The 30 biggest Chinese video-game makers account for 18% of the industry’s global sales outside China.

The firm that makes them, Joyy, is based in Singapore, just like TikTok.

“ AI factories”,

n 2018 the EU launched Euro HPC , a bloc-wide project to expand number-crunching capacity. The outfit is set to spend nearly €8bn ($8.7bn) between 2018 and 2027 on a dozen or so new supercomputers.

46% of Chinese get their news from short-video apps such as Douyin, the domestic form of TikTok which has about 740m active monthly users (China’s population is 1.4bn).

the Congo canyon

Just five submarine cables (including one under construction) run up Africa’s west coast between South Africa and Nigeria. Three of these were knocked offline on March 14th.

Third, and most important, big tech has the greatest potential to control every layer of the stack, from chips to applications.

Hippocratic AI , has trained its model on data from exams to enter medical school, to give accurate medical advice.

Nixtla developed Time GPT , a model for financial forecasting.

to respond to queries (“inference”, in tech-speak)

Technological breakthroughs tend to elevate new tech giants.

We examined

to get a sense of which businesses are real winners in the AI boom

Nvidia’s AI chips, also known as graphics processor units ( GPU s) or “accelerators”, were initially designed for video games.

Since January 2023 the chipmaker’s share price has surged by almost 450%.

could be considered a Hindu. Jains and Buddhists could be. But Muslims and Christians, as adherents of “non-Indic” religions, could not be part of the Hindu nation unless they renounced their faith.

He says the mightiest Blackwell system, known pithily as GB 200 NVL 72, can train a model larger than Chat GPT using about a quarter as much electrical power as the best available processors.

Moreover, Nvidia’s larger integrated systems contain around 600,000 components, many of which come from China.

Crucially, they will rely on (mostly rented) Nvidia GPU s, further tying customers into the firm’s hardware-software ecosystem.

It believes that many businesses will soon move on from toying with Chat GPT to deploying their own gen AI s.

“accelerated-computing”,

By contrast, computinghardware has a finite throughput: if one actor is using some computing power, anotheractor cannot use that same computing power at the same time

Concentration of the AI Chip Supply Chain

The recent advances in Chinese chipmakingcapacity, such as the fabrication of a 7nm chip25for Huawei phones (Liu 2023) haveincreased concerns about the controls accelerating China’s progress towards AI chipsupply chain independence and thus diminishing U.S. capacity to control access tocompute.

The three keytechnical inputs to producing AI capabilities are data, algorithms, and compute, alsoreferred to as the “AI triad”

First, governance of computecan help increase regulatoryvisibilityinto AI capabilities and use; second, it can steerAI progress by changing theallocationof resources toward safe and beneficial usesof AI; third, it can enhanceenforcementof prohibitions against reckless or maliciousdevelopment or use.

Relative to other key inputs to AI (data andalgorithms), AI-relevant compute is a particularly effective point of intervention: it isdetectable,excludable, andquantifiable, and is produced via an extremelyconcentrated supply chain.

Project managers will not be going away, but they will need to embrace these changes and take advantage of the new technologies.

Because AI is ignorant of silos, knows no boundaries within the company, has no limits to its reading capacity or attention span, and is immune from internal politics, it can enable strategic intelligence staff — including those working in marketing intelligence, strategy, and strategic management accounting — to breach a company’s internal knowledge walls.

to real-time inference of otherwise hidden information about a company from publicly disclosed documents such as annual reports, quarterly financials, press releases, statements, and social media posts.

“Is there any statement of strategic relevance for the company XYZ in the following paragraph?

to Uncover Hidden Information

AI can become the watchful eye that spots useful insights in the field of competitive intelligence.

growing problem of information overload regarding markets and competitors,

AI is great at identifying patterns and providing predictions for well-formulated problems, but it fails to practice emotional intelligence and exercise moral or ethical judgment.

to balance privacy with security, trust with safety, helpfulness with respect for others’ autonomy, and, of course, values with short-term financial metrics.

