Patience. --- Yes Murdoch, and to also realize that sometimes decisions may take a very long time to be reached.

Source author: Daniel Beaudoin beaudoin.dnl@gmail.com

No time? --- Sheeba, is this because of lack of resources?

Source author: Daniel Beaudoin beaudoin.dnl@gmail.com

Community Input - Disability Sector --- Best example I have seen is with some of the work done with the disability sector, where people with disabilities attended and spoke to discuss their needs and design solutions. In Australia they are a sector with a strong voice and demonstrate some great work around advocacy.

Source author: Catherine Gearing cathgearing@gmail.com

Change --- I agree with you, Maria. The challenge is also how to uphold the continuity of these relationships?

Source author: Daniel Beaudoin beaudoin.dnl@gmail.com

Community Input --- Agree Jo, this is challenging. Especially when considering how diverse the communities we work with are. So many times when we have got a community rep involved, often the loudest person, the rest of the community doesn't see that person as representing them at all.

Source author: Catherine Gearing cathgearing@gmail.com

Relationship promotion a continous work --- Turnover and change of people is a constant factor in the humanitarian sector. For this reason, work in building lasting relationship with stakeholders is a regular part and task of our job even if people change, we have to invest a lot of time and effort in this task but it is one of the most important responasbilities in order to promote our reputation, credibility, acceptance and so on... Relationship building is an ongoing process for the organizations and we have to prioritize the organization approach instead of the individual one to prevent a big impact of the staff turn-over.

Source author: María Romero Pardo sohi1z1@hotmail.com

International vs local staff --- Also when understanding credibility, what is the cultural stance on dealing with international or local representatives from an organisation. Some countries will give more credibility to local and others to international.

Source author: Catherine Gearing cathgearing@gmail.com

Getting deferred to the workers --- Even when going to the decision maker often this is then deferred to key internal trusted workers to do the research and bring forward an agency/organisations stance back to the decision maker to respond. As a gov't employee we often get these requests and are then asked to do further investigation to uncover all possible considerations for the agency.

Source author: Catherine Gearing cathgearing@gmail.com

Simple but really clear --- This is a valuable statement and reminder of the purpose of what we are aiming to do. It's so important to do the preparation required with strong and well prepared evidence and being solution focused, especially working with busy people. The challenge often is time pressure, but preparation can save time in the long run.

Source author: Catherine Gearing cathgearing@gmail.com

Credibility Checklist --- This is an interesting checklist for NS as I relate the real experiences to current situation. I just wonder how we can manage these. We are probably more fixated on the outcomes from these engagement rather than the making prior assessment and managing the credibility issues.

Source author: Sheebah Mirisa orgdevmgr@redcross.org.sb

Individual Credibility --- An organization can have a reputable standing through individuals investing time and effort in building trust with decision makers over time. Staff turn over does affect this relationship. New staff may need to be trusted by Actors.

Source author: Sheebah Mirisa orgdevmgr@redcross.org.sb

Risk of inaction --- In small business books they often quote something along the lines of, the greatest risk is inaction, the work involves minimising the risks of your actions. But I am unsure whether similar types of comments are made in humanitarian circles or in HD efforts.

Perhaps it is important to understand whether there is inaction or if, in reality, it is that great efforts are being expended to assess the risks of proposed actions, which can give the impression of inaction.<br /> The issue may be to define what are the consequences of the time taken weighing up the risks of action, and whether this time is appropriate or otherwise given the context/situation.

Source author: Shane Wilkes swilkes4129@gmail.com

ICRC modalitiies --- ICRC states that is prefers persuasion and mobilization are the preferred modes of action. Denunciation is reserved for exceptional cases. Support and substitution/direct provision are the preferred modes of action when what is needed is to help supply essential services or to take responsibility for them when the authorities are unable to do so. They take this approach because ICRC experience suggests it is better in the longer term, although many may debate this point.

Source author: Shane Wilkes swilkes4129@gmail.com

Geneva --- Why is Geneva the Epi Centre?

Source author: John Lobor john.lobor@ssdredcross.org

3-Vaccine hesitancy --- In order to understand the mistrust, you need to run a study in your country and localities. As an example, a few months back an ‘anti-slander, anti-hoax’ community group in Indonesia visited some villages with low vaccination rate in support of the national vaccination campaign. The group found out that a lot of villagers, especially the elderlies who are the most vulnerable, were told that they would die if they got the vaccine. They designed a campaign to address the misinformation, including through social media, with good result as I saw photos of community meetings and people going for vaccination on their Facebook page.

Source author: Ivy Susanti ivysusanti@gmail.com

1-Vaccine hesitancy --- Thanks John. There are many reasons for COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy, incl. medical one for the immunocompromised people. However in general, those hesitancy and anti-vaxx movements are attributed to misinformation and disinformation. There are many articles in journals and mass media on this issue.

Source author: Ivy Susanti ivysusanti@gmail.com

thanks! --- thanks for hyperlinking to these resources - lots of excellent things I want to read further on from this weeks' class

Source author: Murdoch Stephens murdoch.stephens@redcross.org.nz

Timing issues --- I always find that this issue is the best way to see if the advocacy issue will succeed or not - if the can clearly show why the objective has a timeframe for action now, then we can prioritise it amongst the dozens of other issues calling for the attention of decision makers.

Source author: Murdoch Stephens murdoch.stephens@redcross.org.nz

Clash of personalities --- If not well managed can lead to premature or sensitive information leaks that may be disastrous to the entire advocacy strategy.

Source author: Taban Sabir Alahai taban.sabir@ssdredcross.org

Partnerships with local actors --- This depend on the context and the institutional establishment of local actors. If local actors are established on ethnic lines, weak management and governance, due diligence is a must before partnering.

Source author: Taban Sabir Alahai taban.sabir@ssdredcross.org

and who will have the power --- One of the best stakeholder approach successes I had was before the NZ election in 2017 where we saw that it was unclear who would have the power to make a change, so we made a diffuse campaign that asked many individual MPs to publicly sign up to committing to doubling the refugee quota. One of those who did was Jacinda Ardern. A month later she became Labour leader, and ten weeks after that she was Prime Minister... and we had a nice set of photos of her signing a large cardboard pledge to double the refugee quota.

Source author: Murdoch Stephens murdoch.stephens@redcross.org.nz

Consultation of affected people --- If the affected people are not consulted, there is high risk of them being manipulated for them to deny validating their status. Or opportunities within Political parties may hijack them to make political gains.

Source author: Taban Sabir Alahai taban.sabir@ssdredcross.org

Tensions as result of advocacy --- Organization may suffer reputational damage in the event of tensions. Authorities may decide to threaten with deregistration like what happened in Uganda recently when the NGO Board withdrew registration of over 50 INGOs/NNGOs and froze their bank accounts.

Source author: Taban Sabir Alahai taban.sabir@ssdredcross.org

Risk of inaction --- I've long wondered how we can balance HD in my country away from a tendency towards inaction. By this I mean, when we look at things from a risk perspective we often miss the risk of not acting because we're unlikely to be held accountable for inaction. Does anyone have a useful framing for how we can articulate 'the risk of inaction'?

Source author: Murdoch Stephens murdoch.stephens@redcross.org.nz

Coherent Communication strategy --- Risks associated with Advocacy can only be fast detected by having a coherent communication strategy in place. Social media monitoring should be key to quickly defuse or develop reaction lines in the event of reputational damage.

Source author: Taban Sabir Alahai taban.sabir@ssdredcross.org

Good to see this here --- I agree with María here and note that this tension between seeing advocacy as one tool under HD can sometimes make community members feel as if someone is attempting to control or direct them, rather than work alongside. In communication theory, people have described this more as a two-way symmetrical communication process (though in that field there are some who think this has pushed the remit of 'persuasion' too far away)

Source author: Murdoch Stephens murdoch.stephens@redcross.org.nz

Lack of access to health care. --- The Covid -19 pandemic has amply demonstrated how a lack of reliable health care can render communities vulnerable . Although access to health isn't the sole factor that determined how well countries fare, its absence clearly fuelled the flames.

Source author: Emmanuel Henry Pierre manniepierre@hotmail.com

Need to avert crisis in South Sudan. --- Humanitarian assistance in the context of a crisis saves lives. But by solely responding to humanitarian needs we fail to address the underlying causes that undermine sustainable livelihoods, agricultural production and economic growth and perpetuate the pattern of emergency. We need to help South Sudanese avert crises, not merely respond to them.

Source author: Emmanuel Henry Pierre manniepierre@hotmail.com

Legal requirements. --- It's important to investigate the legal requirements of the country you are advocating in to ensure that you fully covered by even minor risks such as fire, insurance, permits, tax papers etc. A well organized admin system will help you resolve such conflicts.

Source author: Emmanuel Henry Pierre manniepierre@hotmail.com

Risks in advocacy. --- Advocacy does come with some risks, and therefore it is important to become aware of these and map them . Leadership, collaboration and communication are essential to act accordingly and minimise damage, because even well- planned advocacy can be interpreted differently.

