Although... --- ... if the assertion used in the first part of the clause is clearly incorrect the listener may pick up on the device and defuse it, so to speak.

Source author: André Xuereb andre.xuereb@um.edu.mt

Not sure if I'm over analysing things --- Can we regard an ensemble of framing devices as a device unto itself? A speech that mixes universally acknowledged assertions with a few that are anything but is not the same as one that features only outlandish assertions.

Source author: André Xuereb andre.xuereb@um.edu.mt

Examples --- over-regulation vs consumer protection

nanny state vs citizen-friendly

old-fashioned vs rustic (or quaint)

Source author: André Xuereb andre.xuereb@um.edu.mt

There's a further subtlety at play here --- "Relief" brings with it a value judgement that cannot easily be ignored, as discussed in the text. I put forward that "justice" is not loaded in the same way. That is to say, to one person the word may conjure up a mental image of zero taxes whereas to another the very same word may imply raising taxes.

I would argue that the best reframing devices are of this sort, which avoid triggering an immediate push back.

Source author: André Xuereb andre.xuereb@um.edu.mt

The power of visual communication! --- Can we employ you to do our PP slides for us, John, please?!

Source author: Biljana Scott biscott@diplomacy.edu

New to me --- Thanks John, that's really interesting! Love the graphics!

Source author: Biljana Scott biscott@diplomacy.edu

Empathetic also --- I think that another powerful trait of pre-emptive arguments is not only showing that one knows the counterargument to be faced, but also that one has carefully analized it and considered it, instead of merely rejected is as wrong. This may help to show a sense of understanding and empathy towards opponents, which is usually helpful towards building bridges and finding middle ground.

Source author: Desirée Colomé Menéndez dcolome@sre.gob.mx

Paired term by Desiree --- Immigration as a national security issue vs immigration as a human security issue

Source author: Desirée Colomé Menéndez dcolome@sre.gob.mx

@John: your graphics --- Your graphics are amazing! As we are supposed to learn not only from Bi but also from all participants in the course, could you tell us what application do you use? Thank you in advance!

Source author: Petru Dumitriu PetruD@diplomacy.edu

Humility as an enhancer --- An interesting example as the speaker appeals to humility in order not to diminish but to enhance his credibility.

Source author: Biljana Scott biscott@diplomacy.edu

Not the kind of pairing I had in mind --- I would say that soft and hard power each refer to different types of power. They are paired, but they do not frame the same referent in opposing ways.

Source author: Biljana Scott biscott@diplomacy.edu

Crimea --- or even: 'liberation' versus invasion or annexation :)

Source author: Biljana Scott biscott@diplomacy.edu

Term --- Military intervention vs invasion

Source author: Hervé Pool erve619@gmail.com

Ethos and credibility --- "In part, this is because I am at the beginning, and not the end, of my labors on the world stage. Compared to some of the giants of history who've received this prize -- Schweitzer and King; Marshall and Mandela -- my accomplishments are slight"

Source author: Hervé Pool erve619@gmail.com

assertion --- "But the world must remember that it was not simply international institutions -- not just treaties and declarations -- that brought stability to a post-World War II world."

Source author: Hervé Pool erve619@gmail.com

Overprotect vs Overexpose --- Do we try to overprotect or we just overexpose children to tech, to internet and to risks that go with it !?

Source author: Vladimir Nikolov vladimir984@yahoo.com

Alternatives --- Yes, the internet has inherent risks for children..Technology also. However, what are the today's alternatives? Is there any other possibility? In what other ways can children seek information nowadays (if not on internet)? Do children use libraries? Do they use books? There was a recent project in a developing country in Europe where the Ministry of Education insisted on launching e-books for children in schools and eliminating any hard-copy books...Parents were furious because children already spend too much time in front of screens. The present system does not offer any alternatives (generally speaking), somehow we are all forced into tech and tech only.

Source author: Vladimir Nikolov vladimir984@yahoo.com

New tech and corporate marketing --- Sometimes it seems to me that the corporate marketing is so powerful and as a consequence the influenced global population easily accepts new tech...Yes, the internet and many new devices indeed present opportunities...what I rarely read is information and/or research about the negative effects of new tech that is massively accepted and used by children (or adults). Is it profit before people again?

Source author: Vladimir Nikolov vladimir984@yahoo.com

Future tech --- I've read some articles by tech innovators who think the mobile phones will soon be thing of the past...Instead they predict using body integrated devices or screen/pads video projected on our own skin on which we can dial phone numbers, surf the internet and so on...

Source author: Vladimir Nikolov vladimir984@yahoo.com

Phones & kids --- ..in this context, I know parents who used some GPS/SimCard wrist watches for children. These watches were "dumb" but you can track the children's location and also call them to check if they are ok. On the other hand who knows if the constant radiation of such devices is dangerous for the health of children. I know that many Scandinavian kindergartens banned usage of wi-fi and instead use cabled internet connection and/or use EMF/RF shielding insulation to protect children from constant exposure to EMF/RF radiation.

Source author: Vladimir Nikolov vladimir984@yahoo.com

feedback --- @Bennette, thank you for this link. I find it very relevant to this module (and useful in real life). I believe many participants will find it helpful too.

Source author: Vladimir Nikolov vladimir984@yahoo.com

Effects of online schooling --- I'm looking forward to read some new research on the effect of e-learning due to COVID-19 on children. We might soon find that the long-term psychological, emotional, social, cognitive and overall health effects the online schooling will inflict, may be comparable or as devastating as some of the risks we learn for in this module.

Source author: Vladimir Nikolov vladimir984@yahoo.com

Violence in cartoons --- Exactly...there is so much online and TV content created/targeted for children with a lot of violence (lets take cartoons, video games etc.). The creators of such content know that it will be targeting young audience (small children or teenagers) however, still, they create, sell and market such content. This contradicts all educational efforts of schools or parents, as it conflicts widely accepted ethical/moral or good behavior norms. Furthermore, we can just guess the psychological effect they inflict in children's brains.

Source author: Vladimir Nikolov vladimir984@yahoo.com

Choice --- @Nedeye. We agree totally on this one. There are existing laws which define a child as being unable to make a legally accepted decision under a detain age (in some jurisdiction it’s 16 others might be 18) and now we have parents allowing an infant under 5yrs of age to use what we may term “a lethal device” in this context against sophisticated adversaries with advanced computer knowledge and trained in grooming children. These are the many issues which policymakers governments industry experts and the judiciary must take into consideration in the fight against online child abuse and violations.

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

Liability by law --- One that has caught my attention has been the blackout challenge on tiktok which sparked an outcry following the death of 12-year-old. In that case, can parents potentially sue the online platform? Or can a state sue the parents? Who is more liable here?

Source author: Ndeye Gnagna Kone gnagna.pro@gmail.com

human botnets --- This is particularly frightening with extremism...there are cases where very young children have been brainwashed thoroughly in a long period of time online into becoming real-life terrorists...pretty much in the same principle as "botnets" activated at will but here children (real humans) groomed and controlled under the oblivious nose of their parents.

Source author: Ndeye Gnagna Kone gnagna.pro@gmail.com

Replacement --- Phones/ mobile devices represent now the pacifier, the toy, the TV, the books, etc. for children. It becomes problematic when parents use it as a way to dismiss the child requests/needs of attention and I have witnessed children as young as 1 year or less, being given phones because the parents just find it convenient for them to be at peace...how can we expect any responsible parental monitoring of children's use of the internet, like this?

Source author: Ndeye Gnagna Kone gnagna.pro@gmail.com

Choice --- How far is the notion of children's rights to choice goes in this situation where somehow, unlike the previous generations, the use of internet and technology is shoved down their throat rather than something they will steadily discover as options/tools they can choose or not to use?

Source author: Ndeye Gnagna Kone gnagna.pro@gmail.com

no informed content --- Developers and by extension vendors who sell applications which illegally capture or use private data without the consent of the user ought to be legally charged under privacy laws. If intellectual property laws are on the books for illegally making copies without the consent of the original author/artist, why aren't similar actions by app developers not prosecuted?

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

remedies and prevention --- @Eduardo. I totally agree with you that the focus should really be on prevention and not so much treatment though the latter is necessary for those who have been addicted? However, studies have shown that many of these addiction originate from one's early development and domestic upbringing. Is it a societal problem? Businesses have placed profits before people (recall the recent Facebook Scandal by the whistleblower in America) or the old adage that "Sex sells" for which all categories of humans seem to be addicted due to the psychological impact of sexual images on the psychic. How do we manage these issues?