Norbert Wiener, the father of cybernetics, proposed a similar idea in a seminal 1960 Science article, launching an entire academic discipline focused on ensuring that automated tools incorporate the values of their creators.

Overanalyzing

Rumination is best described as a mental loop where you dwell on past events, particularly negative or distressing ones.

Teams in the experimental groups could use ChatGPT during both ideation phases, and they were encouraged to train the tool on the problem by inputting material from the information sheets.

problem–centric, people–first, and principle–driven.

The snail’s pace of research and publishing is badly suited to Silicon Valley’s speed.

is both an insider and an outsider.

Qatar and the UAE increased

Western diplomacy must seek to counter Russian disinformation across the global south.

If the West tried to use secondary sanctions to force the world to comply, it would backfire, leading some countries to abandon the American-led financial system.

Russia’s economy has been re-engineered. Oil exports bypass sanctions and are shipped to the global south. Western brands from bmw to h&m have been replaced with Chinese and local substitutes. In textbooks and the media a seductive narrative of nationalism and Russian victimhood is promulgated.

Christopher Myers of Johns Hopkins University is a fan of informal storytelling as a way of passing on tacit knowledge.

Working alongside experienced colleagues is the best way to transfer tacit knowledge but it is not always possible.

Startups and corporations are already designing software to make it easy to switch between Open AI ’s current top model, GPT -4, and alternatives.

In January America’s Federal Trade Commission launched an antitrust probe into Open AI ’s deal with Microsoft. Regulators in Britain and the EU are considering similar moves.

If the probability distribution of the words is flat, ie many words have similar likelihoods of being chosen, this means that there is less certainty as to which is most likely.

One solution is retrieval augmented generation ( RAG ), which splits the job of the AI model into two parts: retrieval and generation

This is a later stage of training in which the model’s weights, which encode statistical relationships between the words and phrases in the training data, are updated for a specific task

he fundamental problem is that language models are probabilistic, while truth is not.

Many countries are more than happy to play both sides—receiving Chinese investment and intermediate goods, and exporting finished products to America.

On February 20th Silo AI , a Finnish firm, unveiled a new LLM that is even more open than Mistral’s, furnishing information about the data on which it is trained and the software that did the job.

to divulge its data recipe

This places them among the 100 or so people worldwide who really know how to train cutting-edge models.

“It’s no longer about being bigger—it’s about being creative and being fast,”

in establishing an internal “data and analytics culture”, which plenty of businesses find stubbornly difficult to nurture.

three big categories: window-dressing, tools for workers with low to middling skills, and those for a firm’s most valuable employees.

more than 300 AI use cases in production today”

n February only about 5% of American firms of all sizes said they used AI . A further 7% of firms plan to adopt it within six months (see chart).

According to a recent survey from the Boston Consulting Group ( BCG ), a majority of executives said it will take at least two years to “move beyond the hype” around AI .

The spread of the typewriter put some workers out of a job: “With the aid of this little machine an operator can accomplish more correspondence in a day than half a dozen clerks can with the pen, and do better work,” said an observer in 1888.

The Global AI Index is underpinned by 111 indicators, collected from 28 different public and private data sources, and 62 governments. These are split across seven sub-pillars: Talent, Infrastructure, Operating Environment, Research, Development, Government Strategy and Commercial.

However, in our research, we found 35 countries who have made any significant stride in GenAI ever.

TikTok has also injected welcome competition into the social-media market. Six of last year’s ten most-downloaded apps came from Meta, Facebook’s owner. TikTok, which beat them to the top spot, has brought in a wave of innovation. Consumers everywhere are the winners.

True, it hoovers up users’ data. But there is no evidence that it takes more than it claims (or indeed more than rivals such as Facebook).

if ministers took all the advice offered on the National Tutoring Service, accepted it fully, and then it failed, the blame would rest firmly on the civil servants offering that advice.

Political impartiality has been a key principle of the civil service since the famous Northcote-Trevelyan report of 1854, the foundation document for the way civil servants should be appointed and should operate once in post.

Explainable AI

“tea” and “sea” would be farther apart because they have dissimilar meanings and are not used together often, even though they have similar spelling.