Source author: Emmanuel Henry Pierre manniepierre@hotmail.com

Preparation is critical --- Preparation is the first phase of different processes such as negotiations or advocacy. Research as part of the preparation is a critical step in order to better understand the counterparts that you are going to deal with as well as to be ready to face their reactions. The quality of the preparation work has a direct impact and influence in the effectiveness of your message.

Source author: María Romero Pardo sohi1z1@hotmail.com

Dialogue and interaction with religious stakeholders --- Gerard, I love the issue you raised, the dialogue with religious leaders. I associate it with another important issue, which is the effective presence of local religious organizations at the negotiating tables as local actors.

I think it is important to pay attention to these leaders and their social organizations, especially in countries where religion carries a lot of weight, as they are great opinion makers (influencers).These organizations always have a very important social assistance component.

In short, it is necessary to involve them in decision making as local actors, to ensure humanitarian assistance (even knowing that sometimes they have political and economic interests outside the humanitarian imperative). I suppose you have experiences in this regard. I would love to find out about them. Thank you.

Source author: Virginia Maria Callau Vidal vircavidal@hotmail.com

ICRC going public --- Thank you Gerhard, but ICRC will not go public on the issue of conditions of detention as it would mean that the detaining power would immediately forbid the ICRC to visit. In the famous case of the publication of the report on Abu Ghraib prison in Bagdad in 2004, the report was leaked to the media by an official of the US Government in Washington.

Source author: Jean-Michel Monod jmmonod@yahoo.com

Good Cop vs Bad Cop --- Working as "Bad Cop / Good Cop" is a reality. If the ICRC goes public about conditions and goes the "bad Cop way" it give you an indication how bad the situation is and how hard the worked with the "good Cop" strategy.

Source author: Gerhard Tauscher gerhardtoday@gmail.com

Risks of not acting to your principles --- If organizations do not stick to standards , systems procedures and principles the risk of collapsing or being out of business is high . Quite a number of local NGOs have ceased to exist due to corrupt practices.

Source author: John Lobor john.lobor@ssdredcross.org

RCRC and local partnerships --- But partnerships with local org. did happened, especially when the NS is anyhow totally overwhelmed with the operation.e.g. Haiti

Source author: Gerhard Tauscher gerhardtoday@gmail.com

International vs local --- On an international level, preferably I´d like to have that done through "Interfaith dialogue" done. On local level we might need to interact with individual religious leaders.

Source author: Gerhard Tauscher gerhardtoday@gmail.com

do the job! --- I strongly believe that in humanitarian work we need to take risk. We may have to master the skill, how to minimize risks but at the end of the day we need to get the job done. Some RCRC NS´s outsource risky program to partner organization and act as a donor. If everybody would operate like that, nothing would happened!

Source author: Gerhard Tauscher gerhardtoday@gmail.com

Geneva hub --- The humanitarian "Epi center" is still in Geneva, one of the most expensive places to live. Salaries are accordingly high, but is this still justifiable?

Source author: Gerhard Tauscher gerhardtoday@gmail.com

businesses as usual vs real problem --- At time i believe that internally any organisation needs to look at this. Especially in NS´s there is a tendency to run the business as usual approach and put the head down, not looking at the real problems, which are possibly unpleasant/political to address.

Source author: Gerhard Tauscher gerhardtoday@gmail.com

Covid19 --- I would put here the Covid 19 pandemic as an example. The way we work and need to think more globally than locally will have a major impact on the humanitarian system. IFRC has started to use it with campaigns like: " Nobody is save till everybody is safe"

Source author: Gerhard Tauscher gerhardtoday@gmail.com

Attend International Conference --- It is very common that International organizations call for greater participation by local civil Society , but then local organization a place at the decision -making table. A good example is the World Humanitarian summit which took place in Turkey in 2016 where there was commitment made to promote the localization agenda and provide 25% of funds raised to local actors. There has been no tangible results up to now. No local actors at the decision making table.

Source author: John Lobor john.lobor@ssdredcross.org

Staff rotation --- This is a normal administrative routine to move staff from department to another. It happens even with humanitarian actors.

Source author: John Lobor john.lobor@ssdredcross.org

compromising credibility --- When organizations conduct principled humanitarian action , they should not compromise their credibility or integrity simply because of a hostile environment . The fundamental humanitarian principles are tools to use in such scenarios. The Red Cross is well known for its non comprising stance in hostile environment.

Source author: John Lobor john.lobor@ssdredcross.org

Defining the Problem in Advocacy strategy --- There should be a reason/purpose, evidence(s) backed by data that justifies the problem.

Source author: Taban Sabir Alahai taban.sabir@ssdredcross.org

People would help do not trust you. --- I would be happy to hear from the course participants, why the level of mistrust is high even in the west where the level of education is high compared to other regions of the world ?

Source author: John Lobor john.lobor@ssdredcross.org

People you want to help trust you. --- This has been quite clear during the era of Covid19.Where vaccines are being rolled out to vaccinate people to protect them but there are people out there in the world who have no trust on the vaccines .

Source author: John Lobor john.lobor@ssdredcross.org

2-They help build bridges in complex operational settings --- E.g. In the military regime in Myanmar, I noticed some international humanitarian organisations struck partnership agreement with the same local implementing partners (‘NGOs’) for non-technical purpose such as transparency – which may best be described as welcoming locals to facilitate information exchange with the government, or in my own word, to spy on their international partner agencies, which may smooth the process of gaining acceptance from and access to decision makers at various levels. The NGOs had human resources and technical capacities but most importantly the senior management (civilians) was well connected to the Tatmadaw, which was seen as a partnership opportunity for both humanitarian & development programs.

Source author: Ivy Susanti ivysusanti@gmail.com

1-They help build bridges in complex operational settings --- Local partners can also help build or strengthen relationships with the host governments, decision makers or opinion leaders/shapers to assist with negotiation on behalf of the crisis-affected populations. In particular circumstances, the give-and-take is highly nuanced and discreet, and probably not a preferred partnership format for the Red Cross and the National Society.

Source author: Ivy Susanti ivysusanti@gmail.com

Give good no --- Some governments are quite astute: Once they notice their staff is ‘too close’ to the HDiplomats, they move him/her to another position and assign a new person to deal with the same HDiplomats. In some way, they are resisting the effort to mainstream an opinion, with less drama. This is also related to my previous entry on situational awareness.

Source author: Ivy Susanti ivysusanti@gmail.com

Situational awareness --- The expected responses or behaviours of the counterparts/interlocutors/target audience as a result of HDiplomacy should also be in the risk register, probably as part of operational risks. Looking outside the window should not deter HDiplomats from taking action but should remind us to keep on improving our situational awareness and preparing our responses accordingly.

Source author: Ivy Susanti ivysusanti@gmail.com

SD: soft power and public diplomacy --- Thanks for the great reflections, Veronica and Efrat. For me the key terms here are soft power (your example, Efrat, describes it really well) and public diplomacy (spot on Veronica). It's about influence without hard power and about winning hearts and minds. What I would emphasise is that this is only one approach to / or facet of science diplomacy. My feeling is that this is sometimes over-represented in discussions and articles on science diplomacy as it is perhaps easier to talk about and less controversial. (what do you think?) As with all discussion in the area of public diplomacy, we might wonder how effective it is.

Source author: Katharina Höne KatharinaH@diplomacy.edu

inequalities within countries --- That's an important comment, Kiconco. When you say "unequal distribution of resources and access to platforms for discussion between scientists and diplomats", can you give a specific example. For context: when I think inequalities within countries, I think about people having unequal chances to get very good educations and rise to positions of influence. And as a consequence, having decision makers that are representative of only a small portion of the society.

Source author: Katharina Höne KatharinaH@diplomacy.edu

GAVI & CEPI --- GAVI (https://www.gavi.org/our-alliance) and CEPI (https://cepi.net/about/whoweare/) are two examples of diplomacy for science and of immediate relevance today.

Both bring together public, private, philanthropic, and civil society organisations. While one focuses on development of vaccines against emerging infectious diseases, the other aims to ensure equitable and affordable access to vaccines by all.

Source author: Vid Nukala Vid.Nukala@gmail.com

Also for scientists --- Well, thinking to Scientific Attachés, also scientists should have Negotiation skills (e.g. in the negotiations on the new public-private partnerships for research in the EU Council - hence in a multilateral institution -, I have seen the Scientific Attaché of Italy 'winning' on key counterparts thanks to a stunning strategic vision and use of negotiation tools).

Source author: Veronica Elena Bocci v_ele_bo@hotmail.com

'Ivy Tower' Syndrome... --- i.e. inability to gauge the importance of or reluctance to engage non-scientists is still prevalent and quite strong among the scientific community. The consequences of this are real and manifold - hype about science and consequent disappointment, misinformation, disinformation, and conspiracy theories. Social media has provided a useful bridge, but we have far to go...

Source author: Vid Nukala Vid.Nukala@gmail.com

Absolutely needed... --- I'm convinced that interdisciplinarity will take us further! As an example, during the course of generating a briefing document for the U.S. Ambassador in India, my office would provide the health data, whereas my colleagues in commercial and foreign policy sections would include their input thus generating adequate and yet nuanced context on key aspects of a given issue.