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

"as young as three" --- Why should a parent give access to a child at age 3 knowing the danger and risks associated with illegal content or the targeting of children online? Shouldn't parents be held accountable in such instances? call it dereliction of duty or harmful child exposure?

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

what causes bullying and harassment? --- We have been discussing the effects of bullying and harassment of children online as a product of cyber activities as a major consequence/side-effect of internet technology. We acknowledge it is a serious issue which sometimes leads to both emotional and physical harm to children. Question: Have we therefore considered assisting children with psychological and emotional assistance online or making these subject areas a key aspect in helping develop remedial action through training and awareness sessions? Since we seem to have no control over pedophiles and those who seek to harm children (including dysfunction children from dysfunctional and possibly functional homes), how do we assist?

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

challenges or violet scenes --- If these so-called "challenges" result in bloodshed and violent acts perpetuated by children (and adults too) why do we labeled them as "challenges" and not say "violet scenes" or "life-threatening actions"? Maybe we need to assist by calling these behavior as it really is and not give it a look of legitimacy or normal behavior.

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

violent games --- Should the industry ban computer games labelled as "violent" in order to protect children from its emotional and psychological and possibly physically harmful effect/abuse? should the Internet be policed or regulated against such violent so-called games? who sets the standards if any? If we as adults continue to stay silent yet continue to advocate for online child protection, aren't we part of the problem?

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

digital recreation --- And what about pornographic digital cartoons depicting children, for example anime? There could be not real children in there, but probably inspired or feed from real world performances, like those employed in film making. Children are still the victims (or models of victims), but for the developers and vendors of games or videos, that could be a trick to evade prosecution.

Source author: Eduardo Ruiz Mazon eruizm@sre.gob.mx

remedies and prevention --- Internet and especially social media addiction is becoming a huge problem for children and adults. The effects on mental and psychological health will be probably only fully assessed once the first digital natives generations complain in hospitals in a massive way. But probably then, our concept of “health” will be also different. Treatment centers, like drugs addiction centers, are good, but the focus on prevention is probably more important. And, if the adults are also getting addicted, who will be able to define what is a good prevention?

Source author: Eduardo Ruiz Mazon eruizm@sre.gob.mx

separate but not separate --- Clearly, risk and harm are two different concepts, but as society evolves and technology gets more and more complex, risks are not a “given” or a natural thing. With cars there are different and maybe more risks than with horse carts, and with internet there are more risks than with unfenced playgrounds. Still could be possible that there are more risks for children in the www than in the dark net, for example if we consider the availability of the first, and the plurality of content in the first and the biased content of the second.

Source author: Eduardo Ruiz Mazon eruizm@sre.gob.mx

Education for vendors and children --- Indeed a big challenge. However, as stated by Vlada in his video, child protection in the cyberspace has been one of the areas in which international cooperation and effective technical monitoring has been more successful. But more than controls, the key point will continue to be education of children -by parents especially- on the risks of internet and developing children´s own judgment and moral compass. There will be never enough controls, if each individual child has not the capacity to distinguish what is right or harmful for him or others. Preventing kids from using computers cannot be neither an option, but exerting more controls on the developers and vendors of “legal” violent videogames and webpages, could also be helpful.

Source author: Eduardo Ruiz Mazon eruizm@sre.gob.mx

taking a chance with risks --- While I agree children must be made aware of the risks involved, playing with fire is not the best remedy for dealing with a possible burn. Who determines the level of knowledge or emotional resilience that a child has when exposed to such risks? Its like put a temptation to the child not knowing the maturity or intelligence or "street smart" nature of the child. That looks like danger..

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

risk and harm --- It is true there is a big difference between risk and harm. However, If I want to catch a fish using bait with a hook imbedded (risk) how may fishes are either aware or knowlegable of the end result of the fishing expedition (harm to the fish - dinner or lunch?<br /> By placing the child at risk or facilitating or encouraging norms, behavior and gadgets which entices the child to explore or "try it out" is actually exposing him/her to being harmed - we are not helping the process. we are in effect exploiting the child's innocence and vulnerability

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

there are always risks --- @Scott. I agree with you here. There have always been risks to children before the Internet age; conventional crimes against children were always lurking prior to the digital takeover because of the immoral nature of man; what we are up against is simply new and upgrade means of doing what perverts have done before but more technologically advanced. We need to make our children more aware of these risks while enacting legislation with punitive actions for violating the rights of a child.

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

kids use of mobile phones --- @Scott The issue is not necessarily to not to buy these mobile phone as parents may wish to stay in touch with their children via these mobile phones; Maybe a "dumb" phone can be purchased simply to stay in touch and yes, we will all seat in the living room together to watch online movies under the watchful eye of parents/guardians. Another method can be to without the password so they wont get online without parent's guidance.

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

enforcement of legal instruments --- Laws should be so enacted that makes it mandatory to not only penalize child abuse but provide a broader definition of child abuse, bullying and other similar acts against children.

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

risks for children --- Children are the responsibility of parents and in the conventional modality, parents take that responsibility very serious (except for the irresponsible ones). Is it too difficult to apply the same parental control in cyberspace? Admittedly, children may be more savvy but who buys the devices whether smartphone or the laptop etc. for the child? should teachers or child protection agencies play a greater role? shouldn't government enact stringent laws against child abuse in an effort to assist parents?

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

why does the Netherlands have a high % of CSAM hosts? --- Any idea why the Netherlands has such a high percentage of hosts for CSAM? It's particularly striking given that Europol has its HQ in The Hague. I found the following link but it doesn't have the country breakdown: https://www.iwf.org.uk/news/iwf-publishes-platform-specific-data-for-child-sexual-abuse-imagery

Source author: Scott Spence scott.a.spence@gmail.com

earlier risks for children --- There have always been risks for children. This is the latest iteration and as usual we muddle forward to workable solutions. I recall as a child not having proper seatbelts in my parents' first car in the US and forget airbags. And yet we muddled forward towards solutions, including far better child car seats than what I was strapped into. There are other examples such as tamper proof medicine vials.

Source author: Scott Spence scott.a.spence@gmail.com

in connection with my previous comment (not buying a device) --- In this case, the parent could be in charge of the phone and let the child use the device when s/he is with their parent.

Source author: Scott Spence scott.a.spence@gmail.com

if it's a problem the parent shouldn't buy one --- If this is a problem the simple solution would be for the parents not to buy the device. In this way they'd be in a position to better monitor their child's activities in the home, in front of a computer or tablet.

Source author: Scott Spence scott.a.spence@gmail.com

Small efforts made --- I totally agree with this. Giving a more personal example, I was working in South Kivu (DRC), I decided to learn swahili and it was a good way of accepting me better by our national team as well as very useful when meeting authorities or other actors, be able to chat with them a little bit in one of the local languages.

Source author: María Romero Pardo sohi1z1@hotmail.com

Protocol and role at a given event --- In 2007, I was supporting the Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs as liason officer during the OSCE Summit of Madrid. During this event, I found myself dealing with the department of protocol regarding to the placing of my authority as the authority was not very happy with the designated seats in an important diner. Placing in an event is a way of symbolising who the person is and her/his role.

Source author: María Romero Pardo sohi1z1@hotmail.com

who should receive VIP at the Airport --- Does such a scenario send a low key relations from diplomatic point of view?

Source author: John Lobor john.lobor@ssdredcross.org

Who should receive VIP at the airport. --- I have seen on several occasions on TV screens where a visiting head of state is received by a Minister at the Airport and not his/her counter part. This has always generated a lot of questions from even the ordinary citizens who are not well-versed with protocol procedures.

Source author: John Lobor john.lobor@ssdredcross.org

Compliance with protocol to maintain good relations --- CIMIC personnel are well acquainted with the local and regional authorities (political and religious leaders) of the AOR and their levels of responsibility and influence in society, who are regularly invited and attend institutional events held at the base, often in the presence of Lebanese national authorities and diplomatic personnel. When designing the protocol of the rostrum at events such as the "The Medal Parade", the Protocol Department of the General Staff follows the spanish internal regulations, noting for years the problems generated by the NON-COMPLIANCE with the specific regulations of the country , so that the religious authorities must occupy the front line.This issue has cost years of internal discussions and unjustified justifications towards the authorities, straining in many occasions the relations with the religious leaders and especially the Islamic ones. Hence the NEED to enforce "the recommendations in this regard".