Types of vector embeddings

Read the texts themselves: Seneca, Caesar, or Marcus Aurelius, when possible.

By that text, titled “Promotion of inclusive and effective international tax cooperation at the United Nations” (document A/C.2/78/L.18/Rev.1), the Assembly would stress that efforts in international tax cooperation should be universal in approach and scope and fully consider the different needs and capacities of all States, in particular developing countries and countries in special situations.  The Committee approved it by a recorded vote of 125 in favour to 48 against, with 9 abstentions (Armenia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Iceland, Mexico, Norway, Peru, Türkiye, United Arab Emirates).

Following the UN Secretary-General’s report earlier this year highlighting the exclusionary nature of the OECD’s tax work, however, we now see a most welcome formal challenge.

by despite the tendency for multi-stakeholder processes to water things down”

a free Assistant in ChatGPT called AI Diagrams.

one common definition of weight is the importance given to individual input features when training a machine learning model

Factors such as the intense US-China tech rivalry and the escalating chip embargo on Chinese AI firms further diminish the government’s incentive to impose strict regulation.

distributing power, catalyzing innovation, and ensuring transparency

n the EU, open foundation models trained with fewer than 1025floating point operations (a measure of the amount of compute expended) appear to be exempted under the recently negotiated AI Act.

For each key finding below, more granular response categories are presented in the main text, along with demographic breakdowns of interest.

llamaindex_agentic_rag.ipynb

LangChain and LlamaIndex.

a time-weighted approach would help us retrieve the most recent document.

we use list comprehension to get text embeddings for all text chunks.

it is crucial to split the document into smaller chunks so that it's more effective to identify and retrieve the most relevant information in the retrieval process later.

The Act takes a “risk approach”, i.e. it conditions intervention on the basis of the expected “risk” of the application – but not a market power approach.

Customers don't want to go to two places to find information and get answers.

o promoting digital skills along the entire education chain

to counteract the possible leakage of critical technologies and knowledge.

with our values and interests.

improving geo-redundancy.

the expansion and protection of submarine data cables, terrestrial optical fibres and new satellite constellations

democratic partners

also

innovative, secure, trustworthy, human-centric and sustainable artificial intelligence (AI).

in particular through our cooperation in ‘Team Europe’.

we are enhancing bilateral cooperation with partners who share our values and who are important political, economic and regulatory players in the digital sphere.

We consider the multi-stakeholder approach essential for global digital networking.

We want to avoid duplicate structures, which make a broad-based and inclusive participation of stakeholders in international bodies harder

economic interdependencies in the area of digitalization do not adversely affect our security.

Especially in the Global South, standards can be a way to remove obstacles to development, promote innovations and stimulate economic growth in a sustainable manner.

We advocate for corresponding binding rules on digital trade at international level. Moreover, we support the efforts of the EU with regard to rules on digital trade, in particular in trade agreements. We are coordinating closely with the other EU Member States and the European Commission in international negotiations. We also take into account the challenges faced by the countries of the Global South.

he FAIR principle (findable, accessible, interoperable, reusable) for data.

the concept of Data Free Flow with Trust (DFFT)

We are promoting broad-based options for participation in order to make digital policy decision-making processes and digital participation as inclusive as possible.

This includes our commitment in the G7, the Group of Twenty (G20), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), the Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization (WTO), international financial institutions such as the World Bank and the UN, including the ITU. We coordinate closely with the other EU Member States and the European Commission.

net neutrality is an overriding principle in the Internet ecosystem.

or a global, open, free and secure Internet

Russia also ranked 38th out 193 countries in the latest AI -readiness index by Oxford Insights, a consultancy; America came first.

Yandex, Russia’s search giant, has integrated an LLM , Yandex GPT -2, into its virtual-assistant service, known as “Alice”.

as well as clarifying the principles and norms under which various organizations should operate.

A ‘distributed-CERN’ reimagined for AI, networked across diverse states and regions, could expand opportunities for greater involvement

Chaos theory is about systems where small changes to the initial conditions result in extremely large changes in the results.