Source author: Vid Nukala Vid.Nukala@gmail.com

All of above, and more... --- Souhila, my colleagues and I have been involved in all the activities you mention and more. I've illustrated them in my comment under 0.2 SciDip course video.

Source author: Vid Nukala Vid.Nukala@gmail.com

What might be reasons behind antagonism of 'fair'? --- Fair, as I understand in this context, means equitable and just, or as you say common good (where no one is left behind). Perhaps those terms could be used explicitly to respond to criticism?

Source author: Vid Nukala Vid.Nukala@gmail.com

Social sciences? --- When we think about science for diplomacy and better informed policy decisions thanks to scientific inputs, we usually think about sciences outside of the social sphere. I wonder what the inputs of social science can be - think history, political science, international relations - fields where we do not only use hard facts and a lot depends on interpretation and analysis of these facts.

Source author: Tereza Horejsova terezah@diplomacy.edu

EU programmes --- With various cooperation programmes among universities in the EU, I guess we could say the EU really supports science diplomacy in a very concentrated way.

Source author: Tereza Horejsova terezah@diplomacy.edu

Or sometimes the opposite --- Let us take Iran's nuclear programme - science used as an exact opposite to working towards peaceful relations. Yet, science definitely used as a vehicle for determining Iran's relations to other countries.

Source author: Tereza Horejsova terezah@diplomacy.edu

Another reason which is not mentioned --- The authors did not relate to the topic but other than improving US image, there might be another reason. Speaking from personal experience, when I began studying Internet Governance / digital policy I was a visiting scholar in an institution in the US. Being there shaped the way I think about digital policy and I embraced, at least in the beginning of my studies the US point of view when it comes to digital policy. So it's not just about image but also persuading possible and potential partners.

Source author: Efrat Daskal efrat.daskal@mail.huji.ac.il

More than tech companies --- I am not sure whether it is just the tech companies. I think it's the result of globalization which turned companies into state like entitles (think of Coca Cola for example) as well as the need to deal with global issues.

Source author: Efrat Daskal efrat.daskal@mail.huji.ac.il

The underlining agenda of fair --- While personally I am in favor of creating a fairer world, I am aware that quite a few people are against this point of view and I've had some arguments with my students. This makes me wonder and I am posing it here as a questions, how can convince people in this agenda? Maybe instead of fair, we can use the term for the overall wellbeing or for the common good?

Source author: Efrat Daskal efrat.daskal@mail.huji.ac.il

Negotiation skills --- Negotiation skills for diplomats (to achieve the best possible outputs through science diplomacy for home country's interests).

Source author: Veronica Elena Bocci v_ele_bo@hotmail.com

Main actors of SD --- Of course, professional diplomats are useful for science diplomacy, but the authors insisted on the essential role of scientists, engineers and non-governmental organizations

Source author: Désiré NEBOUA dneboua@yahoo.fr

SD for US diplomacy --- We have seen that despite traditional diplomacy (Old-fashioned diplomacy between governments according to the authors), the image of the United States abroad following the complex war against Iraq was not very positive, even among its traditional allies. For the authors, negative images of the United States abroad translate directly into constraints on American influence and its ability to implement policy. As indicate by a Social science research, collaboration to solve common problems is one of the best ways to foster positive relations between groups. And US should use the unifying power of Science & technology by focusing on concrete initiatives that promote education, economic growth and human well-being

Source author: Désiré NEBOUA dneboua@yahoo.fr

Scientists, researchers, education institutions, etc. --- The main actors described by the authors are the scientists and researchers able to collaborate beyond borders, research institutions, think tanks, education institutions etc and more generally the civil society.

Source author: Mouloud Khelif mouloud.khelif@gmail.com

Public diplomacy --- The rationale is that science can be a powerful tool and conduit for public diplomacy, in a time when US foreign policy is not very popular (even among so-called allies).

Source author: Mouloud Khelif mouloud.khelif@gmail.com

Science & politics --- Science has the power to change many things and therefore impact the global economy and balance of power in the world. for instance , the use of emerging technologies in military systems and the reliance on sophisticated weapons such as drones is a game changer that is why we see the race for research among the developed sates while the gap with developing sates is just widening.

Source author: Souhila Amazouz souhila_amazouz@yahoo.fr

How Scientists are involved in diplomacy --- I wonder to what extent scientists are involved in the conduct of diplomacy and inter-states negotiations ? Do MFAs rely on them just to prepare and better understand topics , are they hired by the foreign affairs to support diplomats in bilateral and multi lateral discussions or Scientists attend meeting where they meet with their counterparts to discuss in specific fora without participation of diplomats such the international conferences .

Source author: Souhila Amazouz souhila_amazouz@yahoo.fr

20th century "nuclear science", "space science" --- @Katharina, in recent history Science and scientific applications were indeed instrumentalised by governments either for political or national security purposes. 2 examples come to my mind are (1) nuclear science and the goal to build an atomic bomb (Oppenheimer and the Manhattan Project) that ended the war and led to the cold war, and (2) the space race between the Soviet Union and the US.

Source author: Mouloud Khelif mouloud.khelif@gmail.com

Non State Actors and diplomacy --- I think the increasing role of non actors in diplomacy is related to the growing number of technical topics being addressed by foreign policy where diplomats and multi lateral organizations seek advice and technical expertise. Moreover, the emergence of big tech companies with international outreach have changed the balance of power and resulted in negotiations with states and also facilitated the creation of new fora where non state actors participate in diplomatic conversations.

Source author: Souhila Amazouz souhila_amazouz@yahoo.fr

Scientists --- The authors highlight the role of US scientists in improving relations between the US and other governments; through collaborations between scientists in their fields for those that work outside the US. In addition, they urge US scientific organizations to expand their international engagement.

Through school, I observed exchange programs and funded research collaborations to greatly improve the public opinion of the collaborating countries.

Source author: Kiconco Patricia kictricia@gmail.com

Power imbalances --- My mind also goes to the imbalances and inequalities within the countries themselves. How do we reconcile unequal distribution of resources and access to platforms for discussion between scientists and diplomats first within individual countries?

Source author: Kiconco Patricia kictricia@gmail.com

Health researchers cooperation --- In the field of health research (for example on HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, scientists from developped & developing countries usually cooperate through multi-countries research projects. But the fundings of such projects come from developped countries. For my there is not a really problem for scientists to speach each others.

Source author: Désiré NEBOUA dneboua@yahoo.fr

SD in relation to power and colonialism, --- Thanks for bringing this important angle to the conversation and doing so this early in the course, Vid and YingChu. There is a historic dimension to this (Vid) but also very current questions around power imbalances between countries (YingChu). What do others make of this?

Source author: Katharina Höne KatharinaH@diplomacy.edu

what is science and how does it relate to politics --- Thanks for adding this very useful definition, YingChu. What do you and others think about the possible "instrumentalisation for political purposes".

Source author: Katharina Höne KatharinaH@diplomacy.edu

what's in a definition? --- Total agreement from our perspective as organisers of the course, Veronica. If we speak of science diplomacy in general, we shouldn't reduce it to either of these perspectives. Obviously, particular instances of science diplomacy will fit one description better than the other. And particular actors will favour a particular definition. For example for Colglazier, the situation after WWII regarding nuclear weapons is the most prominent example, hence, he will favour a particular definition / description of science diplomacy. (Also, 100% agreement that the way we want to focus on SD is much broader than scientific cooperation across borders)

Source author: Katharina Höne KatharinaH@diplomacy.edu

The real purpose --- Thank you for sharing.

When I see the word 'colonialism.' I am wandering to know a real purpose of cooperation or collaboration from the colonialism angle.

Japan, Netherland, and Spain colonized Taiwan in history. But those were for political or trade, or natural resources purposes. On the other hand, Japan also built some positive basic construction to improve life from 1895 to 1945. Of course, there were always some harmful purposes and behavior at the same duration.

The word colonialism is not positive enough for me. But I think a diplomat needs to identify the real purpose of the cross-board collaboration proposal to protect the country. They are the first-line to discuss an international collaboration.

Source author: YingChu Chen jungheng@gmail.com

What is science to me. --- I would like to say the science is a process of organizing knowledge systematically with a specific goal to find an answer or solution.

Source author: YingChu Chen jungheng@gmail.com

A broader description --- Honestly, none of them fully satisfies my understanding of scientific diplomacy. The 2nd no because it only refers to state actors - and in the previous paper (Lord, Turekian, 2007) we have seen how civil society is key in scientific diplomacy (at least for this era). The 3rd is fine, but I'm questioning that not only science is suitable to promote peaceful relations between countrie (e.g. cultural diplomacy). The 1st is correct, but I think that the scientific diplomacy this course wants to teach is a broader concept than cross-border scientific cooperation.

Source author: Veronica Elena Bocci v_ele_bo@hotmail.com

The role of civil society --- The paper clearly highlights that there is no effective science diplomacy for the new era without civil society actors. With their knowledge, they are the ones providing the grounds upon which a Government can build the good deeds in order to support its reputation and interests.

