

three-quarters of Europeans are in favour of a common EU defence and security policy.

The single market allows the EU to use its economic weight to steer openness in a rules-based direction, and to set values and standards in other parts of the world – which it already does via the so-called Brussels effect

a form of “managed globalisation” within our single market

over 70% of the euro area’s participation in global value chains was already regional in 2019

Having spent decades investing in regionalisation, the EU is well placed to succeed in a world where the global order is more fragmented,

“open strategic autonomy”

Fragmentation at the global level may ultimately spur greater integration at the regional level because the latter can help to manage the costs of a changing world.

for the first time, we may see these two forces diverge

to offset cost pressures emanating from higher energy prices and the associated elevated transportation costs.

for deeper regional risk-sharing

a fallback, regionalisation allows countries to recreate some of the benefits of globalisation on a smaller scale and to limit these costs.

the first best option is still to defend the rules-based multilateral trading system that powered the rise of global trade

establishing fully domestic semiconductor manufacturing supply chains within the United States could cost up to USD 1 trillion, according to one estimate

lower international risk-sharing and higher transitional costs.

from globalisation to regionalisation

semiconductors or pharmaceuticals

is aiming to double its share of the global market for semiconductor production to 20% by 2030.[21]

International firms will still face strong incentives to organise production where costs are lowest, but geopolitical imperatives might restrict the perimeter in which they can do so.

in which geopolitical biases are being introduced into strategic supply chains at the expense of efficiency considerations

By late 2021 almost half of companies had diversified their supplier base, in contrast to just 5% that had implemented reshoring measures.

we are likely to see a greater focus on diversifying suppliers and stockpiling essential inputs.

a “Goldilocks” scenario of relative economic and geopolitical stability

The euro area is highly dependent on Russia for, among other things, cobalt and vanadium. These are key inputs for the 3D printing, drone and robotics industries.

China was estimated to control over half of the global rare earths mining capacity in 2020, and 85% of rare earths refining.

extremely vulnerable to disruptions in the face of global shocks that affect multiple sectors at once

the vulnerabilities of this model.

Integration with global value chains led to lower import prices, technology spillovers, and productivity gains from the international division of labour

Trade as a share of GDP rose from 31% to 54% in the euro area between 1999 and 2019, whereas in the United States it rose from just 23% to 26%

trade safer

These are the shifts from dependence to diversification, from efficiency to security, and from globalisation to regionalisation.

nickel, palladium we rely on that can—goes into catalytic converters, can end up raising the prices of cars. A wide range of commodities.

Ukraine and Russia provide more than 20 percent of global food exports, we’re seeing skyrocketing wheat, corn prices, energy.

more secure energy supplies.

to adopt high standards with respect to labor, the environment, privacy protections, digital—you know, treatment of digital business and services that these countries might band together and form partnerships, you know, that can be open partnerships that other countries can join, participate in, so that it’s not a closed grouping; it’s a plurilateral but open grouping that would encourage other countries to join.

friend-shoring means—and you’ve seen this in action—that we have a group of countries that have strong adherence to a set of norms and values about how to operate in the global economy and about how to run the global economic system, and we need to deepen our ties with those partners and to work together to make sure that we can supply our needs of critical materials.

the dollar’s over 60 percent of global reserves,

that makes investors all around the world feel safe in relying on the dollar as a store of value and means of exchange, so there will be a desire to avoid sanctions, to replace the dollar, but I don’t think we will likely see that happen.

he benefits of continued efficiencies in production by having a group of partners who work to shore up supply chains and make them more resilient.

China relies in many ways on state-owned enterprises and engages in practices that I think unfairly damage our national-security interests.

can the dollar reserves be weaponized?

I don’t think we need to invent a completely new financial architecture, but we do need to enable these institutions to address modern-day challenges.

pivot point,

a new Bretton Woods

broader spillovers of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.

strengthening the global health architecture to boost pandemic preparedness and response.

a more secure and cleaner energy future

Experts put the funding needs in the trillions, and we’ve so far been working in billions.

financial firefighter

to reform profit reallocation rules

to end the race to the bottom in corporate taxes

our

a network of plurilateral trade arrangements to incorporate elements of the modern economy that are growing in economic importance, especially digital services.

harmonize our approaches to protecting the privacy of data.

trusted countries

friend-shoring of supply chains

free but secure trade

to build trust and cooperation to improve our ability to provide the global public goods

committed to a set of core values and principles

China cannot expect the global community to respect its appeals to the principles of sovereignty and territorial integrity in the future if does not respect these principles now when it counts.

the unified coalition of sanctioning countries will not be indifferent to actions that undermine the sanctions we’ve put in place.

With over 275 million people facing acute food insecurity, I am deeply concerned about the impact of Russia’s war on food prices and supply, particularly on poor populations who spend a larger share of their income on food.

energy, food, fertilizer,

finance and foreign policy and national security are interconnected

The need for common values and geostrategic compatibility will now increasingly shape trade and investment flows. The GATT and the WTO were predicated on the assumption that trade could and should flow freely between countries irrespective of any potential security or philosophical divergences.

have had the luxury of focusing primarily on economic efficiencies and the pursuit of greater profitability.

to be binding the North Atlantic partners together more tightly in order to fortify their combined capacity to counter China and Russia.

a new cabinet post – Minister for Economic Security – which is an explicit recognition of the increasingly vital linkage between trade and security considerations that both Yellen and Lagarde described.

by a call for trade to be increasingly conducted within a much more narrowly defined basket of “friends” who share common “values”.