Source author: Virginia Maria Callau Vidal vircavidal@hotmail.com

Small efforts matter --- It is amazing how hospitable, appreciative and friendly people can be towards you when a small effort is made (such as wearing local, appropriate clothes, small efforts with their language, etc). Such things can pave the way towards more favourable outcomes in meetings, etc

Source author: Shane Wilkes swilkes4129@gmail.com

Perception and behaviour changes --- There is perception survey in marketing as well as for policy improvement purpose and other tools that HDiplomats can use to measure the impact of persuasion. In the fields, we usually do Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) survey to understand the shift in attitude and behaviour overtime.

A simple example is on educating children on proper handwashing with soap and monitoring the changes in their attitude and behaviours every 6 months through KAP survey. Such KAP survey can be used both to inform the progress of a sanitation program by WASH colleague and an HD outcome for an ‘increased access to conflict-affected districts through strengthened engagement with the population directly affected by armed conflict’.

Source author: Ivy Susanti ivysusanti@gmail.com

M&E plan for HD --- If HDiplomat wants to insist on M&E plan, maybe put HD components as a stand-alone program or integrate them into technical sectoral programs. Therefore, the outputs and outcomes of HD must be defined, agreed, and reworded as such to allow measurement in both quantity and quality.

For example, using SMART, the outcome statement for building trust should be something like, “By Year 1, the government increases understanding and acceptance to fundamental humanitarian principles” or “Fundamental humanitarian principles are incorporated in xxx legislations passed by the parliament of country Z in year 1”. The outputs of this outcome are the number of advocacy activities held within the defined timeframe including an evaluation towards the end of the program cycle.

Source author: Ivy Susanti ivysusanti@gmail.com

2-Off the record --- If the hushed conversation is of public interest (e.g. corruption or sexual harassment by aid workers), a keen journalist would work to find evidence and someone who agrees to be quoted on the same confidential information or the variation of it, or even confirmation from official sources.

This is the fine work of investigative journalism (if you remember the Deep Throat in the Watergate scandal) which is unfortunately becoming obsolete due to the decline of traditional news media.

Source author: Ivy Susanti ivysusanti@gmail.com

1-Off the record --- From experience, it’s important to remember that there’s no such thing as off-the-record comments, statements, or views. Whatever we said in confidence may be out of the public views or ear shots for a while, but the information will mysteriously make its way through the grapevine or to the rumour mill somewhere, especially in this Information Age.

Source author: Ivy Susanti ivysusanti@gmail.com

Pivoting in media interviews/talkshows --- Good point, Joe. You may have known this: In any media training including at the Red Cross, we teach spokespersons to avoid answering hypothetical questions. Those spokespersons can be heads of agencies and technical program officers who don’t necessarily have communication background. Hypothetical questions usually start with “what if …” and the more subtle variation like, “let’s say that you were …”.

There are some techniques to answer this question, from the straightforward, in-your-face “I don’t respond to hypothetical questions” to reframing the questions to pivoting away, perhaps by cleverly broadening the discussion on other aspects of the speaker’s agenda.

Source author: Ivy Susanti ivysusanti@gmail.com

The waiting hours --- For example: I went to meeting with a governor where everyone, including us, was forced to wait for hours for the face time. It’s very common for the guests including journalists and internationals, to be asked to come back another time which also happened to us on that day. In another country, I attended a ceremony presided over by the president where everyone including ambassadors had to wait patiently in the stuffy conference hall in our best suits for no less than 3 hours until the president arrived.

In the first case, the governor was an intellectual, ex member of a NSAG who, I assumed, did not adhere strictly to protocol, and would prioritise meeting his own people over foreign guests in general. On the latter, I was told that was the norm in that country, in which the president waited for all tribal chiefs to arrive at the venue from faraway places before beginning a meeting/ceremony. Two hours was about the standard waiting time.

Source author: Ivy Susanti ivysusanti@gmail.com

Genuine --- As well as helping the audience relate, personal anecdotes make a presentation feel more genuine. The speaker is personally invested in what is being discussed and rather than talking from speaking points it feels like they are talking from personal experience and understanding. Indeed, a good speech write will identify some suitable anecdotes and stories.

Source author: Joe Cropp joe.cropp@ifrc.org

The pivot --- There is a real learnt skill in this. You will often see it being done badly on television when politicians clearly repeatedly pivot away from a question to something else that they want to focus on. It gets the job done, which is most important, but can be annoying for the audience. Done well, a pivot can be a seamless transition where the interviewee changes the topic across a sentence or two.

Source author: Joe Cropp joe.cropp@ifrc.org

Media release and broadcast media --- As well as providing important detail. a press release is also an important tool to let broadcast media know what your spokespeople will talk about. If the press release includes some strong, newsworthy quotes you are more likely to get interview requests. Essentially it's a story pitch.

Source author: Joe Cropp joe.cropp@ifrc.org

Key messages --- And the points to focus on and even the type of language used. This is where key message documents come in, so everyone involved is literally talking for the same sheet, with the same message. These also help in preparation for media interviews.

Source author: Joe Cropp joe.cropp@ifrc.org

Representation level: CIMIC Liason matrix --- The level of representation is essential to be able to talk on an equal footing when the parties sit down to negotiate at the tactical level. This is the same situation in the CIMIC environment which is solved with a clear liaison matrix (who talks to whom) from the beginning. Agreements can only be closed when there is a decision-making capacity at the same level, otherwise it can be taken as an offense.

Source author: Virginia Maria Callau Vidal vircavidal@hotmail.com

Confidentiality and risk. --- I think it is a very delicate issue, it is true that social networks bring great advantages to connect people in risk and disaster situations and help them, but in certain contexts of political pressure or presence of militias it betrays their position and exposes them to other risks; it is necessary to put everything in a balance and contextualize it.

Source author: Virginia Maria Callau Vidal vircavidal@hotmail.com

Gender Protocol in context. --- A fundamental aspect of meetings with Islamic religious leaders in which women participate, either as interlocutors or as part of the delegation, is to wear the veil; even when they are used to working with uncovered foreign female staff, it is a sign of respect within the framework of their hospitality.

Source author: Virginia Maria Callau Vidal vircavidal@hotmail.com

Timeliness in transmitting messages --- As the complexity of issues on social media grows, HDiplomacy should take into account the timing of message delivery to avoid the message being swept away by current affairs. Readers may misunderstand and misinterpret messages if they are sent at an inopportune time.

Source author: Wossene Hailu Wossene_Hailu@wvi.org

Short enough to keep interest but lengthy enough to cover the subject --- People pay little or no attention to extended items in our information age. Documents should take into account the time and concentration constraints that today's readers face, as stated in the ancient adage, "A good discussion is like a mini-skirt, short enough to keep interest but lengthy enough to cover the subject." HDiplomacy should take this into account and avoid being too shallow as well.

Source author: Wossene Hailu Wossene_Hailu@wvi.org

Making allies in order to know the protocol details of different context --- Protocol personnel are used by the majority of government officials to manage various engagements. When HDiplomats are confronted with new situations, one strategy is to enlist the help of allies or insiders to learn about particular protocols before the formal meeting.

Source author: Wossene Hailu Wossene_Hailu@wvi.org

wrong perception --- The silent communication if miss understood may lead to high expectations although it may mean that what is being discussed is not a priority.

Source author: Baboloki Tebatso baboloki20@gmail.com

Blurred lines --- I understand the purpose and recognise the need for new ways of getting out the message, but I always feel a little concerned when the line between reality and games(fantasy) becomes blurred. I feel serious matters can become normalised, and I am not certain this is a good outcome

Source author: Shane Wilkes swilkes4129@gmail.com

additional to economic training --- To supplement this intensive training course, there are regular guest lectures on current economic issues by prominent Czech and foreign economists and senior government officials. This is part of a project named: “Economists for the Czech diplomacy”.

Source author: Mavis Tungulu mtungulu@gmail.com

Macroeconomics --- Macroeconomics problems arise when the economy does not adequately achieve the goals of full employment, stability, and economic growth.

Source author: Mavis Tungulu mtungulu@gmail.com

In response to the oil crisis, --- The United States took steps to become increasingly energy independent.

Source author: Mavis Tungulu mtungulu@gmail.com

OCEX --- Are the commercial offices of Peru abroad located in the same building as the Embassy or Consulate?When ProMéxico existed, their offices abroad sometimes were in the same facilities of the diplomatic missions, despite the fact that one mission also had its own economic section.