Source author: Veronica Elena Bocci v_ele_bo@hotmail.com

Science diplomacy as entry point to foreign public opinion --- The authors argue that science diplomacy - as a form of public diplomacy - can help improve the negative reputation that US was having at those times, after initiating the war with Iraq. As long as science diplomacy helps address cross-border challenges (examples cited include breast cancer awareness in the Middle East or fighting malaria), it represents an entry point to foreign public opinion. Using it in the most appropriate way can help show with good deeds that you are a good guy.

Source author: Veronica Elena Bocci v_ele_bo@hotmail.com

Colonialism, Imperialism and War --- To keep in mind, for it is not all positive, and there is growing literature looking at how science evolved in 'Global North' at the cost of 'Global South'.

Sharing two articles that speak to science and colonialism, one general and one focusing on global health.

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/science-bears-fingerprints-colonialism-180968709/

https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)32417-X/fulltext

Source author: Vid Nukala Vid.Nukala@gmail.com

As it ought to be --- From my on-the-ground experience in biomedical STI Diplo, the activities I was involved in traversed all three AAAS/Royal Society typologies. For example, we would work to generate evidence (science in diplomacy) by funding research in a given area, then set up research facility in that area (diplomacy for science) and facilitate training and exchange visits (science for diplomacy). Even trying to describe, I find it an artificial separation with cherry-picked examples, an avoidable complication, and not particularly helpful for practitioners in the field.

Source author: Vid Nukala Vid.Nukala@gmail.com

Cybersecurity & Education --- Absolutely agree with Bennette. We need to approach existing problems from the root level. The digital divide and the development divide among developed and developing countries, in my view, among the other reasons, are consequence of outdated educational programs (based on 20th or even 19 century models). Most world Universities and schools are still providing programs based on traditional methods, topics, pedagogic approaches, professions and so on. Maybe, closer collaboration with tech corporations, or global and regional science and innovation players, can help in creating new school curriculum adapted to the 21st century.

Source author: Vladimir Nikolov vladimir984@yahoo.com

COVID made dreams and nightmares come true... --- Before COVID-19 we wanted so badly to work from home, when the pandemic happened, we could wait for it to get over, so we could even go back to the office. This is relevant to the topic, because I think it explains somewhat the data related to internet use in the future: maybe we expect it to grow, but that does not mean that we want/desire it to grow... just saying

Source author: Carlos García Delgrado cgarciad@sre.gob.mx

Indeed, Covid-19 made true our dreams and nightmares come true --- Before COVID-19 we wanted so badly to work from home, when the pandemic happened, we could wait for it to get over, so we could even go back to the office. This is relevant to the topic, because I think it explains somewhat the data related to internet use in the future: maybe we expect it to grow, but that does not mean that we want/desire it to grow... just saying.

Source author: Carlos García Delgrado cgarciad@sre.gob.mx

First time I hear about this "organization" ... --- I am sure it is only me, but this is the first time I hear about this group. I'd be interested in learning more about the compilers of this report, who are they, where do they get their funding, what is their play, etc. Thanks!

Source author: Carlos García Delgrado cgarciad@sre.gob.mx

Win --- Phannarith, we need more arguments for this positive vision! Please suggest!

Source author: Vladimir Radunovic vladar@diplomacy.edu

Pace of change --- Scott, I agree with this reality. What worries me is the pace (and complexity) of change: it seems that the exponential development of technology doesn't allow us - the society - to really catch up with its impacts (and not only related to security: just take a look at the educational system, that we discussed earlier, and its ability to transform to allow kids to understand and address future challenges...).

Sometimes it seems as technology is spinning out of control?

Source author: Vladimir Radunovic vladar@diplomacy.edu

Cybercrime convention --- To add to the complexity that Asoke touches upon, we now have a UN ad-hoc committee in charge of preparing a draft global convention on cybercrime (we will discuss in greater details in two weeks). Of course, cybercrime is just one segment of cybersecurity (and is often dealt with in different fora - eg. the 3rd committee of the UN rather than the 1st where international peace is addressed), and that possible convention would be much narrower. But this process may end up being mature and ready for final negotiations than the international framework for cyberspace in the 1st committee.

The question is: would a success in negotiating a cybercrime convention temporarily satisfy states ('now we have a international cyber instrument") - thus slowing down possible negotiations on the broader framework? Or would it actually stimulate reaching the agreement on a broader instrument?

Source author: Vladimir Radunovic vladar@diplomacy.edu

Cybersecurity vs censorship --- Ndeye, Vladimir, Guillaume - this is a very important discussion, and you raise the primary argument/concern raised by the West: framing cybersecurity so broadly may allow embedding content control (possibly being used for censorship) into the negotiations agenda.

But, let's look at this from the Russia/China perspective - let me play devil's advocate a bit.

The Internet, which emerged from the US, has been used for decades now to promote the Western values and cultures (whether as part of a formal US strategy or not) - through dissemination of the popular culture over social media, youtube, etc. It is perceived by Russia, China, some Arab countries, and many other states (or parts of the governing elites) as an information and cultural aggression of a sort - impacting very fabric (cultural, religious, moral, etc) of their societies. Undoubtedly, the promotion of personal freedoms and rule of law puts autocratic governments around the world in a tough position; but the impact of online content goes beyond that.

Interestingly, the West is also increasingly worried about online content - particularly in form of terrorist propaganda, violence and hate speech: such content goes against values of the West, and brings national security at risk. So we may see convergence of positions towards including some elements of content policy to international deals - but devil will be in details.

One term closely related to this aspect of negotiations is 'open Internet', or 'openness'. The key documents adopted by the UN GA - such as the OEWG and the GGE reports that we will discuss later in greater details - all reaffirm "open, secure, stable, accessible and peaceful ICT environment". What remains to be discussed, however, is what exactly "open" means for various parties, particularly in relations to state sovereignty.

Source author: Vladimir Radunovic vladar@diplomacy.edu

Framing --- Shabanah, good point - this is exactly the challenge in international relations: the framing of the term.

As we see below, the US and allies focus on security of networks, information being part of that; Russia looks at a much broader perspective of information, where networks are only within it. China is increasingly pushing for data security framing. Civil society demands for people-centric (or human-centric) approach. Tech community looks at technology and processes.

While it seems we are all talking about the same thing, it maters greatly what each of the players see should fit under a possible international agreement, or a national policy - or, equally important, what should not be there.

Source author: Vladimir Radunovic vladar@diplomacy.edu

Safety vs security --- Eduardo, interesting division. It makes sense - cybersecurity commonly refers to attacks and incidents behind which is a human (usually with an intention). Purely technical problems (say, the recent Facebook down issue) are typically not understood as a cybersecurity issue.

Interestingly, in cyber, security often refers to collective/system security, while safety relates to individual safety - such as from online bullying.

Does anyone have different understanding of security and safety in the online world?

Source author: Vladimir Radunovic vladar@diplomacy.edu

Regional and subregional orgs working on cyber? --- Thanks Phannarith for this list.

It would be interesting and useful to map all the various aspects/instruments related to cybersecurity that subregional organisations are working on - sometimes we don't even observe where cybersecurity emerges and who (has to) deal with it.

I encourage others to also think about and map the cybersecurity-related work done on regional and subregional levels; we are usually aware of the work of regional organisations (eg. OSCE, OAS, ASEAN, AU) but less of what comes up on subregional level or within specific platforms and bodies.

Source author: Vladimir Radunovic vladar@diplomacy.edu

autonomous weapons systems --- Countries are not investing in the research and development of different types of autonomous weapons systems, the development of AI weapons of mass destruction pose a danger to the human as they are selecting their target decisions without human involvement in their decisions, this to be banned. On the side the governments may claim that the precision in attacks may reduce the civil damages and these weapons are developed as precise destruction.

Source author: Mustafa Yaasin Sheik mysheik@hotmail.com

Increased online Presence --- <br /> During the lockdown the people were spending a considerable time at home, using the technology to do most of their work, working from home, interacting friends online, doing business online, studying online, the increased online presence of the people and devices increases the vulnerability and risk associated with cyberspace.

Source author: Mustafa Yaasin Sheik mysheik@hotmail.com

Equally sophisticated --- It seems that the more sophisticated the technology, the more creative the attempts to attack the users of that technology. In the modern world, for every new lock there is a new key, which only fosters a never-ending escalation of events.

Source author: Jorge Ernesto Salcido Zugasti jsalcido@sre.gob.mx

Personal data --- who is responsible for the protection on PII? this maybe a shared responsibility which in most cases remains unclear.

Source author: Shabanah Mustapha shabanah.mustapha@igovtt.tt

continual improvement --- There will be a need to review security frameworks for improvement as more solutions continues to be developed in this dynamic dimension

Source author: Shabanah Mustapha shabanah.mustapha@igovtt.tt

Being interconnected --- Interconnectivity, understood as the quality of being interconnected, is probably the essence of the whole virtual world. However, it is also its Achilles heel, as it turns vulnerable every individual or entity that is interconnected. I would say that most internet users don't really understand what they connect to when they get on line or what they are accepting or committing to when agreeing on the terms and conditions of most platforms, sites and apps.