Flood watches remained in place for nearly 40 million people.

Sometimes referred to as data-centre alley, northern Virginia is home to just over three square kilometres of data centres, most of which are within 75 square kilometres in Loudoun County.

Because AI is based on matrix maths, it involves large blocks of computation being done at once, which means a lot of transistors have to change states very quickly. That draws a lot more power than normal computer tasks, which flip far fewer transistors at once for a typical calculation.

However, it warned the cables at some points run at a depth of 100 metres, reducing the need for hi-tech submarines. In 2013, three divers were arrested in Egypt for attempting to cut an undersea cable near the port of Alexandria that provides much of the internet capacity between Europe and Egypt.

for the first time

its own Global AI Governance Initiative in October, calling on major powers to take “a prudent and responsible attitude” on military use of artificial intelligence technologies.

the Political Declaration on the Responsible Military Use of Artificial Intelligence and Autonomy a year ago.

A paper by Rebecca Johnson, a researcher at the University of Sydney, published in 2022, found that Chat GPT -3 gave replies on topics such as gun control and refugee policy that aligned most with the values displayed by Americans in the World Values Survey, a global questionnaire of public opinion.

Firms in countries that have not signed on to the American export-control regime, like Singapore, can buy chips and send them on to Chinese entities without the knowledge of the American firms or the Department of Commerce.

Publishers around the world are all too aware of this shift; over half of those recently surveyed by the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism said that they plan to devote more effort into putting stories on TikTok this year.

“It has to be short, it has to be fast,”

The emphasis on assessing academic performance by how many papers a researcher can publish, for example, acts as a powerful incentive for fraud at worst, and for gaming the system at best.

Checking models against reality is what science is supposed to be about, after all.

That can cause “model collapse”.

the company dominates the market for AI accelerator chips, accounting for 86% of such components sold globally;

The concept intentionally obfuscates (clouds, one might say) the user’s ability to see the existence of hardware.

Taylor Swift, the latest high-profile victim of a deepfake, might disagree.

let’s get rid of bloody nationalism, let’s eradicate corruption, let’s stop the brain drain, let’s provide a decent life and, above all, a future to all our citizens, let’s take care of nature and let’s live in peace. The rest – EU, UN etc. – may come sooner or it may come later: what matters most is that we take better care of people. 

Bioregionalism, thus the rivers (White Drin, Lepenac, Ibar) and their plains and basins on all sides, could function as an excellent ‘negotiator’ and connect efficiently Kosovo to Albania, Macedonia and Serbia without mobilizing the narrative of ‘Great Serbia’, ‘Great Albania’, etc.

The reality check is mind-blowing: the end of SFR Yugoslavia (1991-1992), the end of FR Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) in 2006, the loss of Kosovo (2008) and, let’s not forget, a ‘brain drain’ of unprecedent magnitude. Except for the potential breakup of the United Kingdom (Northern Ireland and Scotland), no other European country has faced such devastating consequences of its policy failures.

the EU is quite supportive of Serbia... as it needs a strong player in the region.

Both Vučić and Bosnian Serb leader Milorad Dodik have invested so much in pro-Russian sentiment that they are unable to wean themselves off it.

What is noteworthy is that Serbia is increasingly being mentioned in the same way.

Consequently, the natural European anchorage for the post-Yugoslav states is Central Europe – naturally, I am viewing this in the framework of the European Union.

the Western powers are not in control of this new conflictual world where power has become powerless, while weakness has given rise to power to the point of destabilizing the agenda of the strongest.

Politics is driven less by state initiatives and more by social dynamics –

four-fifths of grade six maths teachers in South Africa did not understand the concepts they were supposed to teach.

A chatbot can give undivided attention to each child, at any time of day, and never gets tired

The third reason is that developing countries have gaping shortages of skilled workers: there are nowhere near enough teachers, doctors, engineers or managers.

There are three main reasons for optimism.

Some developers in India are already taking Western models and fine-tuning them with local data to provide a whizzy language-translation service, avoiding the heavy capital costs of model-building.