Source author: Ricardo Daniel Delgado Muñoz rdelgado@sre.gob.mx

Consular Protection --- Regularly, consular protection is focused on protecting the interests of citizens abroad. However, this task might also include protecting a national company´s interests in a foreign country. In this regard, the economic section involvement in consular duties might actually be convenient. But, this shouldn´t be something that distract the responsibility of economic officers in other areas.

Source author: Ricardo Daniel Delgado Muñoz rdelgado@sre.gob.mx

Consulate Generals in Mainland China --- In the case of Mainland China, the different foreign Consulate Generals are located in relevant cities that are economically more important than Beijing the capital. The most important ones are based in Shanghai and Guangzhou, while the secondary ones are in Chengdu, Chongqing, Wuhan, Shenyang and Haikou.

Source author: Ricardo Daniel Delgado Muñoz rdelgado@sre.gob.mx

Special attachés and practical work --- It is true that we need diplomat practitioners to be representatives of the multiple realities of their country. This type of diplomats can understand better the interests of the domestic audience and represent them accordingly. Specialized expertise might be of extreme helpfulness when dealing a detailed topic that a general diplomat who has been rotating around different areas might not know properly. So, special attachés that come from the background they represent and are willing to coordinate with the rest of the embassy´s staff can achieve deeper projects for a nation´s foreign policy.

Source author: Ricardo Daniel Delgado Muñoz rdelgado@sre.gob.mx

Differences between the economic and the commercial section --- Despite the inherent relationship between the economic and commercial sections in foreign missions, there are important differences in their nature that must be considered for their organization and coordination. Much of the work of the economic section focuses on the preparation of reports to provide sufficient intelligence and advance the interests of a country in the receiving State. This primary function is a job that is more often performed within the embassy facilities. On the other hand, the commercial section needs to carry out its promotional activities abroad by expanding its network of contacts. It is worth mentioning that with such tasks, the economic section tends to coincide with political issues, making its agenda more bureaucratic. This does not happen very often with the commercial department that is more dynamic.

Source author: Ricardo Daniel Delgado Muñoz rdelgado@sre.gob.mx

Also easier to assess --- In terms of assessments and evaluation from Capitals, it might be a bias towards commercial sections, since they can offer numeric results (like the increase of commerce with the host country)

Source author: Juan Carlos Pomareda jpomareda@onuperu.org

Role of USTR --- Does the USTR play a role in those commercial sections? In the case of WTO, normally the attaches of US are from USTR and not from MFA. The relations of those agencies is worth analyzing...

Source author: Juan Carlos Pomareda jpomareda@onuperu.org

The case of Peru --- In our case, we have economic section in all Embassies, but commercial promotion sections are only implemented in small markets where there is no Commercial Offices of Peru (which depends from the Minsitry of Forein Commerce) and has little relations with the mentioned Embassies

Source author: Juan Carlos Pomareda jpomareda@onuperu.org

LOL!!! --- I wish I'd been paid for it, Petru!

Source author: Biljana Scott biscott@diplomacy.edu

Assertion of Facts Related to Pandemic --- The assertion of facts is one of the most emphatic ways of framing an issue. President Biden’s reference to 400,000 American lost to the virus provides specificity to several rhetorical remarks throughout this speech. He refers to ”the virus stalking the nation” and “facing the virus as one nation.”

The use of a specific statistic gives credibility and context to his delivery. He concludes this part of his address with the dramatic act of observing a period of silence for the 400,000 lost to the pandemic.

Source author: John D. Hipsley jhipsley@igc.org

Framing Device of Typecasting with Inclusiveness --- President Biden makes several references to the greatness of America and this is a form of typecasting with a positive intention.

It is similar to the reference President Obama made in his acceptance of the Nobel Peace Prize.

This section in President Biden’s speech is particularly effective. He frames this section, and of course much of the speech, with the inclusive use of the pronoun “we”.

He begins, “we have come out stronger”, and continues with multiple references to the inclusive “we”. It is a positive reference and an effective use of typecasting as a framing device

Source author: John D. Hipsley jhipsley@igc.org

Appeal to Religious Authority and Precedent of Tradition --- President Biden quotes an inspiring Biblical verse, "weeping may endure for a night but joy cometh in the morning", without reference to its precise source which is Psalms 30: 5. It is an appeal to the authority of the Bible. He is also invoking the precedent of his Christian tradition.

Source author: John D. Hipsley jhipsley@igc.org

musicality --- "much", repeated six times, once as a headline and five times in details, creates a convincing rhythm and sense of imperious necessity, like a programme of work. It's a great rhetorical effect, although it does not say anything very concrete, after all.

Source author: Petru Dumitriu PetruD@diplomacy.edu

Framing aspiration with the Cause of Democracy --- The framing device of the shared aspiration is represented throughout. I selected this initial framing using the text of “the cause of democracy” as representative of the theme.

Presented towards the beginning it is reinforced throughout. It is positive and inclusive, and I think it complements his repeated aspirational appeal to unity.

A rhetorical foundation of US democracy is the phrase “E Pluribus Unum” – This motto proposed for the first Great Seal of the United States by John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and Thomas Jefferson in 1776.

A Latin phrase meaning "One from many," the phrase offered a strong statement of the American determination for unity and to form a single nation from a collection of states and its people.

Source author: John D. Hipsley jhipsley@igc.org

Augustine claim as a Catholic and small c" catholic --- I agree with you Petru that Augustine, formally a Latin or Roman Catholic, exerted a universal or small “c” catholic appeal.

Augustine of Hippo was converted and baptized a Christian Catholic by Saint Ambrose (AD 387).

Augustine’s mother Monica, was a devout Christian (Catholic by denomination); his father Patricius Aurelius was a pagan who converted to Christianity on his deathbed.

Augustine had no religion prior to his conversion but taught philosophy and lived a very ‘liberal’ lifestyle. He was pagan in his disposition prior to his conversion to his mother’s Catholicism.

The Latin Catholics honored Augustine with the title “doctor of the church”. Augustine like Ambrose, who baptized Augustine, are both venerated as saints by the Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Anglican Communion, and various Lutheran denominations.

Source author: John D. Hipsley jhipsley@igc.org

To what church does St. Augustine "belong"? --- I am not an expert, but St. Augustine is also adopted by the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Anglican denomination, and Lutherans. Therefore, he is a more universal figure, not only a Catholic one.

Source author: Petru Dumitriu PetruD@diplomacy.edu

My whole soul is in it --- I would see it as appeal to emotion, but other important moments in the history of the United States are invoked, too: Civil War, the Great Depression, WWII.

Source author: Petru Dumitriu PetruD@diplomacy.edu

appeal to authority and precedent --- George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, Jimmy Carter, Martin Luther King are names invoked by the President.

Source author: Petru Dumitriu PetruD@diplomacy.edu

assertions --- The assertions are very numerous in the speech. This one is a complex one because has also musicality and repetitions.

Source author: Petru Dumitriu PetruD@diplomacy.edu

The appeal to the senses --- The repeated appeal to senses produces some good effect, too. See and hear (and listen). It was good to stop after two senses only. Indeed, "touch one another" worked in Woodstock, but it is not appropriate in politics. "Smell one another" does not work in times of Covid.

Source author: Petru Dumitriu PetruD@diplomacy.edu

pre-emptive arguments --- Unless I misunderstood these are clear examples of pre-emptive arguments.

Without unity:

no peace, only bitterness and fury;

no progress, only outrage;

no nation, only chaos.

Source author: Petru Dumitriu PetruD@diplomacy.edu

"Yes, we can!" --- "We" are not very original here, but I take it as a good example of "clusivity" (a new word for me; initially I thought it was a typo")

Source author: Petru Dumitriu PetruD@diplomacy.edu

the common foes --- The "common foes" are amazingly disciplined and organized! They are marching in groups of three. Very suggestive: it is like we see a military parade!

Source author: Petru Dumitriu PetruD@diplomacy.edu

"Uniting" also comes in excess --- Forgive me if I am wrong. There is a bit of overlapping between "people" and "nation", although they are different notions.

Source author: Petru Dumitriu PetruD@diplomacy.edu

unity, unity! --- here I see a bit of excess in repeating "unity": raising fists somehow, with all due respect.

Source author: Petru Dumitriu PetruD@diplomacy.edu

A cry for --- That is another interesting repetition. However, if "much to repair, much to restore etc. ..." can be associated with hip hop or street rap music, "a cry for ..." comes with a more serious registered, like the "flower power" music and inebriated hippies of the sixties...