Source author: Jorge Ernesto Salcido Zugasti jsalcido@sre.gob.mx

Probably not --- I do not believe this will enable a more constructive dialogue, quite the opposite. However, it is true that both sides will now recognise the cyber space as a new ideological battlefield and force the US and other governments to focus more on the information circulating on the web and its impact in the society and politics, but while some will focus on the defensive side, others will use these tools to exercise censorship.

Source author: Guillaume Michel Blin gmichel@sre.gob.mx

Strategic control of information --- As it is said, their approach to the problem relates to the need to "control information" rather than protect it. As you rightly say, it opens the door to censorship and human rights violations

Source author: Guillaume Michel Blin gmichel@sre.gob.mx

fully agree --- I think you have great point Asoke, cybersecurity, or at least some basic concepts around information security, should be taught at school from an early age. Kids nowadays spend many hours connected to the internet and with no prior knowledge or understanding of the existing risks.

Source author: Guillaume Michel Blin gmichel@sre.gob.mx

viruses --- We might see in the future a pandemic similar to the one caused by the Covid 19, but in the cyber world.

Millions of computers and devices infected by malware, disrupting communications, transports, banking operations, government services, hospital equipment, and creating chaos around the world.

Source author: Guillaume Michel Blin gmichel@sre.gob.mx

Other disadvantages --- I would argue that, while it is true that there are many benefits to the use of internet, there are also many downsides that go beyond the security risks. As more and more services are offered via internet, in some cases the users do not have the option anymore to do thinks in the old fashion way. We are becoming completely dependent upon the online services offered by the banks, utility services, schools, etc. For some this might not be a problem, but for those that are not familiar with the online world, it might pose risks of abuses, fraud or simply become outsiders.

Source author: Guillaume Michel Blin gmichel@sre.gob.mx

Zoom-fatigue --- Slightly off the main topic, but this is an interesting bit on post-COVID online behaviour. Indeed, we realised that many things we could have solved without meetings; but we have also turned to instant video meetings (be it Zoom or other) much more than needed - sometimes, entire work-days pass in endless online meetings... So, I guess more time needs to pass until we find the right balance of hybrid life and behaviour?

Source author: Vladimir Radunovic vladar@diplomacy.edu

Leapfrogging --- Eduardo, important point on those that still don't have access - as Florence remarked above also with regards to developing regions. So it is a very important question how to ensure that the next billions - which will come from developing countries - bring cybersecurity to themselves and the overall cyberspace as well.

One challenge, however, is that the next billions won't start with emails - the field well known to us, where developed countries have experience and know-how. Instead, they will leapfrog and start with what's actual and on the market - such as IoT (off the shelves) or personal assistants (in-built into mobile phones and tablets).

Following this logic, we can't be satisfied with developing regions to develop basic understanding of cybersecurity only; they would need to leapfrog the cybersecurity knowledge as well! And that is quite a challenge - how to make sure capacity building efforts target cutting-edge knowledge in Africa, Asia and other places?

Source author: Vladimir Radunovic vladar@diplomacy.edu

Teachers or mentors --- play a critical role, Florence. You have asked the right question here, and the answer depends on learning about cyber issues including cybersecurity. In India, this subject is not part of mainstream educational curricula, so having teachers/mentors for cybersecurity is a challenge. Without teachers/mentors, how can widespread education on this issue be sustained? Linked with this is the specific conditions within countries/societies linked with cybersecurity which are generally brought up under Tunis Agenda discussions on "digital divides". To be relevant, teachers/mentors need to be aware of such country/society specifics as well. What would your views be on making capacity building in cybersecurity focus on training of teachers/mentors as well as on educating the wider student community?

Source author: Asoke Mukerji asokem@diplomacy.edu

Black Mirror --- Oh, the most fascinating series I have watch is Black Mirror on Netflix I think. They creates so many stories related to brain implant, but my favorite eps is still the one tells about the setting when social media becomes a value of each individual person (the story revolves on a girl facing difficulties to buy a house because her social media rating is not convincing enough). Have you watch this series Scott?

Source author: Mira Fajriyah halo@mirafajri.id

Cybersecurity Definations --- I believe all the terms are very similar and interconnected. Each focus on security as it relates to different key components i.e. people, data, network, processes, technology

Source author: Shabanah Mustapha shabanah.mustapha@igovtt.tt

Broad at will --- @Vladimir, it's broad because it is "interpretable" at will based on whatever they deem a danger. "Spiritual, moral and cultural environment of states" is generally the excuses Gov uses to censor, repress, etc.

Source author: Ndeye Gnagna Kone gnagna.pro@gmail.com

Information security --- Approaches ensuring the access to information in systems is authorized and that the information is secure from unauthorized use

Source author: Ndeye Gnagna Kone gnagna.pro@gmail.com

Great question --- You just asked the big great question that is one of the riddles when it comes to ethic and safety in AI x Cybersecurity. "Control" or per se "who can eventually have any sort of control" of it has become a tough talking point between experts, academics and governments...

Source author: Ndeye Gnagna Kone gnagna.pro@gmail.com

Good points for discussion, --- Florence. I would also add to the list of issues you have given (and these apply not only to Africa but to most other regions of the world that face digital divides) the interplay between the policies of the major transnational corporates that administer cyber infrastructure within countries. It is possible for digital divides to continue or even widen if corporations follow only market forces (profits) through their access to markets in developing countries. The earlier example of telecoms is instructive in this respect. Some governments (as you may have seen in India, for example) tried to bridge the divide through a proactive policy of issuing licences to corporates for both urban centres (where the profits were easily harvested) and rural or distant centres simultaneously as one package.

Source author: Asoke Mukerji asokem@diplomacy.edu

A very valid point, --- Eduardo. This topic of new legal instruments to regulate an international framework for cyberspace is becoming more urgent with the passage of time and emergence of new technologies and their applications. A couple of years ago, many in the Western legal fraternity felt this idea was not relevant since existing legal frameworks could address such issues. Today, the jury is out on this, for all the reasons that you have given in your HT comments on this subject above. I feel that if the Open Ended Working Group of the UN General Assembly can expand its scope of discussions to cover the different aspects of cyberspace and securing this domain (and that must include the use of cyber technologies for SDGs), then a foundation of discussion would be available for starting negotiations on an international framework for cyberspace.

Source author: Asoke Mukerji asokem@diplomacy.edu

Multiple stakeholders --- are a fact of life in cyberspace in India, Bentom. In my experience with our CERT, this interaction between the government and the private sector had already begun several years ago. The CERT-In interacts in a proactive way to anticipate and respond to cyber attacks with "vendors" who are invariably private sector entities. Due to the focus on a multiple stakeholder approach to cybersecurity India has taken the "leap" of close coordination between the government and the private sector (which has a high profile platform called NASSCOM, that facilitates such consultation). Can this approach be applied globally is of course the big question, since cyberspace and attacks in cyberspace may not respect the national boundaries drawn on "political" maps of the world.

Source author: Asoke Mukerji asokem@diplomacy.edu

IT is a fundamental knowledge --- Cybersecurity is to digitalisation what road traffic rules are to riding a bicycle or driving a car! It should definitely be taught at an early age.<br /> We still tend to consider digitalisation as a topic in itself and not as a fundamental knowledge as reading, writing and counting. Our societies are in the process of acknowledging and adapting to this new reality. Schools need to prepare the youth for a rapidly changing world. But are the teachers ready for that??

Source author: Florence Tinguely Mattli florence.tinguely-mattli@eda.admin.ch

EU-GDPR --- Concrete actions taken by Governments, like the EU GDPR, have a "psychological" impact as it shows that citizen can protect their privacy and say "no" to data sharing.<br /> Not sure though if it does affect BigTech companies and data providers? Do citizen make use of their right to protect their privacy?

Source author: Florence Tinguely Mattli florence.tinguely-mattli@eda.admin.ch

Examples --- By its very nature and desired secrecy by victims and perpetrators, I suppose it is difficult to identify examples of cyberattacks which due to its relevance or impact could be very interesting for this discussion. Or am I wrong?

Source author: Eduardo Ruiz Mazon eruizm@sre.gob.mx

Unsaid --- Can we call it as nonverbal communication?

Source author: Mohammad Daud Mahmoody dauodmahmoody@gmail.com

Question to all our diplomats colleagues --- In the context of the current discussion, and considering the way in which our interpersonal relationships will be shape in the future, do you think there is a role to play for diplomats? Let's say for instance, in and through twitter?

Source author: Blanca Jimenez bjimenez@sre.gob.mx

cultural and gender aspects --- In some occasions, I feel the same way, but I am also convinced that depending the country where you are it is much more important to speak and stand up than to use the language of silence; moreover for women in many occasions it is better and more effective to use silent language.

Source author: Blanca Jimenez bjimenez@sre.gob.mx

A Shared Understanding --- Although diplomats may be more cognizant of this than others, coming from a multicultural background I have often found that people often do not (often unintentionally) look to build a shared understanding between those from different cultures, despite implicitly knowing that there exists some difference between the perceptions in said cultures. Especially, when dealing with those with a potentially significantly different perspective, it may be beneficial to promote clarification (instead of assumption) when one encounters a behavior which may be non-standard in their own culture (e.g. with the Japanese colleague and Chinese waitress examples from above).