Both have embodied the strong pro-globalization, pro-free trade conventional wisdom that has been dominant in Washington, Brussels and many other world capitals since at least the 1980s.

such as respect for international law and human rights.”

to make sure that we can supply our needs of critical materials.”

to a set of norms and values

“It will be increasingly difficult to separate economic issues from broader considerations of national interest, including national security.”

ree but secure trade

by the stresses created by China’s model of state-directed capitalism

The ideal of a single, deeply integrated global trade system – embodied in the founding of the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) – no longer seems realistic.

Rising geostrategic tensions and an increasingly volatile security milieu are rendering the post-World War II global trade system obsolete.

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mistrust that contributed to escalation, and ultimately, war.

writing disruptive for diplomacy?

UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948.

has adopted coercive measures

you

What are the risks for citizens and societies in such an increasingly  high-tech world? Provide some futuristic, even science fiction, examples of what you think could happen.

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multilateral

BRUSSELS, May 2 (Reuters) - Tech giants such as Google (GOOGL.O), Meta (FB.O) and Netflix (NFLX.O) may have to bear some of the cost of Europe's telecoms network, Europe's digital chief Margrethe Vestager said on Monday, following EU telecoms operators' complaints."I think there is an issue that we need to consider with a lot of focus, and that is the issue of fair contribution to telecommunication networks," Vestager told a news conference.

further galvanize China’s ambitions to develop supply chains independent of U.S. technology.

China’s overall exports to Russia fell 27% in value from February to March, official trade data show.

China’s exports of tech products to Russia fell sharply in March from February, with shipments of laptops declining more than 40%, smartphones down by nearly two-thirds and exports of telecom base stations down 98%, according to the most recently available Chinese government trade data.

The anger that China directed against ASPI was based on the detailed work of the cyber centre and the facts it revealed about Chinese policy and behaviour:

Data centres are taking root in Africa

Google is now challenging China in the cable domain. Google’s Equiano subsea internet cable landed in Togo this month.

In May 2020, China Mobile, together with seven other partners, announced the creation of the 37,000 km “2Africa” cable to connect Africa with the Middle East. The cable is to surround the African continent, with landings in 16 countries, and will underpin the growth of 5G and broadband access for hundreds of millions of people. This arc of communications is an important emerging component in China’s strategy in Africa, as it links up with emerging telecoms, tied to data centers, especially for the Horn of Africa.

China’s most recent addition is a contract to establish a data center for the government in Senegal. The Senegalese state IT agency is working closely with Huawei to create the largest data center in West Africa.

"I think the door is still open, and it really depends on the ability of each player to see niches and opportunities that have never been exploited," says Iginio Gagliardone.

African countries received little support from Western governments for technology infrastructure. While the donors spoke about the importance of internet access in development, they were less prepared to provide aid for digital infrastructure, according to Nairobi-based Gagliardone.

Table 1: Technology business ecosystem, referencing a simplified Open Systems Interconnection model

The Chinese government has also built more than half of Africa’s wireless sites with 200,000 km of optical fibre and set up high-speed mobile broadband networks providing internet access to 6 million households.

Chinese telecommunications provider Huawei has constructed up to 70 per cent of Africa’s 4G base stations.

Chinese companies can offer services and products at a fraction of the cost of theirWestern counterparts because of the abundance of labour and low paying salaries.For example, China has an annual turnout of two million engineering graduates, whileFrance has 300 000 and Germany just 100 000. However, average annual salaries ofengineers in China only amount to US$19 000 per year as opposed to roughly US$110000 in Germany and France. Likewise, Chinese labourers work 50 hours on averageper week, whereas French and German labourers work 38 hours.

Huawei has begun to establish regional training centers in African countries such as Nigeria, Kenya, Egypt, Tunisia, Angola and Guinea. By August 2004, Huawei had invested more than $10 million dollars into its Nigerian training center. Recently, Huawei opened a new training facility in South Africa, its fifth training center on the continent. There is a sixth center currently being built in Angola. The company now provides training for up to 2,000 people annually. Such local investments by Huawei help bolster the local economy with job creation and localized management while improving the company’s image in the eyes of local consumers, businesses and potential partners.

Nowhere is Huawei’s presence and strategy more evident than in Africa, a continent it entered for the first time in 1998,

Huawei segments the telecom equipment industry into three major categories: Internet switches, fixed line networks and wireless networks. “Huawei is currently the number three global company in wireless networks and number two in fixed line and switches,”

Parliamentary reps

future of the links between people and nature

Humanity depends directly on the output of nature; thus, this decline will affect us, just as it does the other species with which we share this world.

scientists have been raising calls for societal changes that will reduce our impacts on nature.

In Theory of Change, by contrast, the group begins not with its intervention but with its long-term goal and outcomes and then works backward (in time) toward the earliest changes that need to occur. Only when the pathway has been developed is it time to consider which interventions will best produce the outcomes in the pathway.

If-Then statement: If this is done, Then these are the anticipated results.

Change processes are no longer seen as linear, but as having many feedback loops that need to be understood.

This has led to new areas of work, such as linking the Theory of Change approach to systems thinking and complexity.

hypothesized that a key reason complex programs are so difficult to evaluate is that the assumptions that inspire them are poorly articulated.

The short-lived climate-impacting substances include methane, ozone and aerosols, which remain in the atmosphere for far less time than carbon dioxide (CO2).

Switzerland wants to partially achieve its greenhouse gas reduction target for 2030 with reductions abroad

The Paris Agreement is the first global climate agreement that obliges all states to implement concrete measures to reduce emissions and adapt to climate change, depending on their responsibility and capacity

They only apply to industrialized countries – developing countries are only required to compile an inventory of greenhouse gas emissions.

meet annually at the Conference of the Parties (COP).

greenhouse gas emissions.

the impact of man-made greenhouse gas emissions.

Imagine an Africa without boundaries