Source author: Petru Dumitriu PetruD@diplomacy.edu

pre-emptive arguments --- It is another way to say that America is great again because it passed the test represented by the Trump administration and has risen to that challenge.

Source author: Petru Dumitriu PetruD@diplomacy.edu

I suspect that this speech was written by Biljana Scott --- to serve both President Biden to make a good impression on the global audience after the tweetrumpet era, and as an excellent illustration of the framing devices described in Module 4.

The whole speech is an epitome of such devices. Almost all of its lines do represent one or more of the thirteen devices enlisted in the basic text.

Source author: Petru Dumitriu PetruD@diplomacy.edu

What do the UN Charter and the US Constitution have in common? --- For quite some time, I thought that the headline of the United Nations Charter preamble ("We the peoples of the United Nations") was the original contribution of the American poet and Department of State public servant, Archibald MacLeish. He is credited also with the first line of the preamble of the UNESCO Constitution.

Now, with this speech, I realize that there is no need for a poet to get inspiration from a ready-made construct available in the Constitution of the United States ("We the people of the United States.")

It's a small world, isn't it?

Source author: Petru Dumitriu PetruD@diplomacy.edu

Identifying own vulnerabilities --- @Juan Feliciano: I agree. IT specialists should think as attackers in order to identify the vulnerabilities and imagine what the the next attack could be! Some companies organise their own cyberattacks, so they can test their vulnerabilities, including the behaviour of employees who might not have been careful enough. AI may prevent many attacks, but education and training is key.

Source author: Florence Tinguely Mattli florence.tinguely-mattli@eda.admin.ch

Use and intention are key --- @Florence. Herein lies problem Florence. If intent is considered a tool in cyber arsenal then we have a major problem - How can one consider that a tool has been used simply by intent? further, as you have reasoned there is a very high bar to charge intent legally and as such we have a problem of successful prosecution.

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

Use and intention are key --- @Bennette: I would consider that use and intent to harm are key in determining whether a cyber tool has been used as cyber weapon. In case of botnets for example, there is an intrusion into the private cyberspace of a person or a company and this is punishable. We certainly have the legal tools to condemn cyberattacks, but we lack the means to implement the sentences.

Source author: Florence Tinguely Mattli florence.tinguely-mattli@eda.admin.ch

Social skills for bad ... --- We can discuss many vulnerabilities in software and through diferent devices and applications, but we must not let aside the human aspects. Accoding to some accounts, social engineering continues to be king -by a great margin- in terms of vulnerabilties and exploits. That means sometimes is way easier to talk someone (or rather trick) into giving you information and credentials, than it is to run a cyber exploit. https://www.computerweekly.com/news/4500272941/Social-engineering-is-top-hacking-method-survey-shows

Source author: Carlos García Delgrado cgarciad@sre.gob.mx

More than you think... --- I was surprised to learn that this type of exploit is way more common that I had imagined. Just by doing a simple search you can find the amount of vulnerabilties out there, for applications we use everyday. It is amazing... and terrorizing! I was shocked to consult on of the may ZDV database and find google, office, adobe, etc. products... Check this out: https://www.zero-day.cz/database/

Source author: Carlos García Delgrado cgarciad@sre.gob.mx

Presenting science to the public --- The last proposal seems to me inappropriate. I think that science diplomats should rather be trained to communicate about science to policy makers (Presidents, Ministers and other officials) and not to the public. In an embassy or international institution for example, the science diplomat will communicate primarily with his ambassador or a concerned ministry but not to the public.

Source author: Désiré NEBOUA dneboua@yahoo.fr

Health officials and science diplomats role in misinformation --- The most important thing for me is how to avoid or reduce this misinformation? For me, when you don't know where to find credible information, you can only go on social networks. Public health officials and science diplomats must not allow this gap of information as we saw at the beginning of the COVID 19 pandemic. They must be proactive in providing accurate information. Considering the misinformation and disinformation through social media during the pandemic I think it will be usefull to have specialized media on health information, accessible to all, which will motivate consumers of information to refer to it.

Source author: Désiré NEBOUA dneboua@yahoo.fr

EU/Poland --- you are right Ambassador, this issue was a result of the EU putting pressure on Poland to adhere to the Blocs legislation with regard to a number of changes they wanted to effect in their country such as Judicial reforms,LGBTQ rights including their refusal to close a coal mine after a CJEU ruling on their dispute with Czech Republic. There are fears there might be a "Polexit" in the offing even though majority Poles are pro staying

Source author: Lapologang Judah lapoduna@gmail.com

This is key to foreign/economic policies! --- Such policies will prevent countries - in particular SIDS - from the urge to borrow and thus entering into deep debts.

I for one do not accept the view that China tricks countries into 'debt trap'! I think that inadequate policies and corruption exacerbate chaos and debts.

Typically, if any one borrows s/he services her/his debts.

Source author: David Ateti Teaabo david.teaabo@gmail.com

Comment --- The reverse depends on the competency level of MFAs. If they’re are weak to undertake their coordination roles, planing and finance are always beneficiaries of MFAs weaknesses.

Source author: Dubo Mohamed mohacpr@gmail.com

Question --- Such entities have political orientation as set by their home/regional country. Is it producent to engage home countries rather than engaging such entities? In other words, their ratings are not on practical or technical grounds but of political nature.

Source author: Dubo Mohamed mohacpr@gmail.com

Comment --- More digital less analogue, more globalized economy than protectionism.

Source author: Dubo Mohamed mohacpr@gmail.com

I would broadly support... --- ...any approach that lays stress on methods of Eco Dip. In a way, that is also the message in my texts that you have all read. Thanks.

Source author: Kishan S Rana kishanrana@gmail.com

Thanks. AIIB is a good initiative... --- and India has supported this; now Japan has also come on board....Its value goes beyond BRI.

Source author: Kishan S Rana kishanrana@gmail.com

I would have thought that trade diversification... --- should be a permanent feature of Mexico's economic diplomacy. Is this a real priority?

Source author: Kishan S Rana kishanrana@gmail.com

Thanks, but I still look for an exemplar. --- Botswana had a remarkable HC in Delhi some 10 years back, who came to be recognized as one of the very best HOM any country had sent. Her innovative actions delivered result. But at her departure, things went back to routines and, sadly, lethargy. I observed this on the ground.

Source author: Kishan S Rana kishanrana@gmail.com

Which countries are working on this? --- Say out of Botswana, Mauritius and Rwanda? Or other examples? I agree that focus on education is a key element. Education is truly the key.

Source author: Kishan S Rana kishanrana@gmail.com

Very erudite and impressive. Those not familiar with the subject... --- ...may need help, in the shape of a simple guide on what that means in the way companies benefit from these regulations.

Source author: Kishan S Rana kishanrana@gmail.com

Very interesting. Can we think of any country... --- ...that has applied the Chinese model? Possibly Vietnam -- some of the socio-political conditions are similar. And they have achieved high growth....Perhaps some in the Class might to reflect on this, as we move towards a half-way point on this course.

Source author: Kishan S Rana kishanrana@gmail.com

Investor-State dispute settlement (CPTPP & Pacific Alliance) --- Amb. Rana, Investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) is provided under Section 9B- Chapter 9 under the CPTPP.

Prior to commencing arbitration:

a)Claimant is required to serve a Written request for consultations. Brief description of facts regarding the measure or measures at issue (Article 9.18.2); b) Disputing Parties engage in consultations and negotiations for six months from the respondent’s receipt of the claimant’s written request for consultations (Article 9.19.1); c)The claimant is also required to serve a written notice of intent to submit a claim to arbitration containing specified details on the respondent 90 days before submitting a claim to arbitration (Article 9.19.3); d) Arbitration may be commenced in accordance with any of the following regimes: ICSID Convention and the ICSID Rules of Procedure for Arbitration Proceedings; the ICSID Additional Facility Rules; the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules; or, any other arbitral institution or arbitration rules that the claimant and respondent agree on (Article 9.19.4); e) The arbitration must be commenced within three years and six months from the date on which the investor first acquired, or should have first acquired, knowledge of the breach (Article 9.21.1). Available at:

https://www.international.gc.ca/trade-commerce/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/tpp-ptp/text-texte/09.aspx?lang=eng