Source author: Mamta Reid liveandsmile@hotmail.com

On Plausible Deniability --- I find interesting the juxtaposition between explicit statements needed to be held accountable for certain communication (despite the importance of context in communication), and the use of plausible deniability to often impart a call to action (given a certain context) without any consequences....

Source author: Mamta Reid liveandsmile@hotmail.com

The importance of context --- As in the examples below, I feel that we have all experienced how important context is, when interpreting another's utterances or communications. But, given the multitude of factors that contribute to context, of which the same set may not be perceptible to all parties in a certain communication, it often helps to make certain aspects of communication more explicit to avoid mis-interpretation/communication. It makes me wonder if there is some theory behind the balance of relying primarily on context versus making an explicit statement which may be packed with unnecessary detail (again depending on context) for communication.

Source author: Mamta Reid liveandsmile@hotmail.com

respond with... --- Can't wait to use ‘the illocutionary force’!! Informative but funny 😀

Source author: Mamta Reid liveandsmile@hotmail.com

Curious --- Curious to know why diplomats are mainly referred to as 'he' in a lot of the examples? Can there be no female diplomats who are also ladies and does this then apply? Just curious.

Source author: Mamta Reid liveandsmile@hotmail.com

why not a yes or a no? --- Well, again hard to say as there could be various reasons. . perhaps, there is a history of too long a time spent and therefore in order to shorten the interaction time the stage needs to be set.<br /> . perhaps it is just a precursor to saying no.

Source author: Mamta Reid liveandsmile@hotmail.com

information --- We need to know where they were (office, home, etc), at what point in the day was this question asked and what the relationship between the host and guest is? What were they talking about before this question was asked?

Source author: Mamta Reid liveandsmile@hotmail.com

Accepted or refused? --- It is unclear if the guest has accepted or refused. We would need more information to know what was said after to know the final answer: It could be have ended as a yes or a no.

Source author: Mamta Reid liveandsmile@hotmail.com

The TRUE tale of the other sorry... --- 1. It was indeed a finely tuned sorry. Tuned to say we are sorry but at no point are we apologizing. Apologizing may appear in this situation, as a sign of guilt. Would have we seen such a letter no soldiers were being detained? As I noted in my other HT, the US may well have known what the sorries would be translated into back in Beijing.

1. I will post my attempt in seperate HT :)

Source author: Hervé Pool erve619@gmail.com

Sorry not sorry --- At no point does the letter appear to issue an apology for the incident. However, smart move by the US to not use the word which the Chinese would usually associate with an apology. They rather went with a word that would merely express some sense of compassion. I have been fortunate to undertake my studies in mandarin to observe (with objectivity) that the Chinese are brilliant linguists. In order to save face, the Chinese press may well easily juggle the words & sentences to imply responsibility from the US of A.

Source author: Hervé Pool erve619@gmail.com

I agree --- When "sorry" isn't enough. The US did not take responsibility for the death of the pilot. My thought is that if they had done so (although I am in no way condoning it) is that if they had taken responsibility, it might have escalated retaliation by the Chinese.

Source author: Marie Betts-Johnson mbj@ipicalifornia.com

Was Biden's --- statement deliberately ambiguous or a mispoken utterance? "We have made-kept every commitment." In my opinion he was trying to reassure NATO and the allies that he would take action should there be an invasion of Taiwan in this case. The issue here is credibility. As in Shakespeare "The lady (in this case the man) doth protest too much, methinks."

Source author: Marie Betts-Johnson mbj@ipicalifornia.com

An utterance --- is even more serious when there's an "open mike!" This has led to the downfall of many a politician! Sometimes an utterance can be as simple as a "sigh," and walking quietly away...leaving no doubt as to the meaning.

Source author: Marie Betts-Johnson mbj@ipicalifornia.com

In English --- I believe the saying is "Do what I say but not as I do!" Yes, depending on the situation, people hear what they want to hear, not what's actually being said. Journalists thrive on "spinning" the message to deliver a story that their audience "wants" to hear.

Source author: Marie Betts-Johnson mbj@ipicalifornia.com

Cultural contexts --- are notorious for misinterpretation. In high-context societies, the intent of the message may be couched in stories, where one has to ruminate on what the possible meaning might be. They are deliberately indirect so nobody loses face. In other cultures, the US for example, where they are low-context - "Say what you mean and mean what you say." "No time for beating around the bush," being direct is seen as a virtue and indirect messages are oftentimes misunderstood leading to conflict...this is particularly detrimental in negotiations.

Source author: Marie Betts-Johnson mbj@ipicalifornia.com

Depends on the context --- If they just met by chance, dependant on the circumstances, perhaps the request was extended out of politeness and the receiver genuinely had to get home to rest. On the other hand, if they had emerged from a heated debate...the "requester" might be trying to smooth things over, being curteous and saving face and the other person may be hoping to make an escape. There are so many possibilities and more information is needed to draw a solid conclusion.

Source author: Marie Betts-Johnson mbj@ipicalifornia.com

Acknowledgment --- The second sorry clearly constitutes an acknowledgment of a wrongful act on their part: "what we did was not in accordance with our duties".

Source author: Liliana Oliva Bernal loliva@sre.gob.mx

Zoom --- Totally agree with you both, André and Biljana.

Zoom has greatly empoverished the communicative force of context and, on the same token, it has recalled us the importance of other components of communication, including body language.

Needless to mention the challenge of talking to someone with its camera switched-off...

Source author: Liliana Oliva Bernal loliva@sre.gob.mx

Cultural sensitivity --- I think we cannot stress enough the importance of cultural sensitivity in diplomacy and in communication in general.

Taking the example of the commonly used phrases by britons in the Anglo-EU dictionary: Being acquainted with british politeness makes it easier to understand that a given phrase may be an euphemism for intending X or Y.

Source author: Liliana Oliva Bernal loliva@sre.gob.mx

8 Module Infographic Link is now public --- My apology Biljana, the link was restricted access. It is now public as are the other infographics.

Source author: John D. Hipsley jhipsley@igc.org

Keep us informed! --- Your question is addressed at expert observers not the distant layman.

The absence of follow-through is usually an indication of whether a commitment is nothing more than hot-air.

Having said that, there may be advantages to making statements that can't be delivered to, which is why most politicians try to remain vague on figures so as not to be accused of failure even though they may have successfully achieved their ulterior motives, as you suggest. These may involve increased influence, funds or other benefits.

Source author: Biljana Scott biscott@diplomacy.edu

Clause-initial performatives --- Thank you for the link. It's a very lengthy report. Were you happy with the final product?

Glancing through it, the clause initial performatives in both the pre-amble and the main text are very salient. Were there many debate on which verbs should be used?

Source author: Biljana Scott biscott@diplomacy.edu

Sorry for what, exactly? --- LOL, you looked up the answer, Hervé!

The first apology is, as everybody will recognise, a conventional expression of sympathy and condolence.

The second is finely tuned - I welcome your own analysis of what exactly is being apologised for.

Alternatively, if you want to turn the exercise on its head, how would you craft a sentence in which you use the word 'sorry' but absolve yourself of agency.

Source author: Biljana Scott biscott@diplomacy.edu

What is the Practicing Field of Diplomacy --- I have seen that most of our classmates mentioned that diplomacy according to Vienna Convention is defined as to focus on the interest of sending state in a receiving state. My question is 'Can we have diplomats or diplomacy applicable in institutions or organisations within a country or outside a country with another organisation or institution'?

Source author: Mohammad Daud Mahmoody dauodmahmoody@gmail.com

If you were forced to choose --- If you were to hazard a guess based on the information available, would it be a 'yes please' or 'no thank you'?

Source author: Biljana Scott biscott@diplomacy.edu

Tripartite: Detached, Intuitive, Invested --- Meanwhile, on the visual-verbal nexus, I too find it interesting that we seem to express a default bias either towards 'analytical analysis' or 'image thinking'.

'Detached' thinking is rational, precise and word-based. It can sometimes seem cold and uninvested.

'Intuitive' thinking (your image-based category) uses associations, metaphors and analogies. These people see the larger picture. they sometimes seem off-topic however as links that are evident to them aren't obvious to others.

I would add a third category 'Invested' - people for whom the expression of feeling is central to their approach, connections between people are prioritised.

Judging from a previous entry, André is an Invested thinker. His self-description about being impassioned and even his question about whether this will be damaging to others confirm this analysis!!

Source author: Biljana Scott biscott@diplomacy.edu

I can't access your page! --- I can't seem to get past the Google Drive 'access denied' page that your link takes me to John. I've pressed "request access" but 24 hours later still can't see your visualisation. Please can you help me?

Source author: Biljana Scott biscott@diplomacy.edu

OMG I sound like an agony aunt!! --- I am a great believer in the advantages of diversity and would advise against any profession narrowing down its work-force to cookie-cutter clones. Diverse personality types are as likely to strengthen a community as a diverse gene pool is a species. An impassioned view, well articulated, is often much more convincing than a coldly analytical bullet-point approach.

However, as we know from evolution, strengths in some contexts may be weaknesses in others. This relativity means that we should always be alert to how best to respond to any given situation. So the Q is not whether your style might work against you in general but in which contexts it might do so and what to do about it just then. In other words, play to your strengths but choose your moment.

Source author: Biljana Scott biscott@diplomacy.edu

Sorry not sorry? --- At no point does the letter appear to issue an apology for the incident. However, smart move by the US to not use the word which the Chinese would usually associate with an apology. They rather went with a word that would merely express some sense of compassion. I have been fortunate to undertake my studies in mandarin to observe (with objectivity) that the Chinese are brilliant linguists. In order to save face, the Chinese press may well easily juggle the words & sentences to imply responsibility from the US of A.

Source author: Hervé Pool erve619@gmail.com

Sympathy vs Empathy --- It appears to be an expression of sorrow, but the letter stops short of expressing or rather portraying an apology for the death of the pilot.

Source author: Hervé Pool erve619@gmail.com

YES/NO --- Many of my colleagues would agree that sometimes it is better to be economical with the 'truth' than to lie which is very often, the easiest way out.

Source author: Hervé Pool erve619@gmail.com

Refused...? --- At a first glance, it appears he/she has refused the coffee. An excuse was also given to the host. But i agree with André in that the body language accompanying the response must be also be taken into consideration.

Source author: Hervé Pool erve619@gmail.com

Deference --- I'm not quite sure how to classify this. Ultimately it is not an apology per se, but more of an expression of defence to the authority of the Chinese in their own airspace, which authority the Americans violated for reasons that were outside their control.

Source author: André Xuereb andre.xuereb@um.edu.mt

Empathy --- This seems to demonstrate, or at least attempt to convey, some measure of empathy from the US leadership to the family of the pilot that was killed in action.

Source author: André Xuereb andre.xuereb@um.edu.mt

Well, would you blame them? --- Once bitten, twice shy.

Source author: André Xuereb andre.xuereb@um.edu.mt

We wouldn't be having this discussion... --- ... if Biden had made this statement before the fall of Afghanistan.

Source author: André Xuereb andre.xuereb@um.edu.mt

This is the main point... --- ... at least in my opinion. One could argue about whether or not the root cause of the fall of Afghanistan to the Taliban was domestic US politics (as Merkel implied), the failed Afghan government, or something else entirely. However, I would go one step further and argue that the Taliban is, in some sense, an internal force. In this sense, the takeover can be seen as a (non-democratic) change in the leadership of the country but definitely not an invasion. It is this characterisation that sets it apart from a possible Chinese takeover of Taiwan. One complication, of course, is that China does not accept Taiwan as a separate entity so it is conceivable that they'd argue that Biden should similarly stay out of any change in Taiwanese leadership, whether voluntary from the point of view of the Taiwanese or not.

Source author: André Xuereb andre.xuereb@um.edu.mt

Humans are storytellers --- This way of replying invites further discussion.

Source author: André Xuereb andre.xuereb@um.edu.mt

Body language --- A nod, a smile, or indeed the opposite.

Source author: André Xuereb andre.xuereb@um.edu.mt

Either..? --- I would rely on the accompanying body language because this really could go either way.

Source author: André Xuereb andre.xuereb@um.edu.mt

Zoom 🙁 --- The past couple of years have made it almost impossible to appreciate this component, at least for the most part. I wonder if studies will show a change in behaviour some time down the line due to this.

Source author: André Xuereb andre.xuereb@um.edu.mt

Cultural differences --- One of my biggest failings is the utter failure to keep my Mediterranean passion under contro when debating (or arguing) about something that I have strong feelings about. I often wonder whether this could work against me in a setting with different cultures or nationalities.

Source author: André Xuereb andre.xuereb@um.edu.mt

Lesson #1? --- Passive aggressiveness is a useful technique 😊

Source author: André Xuereb andre.xuereb@um.edu.mt

Mexico remarking predisposition toward Climate goals to ease doubts --- At the same time that president López Obrador has formally introduced on behalf of the people’s public interest an initiative to amend the Mexican constitution with a complete turn around on the principles ruling generating electric power in the whole country by private companies (a PERFORMATIVE ACT that could be MISREPRESENTED in its INTERPRETATION for an INTENTION to increase the share of fossil fuel in the energy matrix of México), president López Obrador just emphasized at his famous daily press conference its aim to increase in the future hydro-electric power generation from 8% to 18% (one of the reasons behind could be to make clear before international and local audiences what does this constitutional amendment initiative means in terms of impact on climate, giving the CONTEXT he has been -for decades- a strong supporter of Mexican Oil & Gas State Company: PEMEX). ¿Could this being considered a case of SMART PERSUASION helping him to achieve Mexico’s diplomatic objectives introducing FACT BASED ARGUMENT or in what aspects do you think it falls short on that and lingers more toward just HOT AIR?

Source author: Eric Suzán Reed esuzan@sre.gob.mx

Predica con el ejemplo --- ‘Preach with your actions’ (implying: Not with your words) is one of the phrases commonly used in Spanish in México. I asume the phrase is of global use in multiple countries and cultures as a legacy of ancient wisdom (used in religious contexts as well as in everyday life) and a common place in an eternally present pedagogical and practical millenarian discussion humans have carried out in a recurrent fashion on the power of actions as contrasted with WORDS.

Source author: Eric Suzán Reed esuzan@sre.gob.mx

the point Biljana is making in this part of the essay remains --- Even with these actions aimed at “preaching” the challenge remains: there is no guarantee that an spectator of an ACTION carried out by us will necessarily capture its original MEANING as she/he could not be aware in full detail of the CONTEXT that brought ourselves to carry out the action the spectator is perceiving. Besides, our intentions can be MISREPRESENTED in the mind of the spectator if she/he has not being part of the dynamics of INTERACTIONS that preceded our action being just observed. The possibility of an intake/UPTAKE by the spectator that goes far away from what is “really” going on, is still potentially there.

Source author: Eric Suzán Reed esuzan@sre.gob.mx

Going back to the principle It is not what you say but what they hear... --- Paraphrasing: “It is not what you do but what they PERCIBE what determines the INTERPRETATION of what is happening”, preaching by example could increase its intended influence on third persons if accompanied by a pertinent pedagogical speech that explains the action carried out. Remembering that even ACTION use to require -in this sense- EXPLANATORY WORDS, makes me agree even more with Biljana that words uttered in diplomatic interactions benefits from a PERTINENT SKILLFUL USE OF LANGUAGE.

Source author: Eric Suzán Reed esuzan@sre.gob.mx

Reparation as perlocution --- What an interesting example, thank you!

I would classify reparation as a so-called 'perlocution', in that it is a possible outcome but not a necessary one since financial compensation is not an integral part of an apology.

However, in a culture where reparation is expected, the boundary becomes fuzzy between what is being promised implicitly (in this case this would be the illocution) and what is subsequently delivered.

In linguistic theory, perlocution has proven so difficult to quantify and therefore controversial that it has been pretty much dropped from linguistic analysis. This has simply shifted the goalpost from linguistics to sociology.

Source author: Biljana Scott biscott@diplomacy.edu

Dead link --- Please post the link again, Petru!

Source author: Biljana Scott biscott@diplomacy.edu

Squirrels, grass and the creative sensitivity --- Here is a pertinent quote from George Eliot on the sensitivity of the creative soul

'If we could hear the squirrel's heartbeat, the sound of the grass growing, we should die of that roar.'

Source author: Biljana Scott biscott@diplomacy.edu

It takes all sorts --- Eric, the risk a mistaken uptake is always there, agreed! Context aside, some people are inclined to over-interpret utterances because that is their take on the world whereas others (more 'thick skinned') seem quite oblivious to nuance and implications.

This distinction plays out at a cultural level as well, and I don't only have national cultures in mind. Insular communities (where what goes round may come round to slap you in the face) tend to communicate in more coded fashions and therefore read more into what little has been said. Shrinks have to be more sensitive to implicit meaning than the 'man on the street'.

The challenge is that we cannot possibly follow up on everybody's uptake all of the time, which is why communities so quickly develop conventions of communication - margins within which they tacitly agree to operate.

Source author: Biljana Scott biscott@diplomacy.edu

This is a very brave proposal but... --- ...perhaps you might consider some other options, Petru, as your suggestion about depressions, with all due respect, is, if I may be so bold, perhaps not the best way, though I suspect not the worst either, not by far, of responding. Please bear in mind that the exclusionary nature of jokes is bound to make us feel left out at one time or another, what, what, fair play and all that, old boy!

Source author: Biljana Scott biscott@diplomacy.edu

How we frame the argument --- Thank you for pointing us to the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, Petru, and for summarising the main aims of diplomacy. Since most of the activities that you enumerate are carried out through language, I would be reluctant to say that they occur 'beyond' language.

You have been very helpful in confirming the main point of this lecture, which is that any attempt to create a words VERSUS action divide is potentially misleading. I say 'potentially' because in certain cases (broken promises, empty apologies, false assurances) a conflict between words and action does arise.