Additional Protocol to the Framework Agreement of the Pacific Alliance- Section B: Dispute Resolution between a Party and an Investor from another Party (Articles 10.15-10.27)

a)In the event of an investment-related dispute, the Disputing Parties must first attempt to resolve the dispute through consultation and negotiation, with a written request. The consultations shall take place for a minimum of six months. b) If a dispute has not been resolved within six months the claimant may submit a claim for arbitration in their own name; c) Unless the Disputing Parties agree otherwise, the tribunal shall be made up of three arbitrators; d)The Disputing Parties may agree on the legal place where any arbitration should take place; e) At the request of any of the Disputing Parties, before issuing a decision or award on liability, the tribunal shall communicate its proposed decision or award to the Disputing Parties and the non-Disputing Party; f) Within 60 days of communicating such proposed decision or award, the Disputing Parties may submit written comments to the tribunal concerning any aspect of its proposed award. The tribunal shall consider said comments and shall issue its decision or award no later than 45 days after the expiration of the 60-day comment period. Available at:

https://www.mfat.govt.nz/assets/Trade-agreements/Pacific-Alliance-NZ-FTA/FINAL-Consolidated-Pacific-Alliance-Additional-Protocol.docx

Source author: Cecilia Treemonisha Barros Ruiz cbarros@sre.gob.mx

Learnings from China´s economic growth --- Well, it was precisely this centralized and planned model that allowed China to achieve such an amazing economic growth. The 5-Year Plans allowed the political elites to design the guidelines and goals the country needed to acquire in the longer term, aligning all actors and processes into this vision. However, this growth was at the expense of labor conditions, limitation of total free actions from local companies and environmental damage. So, I think other countries can learn from this experience and import just the good practices.

Source author: Ricardo Daniel Delgado Muñoz rdelgado@sre.gob.mx

Policies to surpass the middle-income trap --- Interesting how countries in Africa are willing to leave the middle-income trap and actually enter the group of high-income nations next decade. I would like to ask you which sectors of the economy do you think are the most suitable to invest on to achieve this goal? I have seen that many countries that wish to surpass the middle-income status are focusing on upgrading their education system, as well as their labor and technological capacities.

Source author: Ricardo Daniel Delgado Muñoz rdelgado@sre.gob.mx

of course Ambassador --- .... it goes beyond the SME´s participation at an Expo but includes among others identifying markets, providing market intelligience as well as business matching to encourage external trade which about forms the daily work of an Embassy especially for small markets like Botswana, where there´s often need to supplement the domestic market in order to make real profit.

Source author: Omphile Sethunya Sedimo sedimosethunya44@gmail.com

why MFAs --- I read in the journal article‚ economic diplomacy and its significance for foreign policy by Abid Hussain (Indian foreign Affairs Journal 2006), that Diplomacy itself is more about the method and less about the substance of policy, which basically means, whilst we appreciate the complexity of issues in the international relations, MFAs should continue play a leading role in all international engagements of a country due to their extensive networks and experience in defending their national interests in foreign countries .

Source author: Lapologang Judah lapoduna@gmail.com

Thanks for the compliment to one of our state govts.... --- ...but I am not sure if it is entirely warranted....Yes, some states have improved the FDI conditions, and Delhi has pushed states into competing with one another, in the facilities they offer. It seems to work.

Source author: Kishan S Rana kishanrana@gmail.com

Sorry, but that is not the whole story. In fact a basic feature of the EU is... --- ...that it has actually transferred part of member-state sovereignty to the collective entity. This is a widely established fact. Poland may have to back down, or even quit if it cannot live with this, in my view. Comment welcome.

Source author: Kishan S Rana kishanrana@gmail.com

And what is your assessment of the reality? --- Are CSOs right in some of their claims about misuse of FDI and a need for greater accountability?....I do not suggest that CSOs are right all the time. Some of you, with long memories may recall a great deal of drama over the Narmada Hydro Project in Gujarat (my home state). Thanks to their pressure, the World Bank ended its funding -- happily that only represented some 15% of the project.....The main point is that it has been a great success, bringing water to a region that has no other river source, and depended entirely on the Monsoon. Now in poor rainfall years, it provides drinking water to millions. And has led to the greening of vast regions.

Source author: Kishan S Rana kishanrana@gmail.com

Can you please give... --- ...some numbers to back up your statement on FDI flows into Somalia?

Source author: Kishan S Rana kishanrana@gmail.com

Compendium of actions --- Along with the BRI, China is implementing several projects to expand its international political economy power. One of them is the so-called Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) that will support development programs among its members. The AIIB was proposed by China and it is well-funded by Beijing´s financial system. With BRI and the AIIB, China is promoting economic and governance integration in different places all over the world by investing or giving loans in programs that best suits these mechanisms´ interests.

Source author: Ricardo Daniel Delgado Muñoz rdelgado@sre.gob.mx

Compendium of actions --- Along with the BRI, China is implementing several projects to expand its international political economy power. One of them is the so-called Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) that will support development programs among its members. The AIIB was proposed by China and it is well-funded by Beijing´s financial system. With BRI and the AIIB, China is promoting economic and governance integration in different places all over the world by investing or giving loans in programs that best suits these mechanisms´ interests.

Source author: Ricardo Daniel Delgado Muñoz rdelgado@sre.gob.mx

Debt cancellation --- I think that in case these countries cannot pay their debts, China won´t simply reduce or disappear it. Instead, it will make another kind of arrangement to get paid somehow. This arrangement might include support of its international agenda, specially in the multilateral forums, incentives to its enterprises in the given nation and extraction of raw materials for Chinese industrial base.

Source author: Ricardo Daniel Delgado Muñoz rdelgado@sre.gob.mx

Mexico´s trade with the world --- One curious thing about Mexico´s trade policy is that despite having such a vast number of FTAs signed, the great percentage of the imports and exports come from or goes to the US market. More than 80% of our trade is with this country. In this regard, we still need to make greater efforts to diversify our trade relationship with the world.

Source author: Ricardo Daniel Delgado Muñoz rdelgado@sre.gob.mx

One Belt One Road --- One Belt One Road also increases Beijing’s control of critical global supply chains and its ability to redirect the flow of international trade.

Source author: Mavis Tungulu mtungulu@gmail.com

BRI on Africa --- China's Belt and Road Initiative forges intertwining economic, political, and security ties between Africa and China, advancing Beijing’s geopolitical interests.

Source author: Mavis Tungulu mtungulu@gmail.com

Additional to Vision The HARAMBEE PROSPERITY PLAN [HPP] --- is a targeted Action Plan to accelerate development in clearly defined priority areas, which lay the basis for attaining prosperity in Namibia. The Plan does not replace, but complements the long-term goal of the National Development Plans [NDPs] and Vision 2030.

HPP stands on five pillars namely, Effective Governance, Economic Advancement, Social Progression, Infrastructure Development and International Relations and Cooperation.

Source author: Mavis Tungulu mtungulu@gmail.com

Additional to Vision 2030 is The HARAMBEE PROSPERITY PLAN [HPP] --- HPP is a targeted Action Plan to accelerate development in clearly defined priority areas, which lay the basis for attaining prosperity in Namibia. The Plan does not replace, but complements the long-term goal of the National Development Plans [NDPs] and Vision 2030.

HPP stands on five pillars namely, Effective Governance, Economic Advancement, Social Progression, Infrastructure Development and International Relations and Cooperation.

Source author: Mavis Tungulu mtungulu@gmail.com

Vision 2030 for Namibia --- Vision 2030 stipulates that Namibia plans to be a prosperous and industrialised nation, developed by her human resources, enjoying peace, harmony and political stability by the year 2030. It sets the broad thrusts and strategies in the development agenda for the nation over the long-term.

Source author: Mavis Tungulu mtungulu@gmail.com

Dominic --- You are correct Dominic, i always see it happening even in my own country where government will be at pains to take action against a foreign company involved in human rights abuses just because they employ a large number locals.

Source author: Lapologang Judah lapoduna@gmail.com

The issue of predictability --- on the part of foreign investors has become a great deal of concern in African countries lately, where change of regime, mostly through unacceptable and/or even illegal means is rife. Political stability of a country attracts the much needed FDIs since foreign investors need secure environments for long term investment.

Source author: Malefetsane Dominic Mosala mosalalaw@gmail.com

Bangladesh --- Global evidence suggests that trade-related performance is becoming increasingly important for the socio-economic development of many developing countries. For instance, Bangladesh as an LDC have played a crucial role in recent accelerated development of her economy and her significant achievements in trade and social sectors.

Source author: Mavis Tungulu mtungulu@gmail.com

Agree- Development of ICT --- Telecommunication infrastructure and ICTs can play a catalytic role in boosting GDP and economic growth, facilitating the LDCs’ path towards sustainable development.

Source author: Mavis Tungulu mtungulu@gmail.com

agree --- Education can help overcome barriers that curtail individual capabilities and access to opportunities. Yet more can be done to support the communities most in need.

Source author: Mavis Tungulu mtungulu@gmail.com

The inclusive potential of trade in LDCs can be enhanced --- Education can help overcome barriers that curtail individual capabilities and access to opportunities

Source author: Mavis Tungulu mtungulu@gmail.com

LDC to take advantage --- Perhaps the maximum possible impact of trade on development depends on its dynamic ef­fects. Prima facie, the expansion of output brought along by access to the larger international markets permits the LDC to take advantage of economies of scale that do not arise in the limited domestic market.

Source author: Mavis Tungulu mtungulu@gmail.com

Country-brand "Perú" --- I would also add the creation of the country-brand "Perú" in 2011 by the Export and Tourism Promotion Commission. Since then, the brand has enabled Peru´s recognition of its rich culture, gastronomy, tourism and commercial uniqueness all over the world.

Source author: Ricardo Daniel Delgado Muñoz rdelgado@sre.gob.mx

Chinese investment in real state --- This kind of incentives to invest in local economies through migration schemes that facilitate the entry and residence to a given country, reminds me of the case of Chinese real estate investors in Canada. In Vancouver and Toronto, Chinese businessmen began to invest heavily in the housing market of these cities and eventually gained benefits to permanently reside in Canada. However, this phenomenon developed an imbalance in the local market pushing prices up. So, it’s definitely a situation that countries like Kiribati need to put a double-eye on.

Source author: Ricardo Daniel Delgado Muñoz rdelgado@sre.gob.mx

South Africa and the middle-income trap --- With a 5 year record of 0 to 1% economic growth (excluding 2020 which was actually worse, due to the pandemic with a -6.96 % GDP growth) it seems that South Africa is stocked in the middle-income trap. This challenge is faced by different countries that had considerable economic growth in the past, but now their growth rates are stagnant, as well as other productive sectors, such as labor, technological capacity and foreign trade. In the case of South Africa, according to Andreoni (2021), there are important signs of an ongoing process of premature deindustrialization caused by a lack of investment and innovation. In this sense, it is vital that South Africa, as well as other territories that suffer the middle-income trap, implement mesoeconomic policies that improve the infrastructure, education and technology of the nation.

Source author: Ricardo Daniel Delgado Muñoz rdelgado@sre.gob.mx

intersection between cybercrime, cybersecurity and national security --- There is a good UNIDIR publication that explores intersections between cybercrime and international cybersecurity (which always has a national security component), and ransomware is a case study there (P. 12-13 of the study). Here's the link for anybody who could be interested: https://www.unidir.org/publication/icts-international-security-and-cybercrime

Source author: Tatiana Tropina tatiana.tropina@gmail.com

computer better --- I like the definition of Encyclopaedia Britannica better. ‘Electronically is too broad’ and would include many pre computer era crimes.

Source author: Jeroen Thielemans j.thielemans@stichtingsona.org

Minning --- Some people have been mining their own cryptos for close to a decade, as well can be transferred with wallets. For sure is still opportunity to don't be controlled at all

Source author: Juan Miguel López Vázquez Samaniego jsamaniego@sre.gob.mx

Encryptions take time --- One thing is the speed and other de security device that analyze the traffic packets over internet. More security slower speed. Then may be developing as well better diagnostic devise for this analysis. Same thing for encryption in my understanding

Source author: Juan Miguel López Vázquez Samaniego jsamaniego@sre.gob.mx

Attack the source --- That is the reason why the cyber police go for the sources. The sites that they identify for criminal encounter. Although, still are small against the threat. Specially in developing countries that barely exist this kind of specialized police. For sure are more ways to cover the bad side of the activities to be found.

Source author: Juan Miguel López Vázquez Samaniego jsamaniego@sre.gob.mx

and other critical infrastructure --- Add to the mix: nuclear power plants, water treatment facilities, high-security bio labs, chemical production facilities.

Source author: Scott Spence scott.a.spence@gmail.com

nor is there a definition for plain old terrorism --- There's also no internationally, multilaterally agreed definition for terrorism. One will look in vain for a definition that's been agreed, for example, by UNGA.

Source author: Scott Spence scott.a.spence@gmail.com

But how much was the link made? --- I do not remember many would use the opportunity to link SDGs to fighting the pandemic. Maybe this was a missed opportunity for the UN. It would be interesting to know how much the WHO for instance used the SDG rhetorics in its proclamations. I did super quick google search and actually did not find much of the key words of SDGs - covid - WHO together.

Source author: Tereza Horejsova terezah@diplomacy.edu

Just an observation --- Isn't it ironic that these countries that opposed to the waiver also the countries that have supported the SDG, and would supposedly want to achieve SDG3.

Source author: Sovanndanit Roath sovanndanitroath@gmail.com

Diplomacy for science (in this case, Health) --- Since we are studying about science diplomacy, I think it is timely to highlight the critical role that Diplomacy plays in the Development of Science, which means using diplomacy to facilitate international science cooperation. to answer the question, international conference related to health science, health policy, in which developing are invited so that they can learn from the developed countries is a great example of this. Also, multilateral and bilateral cooperation in which agreement are made and new scientific partnership are established to help low-income countries in funding, R&D, and human resources would be a great help to these countries.

Source author: Sovanndanit Roath sovanndanitroath@gmail.com

Vaccine Diplomacy --- I think Vaccine Diplomacy is such an interesting topic to look at in this current international relations climate in which all countries are dealing with the pandemic. China is obviously a notable case. China has played an important role as a supplier of vaccines for the world, especially for the developing countries. Due to vaccine inequality, China's vaccine diplomacy ranging from donation to fast supply play an important role in enhancing the country's image. For example, China has donated vaccines to ASEAN countries such as Brunei, Cambodia, Laos, and Myanmar. The Philippines received a donation, which resulted in the purchase of vaccines by Manila, whereas Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and Cambodia also purchased Chinese vaccines. With these efforts, I think China aims to build an image as a multilateral power and the global South’s frontrunner. President Xi also mentioned “build a community of common health for mankind.”

Source author: Sovanndanit Roath sovanndanitroath@gmail.com

Trust and good communication --- Very well said, Souhila.

Source author: Katharina Höne KatharinaH@diplomacy.edu

example: ending malaria - where is the science diplomacy? --- Thanks for adding this information, Veronica. It's important piece of the puzzle. So, much appreciated. And yes, from that perspective, I would definitely put it in the category of 'diplomacy for science'. At the same time, we might assume that the collaboration between scientists might be leading to improved relations between the countries, thus making it also 'science for diplomacy'. As a quick side note: As Sona pointed out, for a project like this, government officials and diplomats will have been involved at various stages. But, it's also important to note that science diplomacy does not always need to involve diplomats - as in the category of 'science for diplomacy'.

Source author: Katharina Höne KatharinaH@diplomacy.edu

Good communication startegies are needed --- To build trust of public in science we need communication tools and strategies as we have seen miss-information campaign against the vaccine that delayed the process and exposed people to danger .

Source author: Souhila Amazouz souhila_amazouz@yahoo.fr

Knowledge sahring --- unfortunately this novel technology did not benefit the whole people due to the lack of knowledge sharing among developed and developing countries which resulted in expensive and not availability of vaccines in 2020 . Now countries are all considering producing their own vaccine to avoid such dependence .

Source author: Souhila Amazouz souhila_amazouz@yahoo.fr

Digital technologies played a role --- The reliance on digital technologies was key in reducing the spread of the disease as many countries developed solutions to trace and monitor the affected people . although the origin of the virus is not yet confirmed some argue that scientist may have contributed in its creation in laboratories and this may have negative implication in people trust on science .

Source author: Souhila Amazouz souhila_amazouz@yahoo.fr

The global immunity as target --- In my opinion the Pandemic challenged the whole world and revealed some realities that were hidden to the general public. The science succeed in developing vaccine in very short period of time but the competition among countries and the unfair distribution of the product was seen as selfish practice . We have seen the mask diplomacy and vaccine diplomacy but not global consensus on how to face such crisis in an inclusive way .