Source author: Biljana Scott biscott@diplomacy.edu

Re. birth of economic diplomacy --- Absolutely. Well summarised, Malefetsane. In addition, the stable presence of a country representative also contributed to building trust on a personal level as well, which ends up being an important element in any human relation.

Source author: Marília Maciel MariliaM@diplomacy.edu

Modern and contemporary ED --- The text makes reference to the importance of economic relations and trade to the shaping of early modern diplomacy at the 15th century. On top of that, your comments make an interesting reference to how the link between 'political' and 'economic' has been strengthened in modern-day diplomacy of our present times. Cecilia provides a good example of how economic diplomacy can be instrumental to achieving several broader objectives, which reflect the interests, priorities and needs of countries in a particular moment in time. In a (post) pandemic context, for example, many countries' public health objectives (ex. access to vaccines) are a cornerstone of their economic recovery. Naturally, these goals have become part of their economic diplomacy strategies as well.

Source author: Marília Maciel MariliaM@diplomacy.edu

Re. China-Japan treaty --- Thank you for providing this very concrete example of the impact of peaceful and friendly political relations on economic relations and trade, Tarniem.

Source author: Marília Maciel MariliaM@diplomacy.edu

Impact of friendly relations --- Interesting exanchange and examples, Malefetsane and Cecilia. In addition to what you mentioned, we should also consider that, at a subnational level, the political relationship between countries is a key determinant of collective emotions of consumers and trading companies and consequently of the interactions between importers and exporters.

Source author: Marília Maciel MariliaM@diplomacy.edu

Re. economic diplomacy concept --- Thank you for providing this very good example, Cecilia. Based on it, some observations can be made: a) there is no common definition of economic diplomacy. We will find many different formulations in textbooks and and advanced by national governments; b) despite the lack of a single definition, it is possible to identify some core elements of economic diplomacy, such as securing national (economic) interests through international relations for example; c) definitions may express specific goals that countries wish to fulfill in a particular moment in time - from the internalisation of MSMEs to promoting post-pandemic economic recovery (which is at the top of the agenda for many countries in present days), for example.

Source author: Marília Maciel MariliaM@diplomacy.edu

Globalisation --- Globalization has created intense competition for resources and markets. To sustain their economies, countries are left with no choice but to prioritise economic diplomacy in order to promote their exports and attract the much needed foreign direct investment flows.

Source author: Lapologang Judah lapoduna@gmail.com

Modern diplomacy: the case of Mexico --- I would like to add Tamiem Shokry that in Latin America, modern diplomacy has opened up a range of possibilities in foreign policy. In the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, in the case of Mexico, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs is now also in charge of the search and supply of vaccines as part of the Multilateral Affairs and Human Rights area, which in turn manages the portfolio of economic promotion, trade and investment.

Source author: Cecilia Treemonisha Barros Ruiz cbarros@sre.gob.mx

Bartering in Nigeria --- Your comment about bartering is very interesting Malefstane Dominic as the basis of diplomacy. I would like to add that nowadays for example the Akpabuyo community in Nigeria, instead of using currency, the necessities are covered by exchanging between people what they have available as part of their costumes and culture.

Source author: Cecilia Treemonisha Barros Ruiz cbarros@sre.gob.mx

Commercial staff --- I would like to share with the classroom the experience of Mexico in this matter. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs privileges both administrative models, the commercial attaché and the diplomatic one, not only in the Mexican embassies, but also in the consular branch, we find civilian trade specialists in consulates and embassies appointed for their specialized knowledge.However, career diplomats also carry out commercial functions without having always commercial training, but rather the commitment to update themselves on commercial issues through courses and training during their diplomatic careers.

Source author: Cecilia Treemonisha Barros Ruiz cbarros@sre.gob.mx

Is there still a need for a resident Mission? --- the answer is yes:

1. Having people on the ground provides added value in terms of obtaining insight into what is going on in the host country. a country with people on the ground is more likely to get a more accurate assessment of a local opportunities, risks and developments.

2. Maintaining a resident embassy allows for people-to-people contact which cannot be substituted with telephone and email.

Source author: Simataa Matali simatamatali@icloud.com

Bank lending --- This is the most common source of external finance for many SMEs and entrepreneurs, which are often heavily reliant on traditional debt to fulfill their start-up, cash flow and investment needs. While it is commonly used by small businesses, however, traditional bank finance poses challenges to SMEs, in particular to newer, innovative and fast growing companies, with a higher risk-return profile.

Source author: Tarniem Shokry Iskandar tar.eskander@hotmail.com

One view on the modern diplomacy --- can be perceived especially in the economic terms, which can be that the modern diplomatic functions do not follow only the political issues, but complement the political issues with the economic ones. A typical representative for this is the economic diplomacy, whose primary task is to “increase common welfare through the expansion of national export and foreign direct investments”.

Source author: Tarniem Shokry Iskandar tar.eskander@hotmail.com

Diplomatic Protection --- The work on diplomatic protection should take into account the development of international law in increasing recognition and protection of the rights of individuals and providing them with more direct and indirect access to international forums to enforce their rights.

Source author: Tarniem Shokry Iskandar tar.eskander@hotmail.com

China-Japan Treaty --- Following the conclusion of the Japan-China Treaty of peace and friendship, relations between the two countries have developed at a remarkable pace, widening and deepening in all sectors. In the economic and trading field, two-way trade has grown six times over the seven years since the normalization of diplomatic relations.

Source author: Tarniem Shokry Iskandar tar.eskander@hotmail.com

Birds of a feather --- flock together! Creating a conducive environment for people of the same understanding and/or fraternity makes things run smooth and thereby allowing a balanced gain to all parties depending on each's interests. Win win situation is key in diplomacy, hence demands and concessions are the guiding features thereof.

Source author: Malefetsane Dominic Mosala mosalalaw@gmail.com

Birth of economic diplomacy. --- Of course the tensions and misunderstandings brought about by different backgrounds in the field of trade, be they cultural, religious and otherwise necessitated the need to establish a more calm, focused and friendly way of fulfilling everyone's financial or economical interests. Diplomatic platform was the way out as only certain calibre of individuals who understood the need for friendly cooperation, with the necessary expertise had to be engaged.

Source author: Malefetsane Dominic Mosala mosalalaw@gmail.com

Absence of friendly relations!!! --- Indeed exchange of goods which demonstrates the value of bargaining cannot easily boom in the absence of friendly relations. This kind of behaviour and/or engagement was practised way back in my African culture where commodities had no monetary value and as thus exchange of goods and services was done through bartering (barter system). The success of which was the basis of diplomacy and maintenance of good relations with "thy neighbours".

Source author: Malefetsane Dominic Mosala mosalalaw@gmail.com

The Meaning of Meaning --- A book that has influenced my understanding of language is “The Meaning of Meaning” by C.K. Ogden and I.A. Richards. In 1909 Ogden (1889-1957) began a study of International Communication and the influence of language on thought. He built upon an empirical foundation studying how schools and universities taught language-teaching methods.

Most appealing about this book is both the contribution to the study of the influence of language on thought; and, their elucidation of the science of symbolism.

Their opening chapter begins with a quote by Lao Tzu: “He who knows does not speak, he who speaks does not know.” Beneath the surface-level interpretation is concealed a depth of wisdom.

Source author: John D. Hipsley jhipsley@igc.org

false dichotomies ... and more than one "science" --- I really like the title of your post, Vid. I definitely agree - we need to move away from false dichotomies. So, for example, in discussions on science diplomacy, we often say things like "the world of science and the world of diplomacy". It's a useful short-hand, but we need to explore it further and really unpack what we mean - in a given context. For example, the main text for this module, 'Introduction to science diplomacy' ends with a list of skills that scientists typically have and one that diplomats typically have. Helpful as an orientation, but also an over-generalisation. (Thanks for the science article, it's a good reminder that social sciences provide another important piece of the puzzle. In this case vaccine hesitancy, but we might also ask about the challenges of translating scientific findings into policy)

Source author: Katharina Höne KatharinaH@diplomacy.edu

Moving away from (false) dichotomies... --- Coming from a background in hardcore natural (life) sciences and crossing over or at least familiar enough to appreciate social sciences, I'd like to submit both are important to address the global challenges. Taking into account the example of COVID-19 vaccine, its development falls under natural sciences, but the reasons behind its uptake or lack of enters the realm of social sciences. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-021-01459-7

Advent of internet and the era it ushered in is an example of a paradigm shift that comes to mind, within our lifetime impacting every aspect of our lives, and evermore prominent to keep us connected despite a pandemic.

Basic (theoretical AND experimental) vs. applied research ought to give way to more useful concepts of convergence and emergence of new scientific areas and technologies - the understanding that it is inherently complex and unpredictable.

https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/319006.At_Home_in_the_Universe https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/30753840-convergence?\

Source author: Vid Nukala Vid.Nukala@gmail.com

Additional fundaments for persuasion --- In my view, we should add flexibility and adaptability as extra fundaments for the art of persuasion. As said in weeks before, there is a need for the humanitarian diplomat to avoid one size fits all and analyse and operationalize according to the context. I can be according to geografical area, culture, beliefs and other components.

Source author: Riyadh Sidat riyadh.sidat@un.org