Source author: Souhila Amazouz souhila_amazouz@yahoo.fr

Solidarity --- in addition to what you mentioned , we need more solidarity among states to achieve equity and equal opportunities. Many countries have very limited health infrastructure and COVID-19 revealed the weakness of WHO to support countries to face pandemics

Source author: Souhila Amazouz souhila_amazouz@yahoo.fr

@Carlos --- exactly! Changing information is the very nature of science in the process of producing knowledge. Scientific knowledge is produced by careful observations and inventing theories out of those observations. As this virus was a new pathogenic agent, changing knowledge is inevitable because new observations challenge prevailing theories. Of course we cannot expect the general public to always think as scientists but can educate them. The media outlets have a responsibility in delivering the right information as its the main resource of information to the general public.

Source author: Lakmini Premadasa lakminisurangika@gmail.com

fast --- Actually, the technologies used for these vaccine (specially mRNA ) production have been developing over many years. This pandemic was a good opportunity to use those technologies to produce the vaccines. (Here is a link to an article published in Nature about this) https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-02483-w But I have to agree that the testing phases , authorization etc. were done much faster than usually done for a vaccine development due to the urgency of this situation.

Source author: Lakmini Premadasa lakminisurangika@gmail.com

not prepared --- As an infectious disease scientist I can assure that the scientific community in the infectious disease field knew this could happen at any time. I remember being in a seminar at Duke university about 5 months before the COVID emerged, one of the top level infectious disease scientists in US did a presentation on how the different species of livestock animals raised together in farms in some countries can cause the next pandemic. Scientists can educate the public and the authorities but every one has a responsibility to take actions.

Source author: Lakmini Premadasa lakminisurangika@gmail.com

vision --- I think science policy interfaces could be much more ambitious, especially in health related topics. However, it is not clear how those interactions could be more efficient or better organised..

Source author: Samir Yeddes samir.yeddes@eda.admin.ch

agreed --- I totally agree with your comment. Just a point, as far as I know, most (if not all) vaccines were developed thanks to public funding...

Source author: Samir Yeddes samir.yeddes@eda.admin.ch

Intellectual property --- My understanding of intellectual property is to provide an advantage to someone who invested resources in developing an innovation (thus the risk and financial burden of R&D). The research on COVID vaccines was actually funded by governments, without any guarantee of success. It means that governments took the full risk and paid upfront without knowing what would be the result. It is unacceptable that pharma companies now make profit off the vaccines. In this case, patents should be waived as it is not the raison d'être of intellectual property.

Source author: Samir Yeddes samir.yeddes@eda.admin.ch

CEPI --- CEPI was launched at Davos, in 2017, by the governments of Norway and India, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the Wellcome Trust and the World Economic Forum, as the result of a consensus that a coordinated, international, and intergovernmental plan was needed to develop and deploy new vaccines to prevent future epidemics. It was set up during the Ebola crisis so that we could be prepared for any future pandemics.

Source author: Sona Chowdhury sonachowdhury2014@gmail.com

messaging ! messaging ! --- One of the biggest problems during pandemic and at present is messaging by public health officials. They need to do a better job in messaging. Infact my friends and family were upset that I was changing my stance regarding masking; in the beginning of the pandemic, from no mask other than N-95 to any cloth mask in the later months. I had explain to them this is a novel virus and we are learning new stuff about the virus and the disease every day.

Source author: Sona Chowdhury sonachowdhury2014@gmail.com

Economically unsustainable --- Thank you George for your Indian insights (also regarding the Health Coverage); it is far beyond what I imagined when I hear about some really innovative concepts born there. Medical education is among the most expensive. So educating HC workers who then won't work in your country is a waste of money. I think only a small fraction contributes to science diplomacy as stated in this discussion for Cuba. I'm not en economist, but I'd say that the solution to train more but continue to deteriorate their working conditions (by the way exactly what they are doing here and in some neighbour countries..) is not a good count. Because even when one can't move up economically (as here in CH), people get lost to the system.

Source author: Katharina Beyer katharina.beyer@etu.unige.ch

the need to know for sure, and the more when it is sure it's not possible --- and the more insecure one is, the more it seems important. This can also be observed at an individual level. An anxious patient sometimes prefer to hear bad news than "we don't know, and a CT won't give us more information now". If one week later (so the situation can have changed significantly) the CT is prescribed (by someone else/ a specialist,...) and shows something, even if it has no consequence, the professional who first saw the patient will become discredited. This leads to contra productive practices (more unnecessary exams, but also potentially harmful interventions). I'm not a psychologist, but there seems to be something inherent to human fear.

Source author: Katharina Beyer katharina.beyer@etu.unige.ch

An opportunity --- I agree about the lost of trust. However, this could be a chance to build new trust. As we seen, many politicians fail to manage pandemic because they didn't rely on science and the result were obvious and horrible with so many lives lost. This set a clear message for goverments: we need to work harder on health issues. Health is right now at the core of gubernamental agenda in almost every country (with few and sad exceptions) and this might push the achieving of SGD3

Source author: Carlos Arturo Garcia Bonilla carlos.garcia@cancilleria.gov.co

Education --- In my opinion, education is the first and most important step to take in order to achieve a better health, particularly in middle and low income countries. It is useless to build big facilities (as use to happen in my country) if the facilities didn't have enough qualify taskforce and even with enough taskforce (what isn't happen) if there's not acces to information about health. We need to focus more on prevention and that means working on clena water and healthy enviroment.

Source author: Carlos Arturo Garcia Bonilla carlos.garcia@cancilleria.gov.co

Historic bias --- We never had a pandemic before. We had epidemics. It's very common that historicians asimilate european plage with a pandemic just because most of them tend to think Europa is the world. In America, for example, we had an epidemic that killed millions after colonization but it's not considered a pandemic and almost not mentioned in history books. What is true, and I totally agree with you, is that we don't learn the lessons and a I think this is because we manage poorly these epidemics without a scientific criteria

Source author: Carlos Arturo Garcia Bonilla carlos.garcia@cancilleria.gov.co

Uncertainty --- This is one of the most underrated aspects of science. Most people tendo t think that changinng information is a weakness in the knoledge because poeple use to want certainty and absolute answers. We as humanity are used to religions, ideologies, philosophies that promise definitive answers. Of course, they don't provide such thing but just the promise make the people fells better because handle the intrinsec uncertainty of rea is not easy. However, science is the only kind of knowledge that asumes with honesty this uncertainty and hence makes changes and correct itself all time. This undermine public confidence and open the path for "messiah" as we seen in the pandemic. Even worse, after is evident messiah are wrong, people tend to remain attached to them denying realitie which is particularly dangerous when dealing with an illnes. Disinformation is one of the main fights science have to face, not providing static information (which is immpossible) but changing public and policy-makers mindsets

Source author: Carlos Arturo Garcia Bonilla carlos.garcia@cancilleria.gov.co

Building trust over time. --- Establishing and maintaining trust is a journey. Often starting off with small agreement, seeing the other side stands by their part of the deal, and then slowly increasing stakes.

An ICRC delegate one explained to me how a simple program like body repatriation builds this trust with non-state armed actors. They deliver on this basic program, which establishes trust for more substantial "partnerships".

Source author: Joe Cropp joe.cropp@ifrc.org

Facilitator and cultures --- This is an interesting role in the negotiations and there really needs to be an emphasis on the neutrality. They are essentially the intermediary on the conversation, sharing the position of the other side without adjusting. It would be challenging role in the case of different cultures, where there needs to be a level of translation but not re-interpretation

Source author: Joe Cropp joe.cropp@ifrc.org

Compromise --- Indeed, if one side comes out feeling that they have one and expressing that, it would undermine the longevity of an agreement.

Source author: Joe Cropp joe.cropp@ifrc.org

Empathy and trust --- Empathy -- the overarching moral value -- is really important. It gives you both an understanding and appreciation of the other side. People can also understand and respond to the empathy of others, helping negotiators come to a mutually beneficial position.

Source author: Joe Cropp joe.cropp@ifrc.org

Knowledge Transfer and Cross Learning --- One of our Course Directors in Global Health, Beat Stoll, is actually very involved in this project, and told us enthusiastically about it. What is important I think is not only to KNOW what problems you can face, but also to UNDERSTAND them. The difficulty can be if hierarchies of "knowledge" establish (or often: not abolished) because I'd say transfer is not necessarily "downwards". I unfortunately experienced it in northern Namibia. In a totally different area I'm working on (or in ;-) right now, the glacier cave rescue, a relatively unknown " discipline where mountain and cave environment reunite, I can see some similarities. Surprisingly there have not been much interaction until now, and both milieus are quite selfconscious (and male and strong...). It's funny to explain the mountaineers that it is not about rescuing somebody who accidentally fell in a glacier hole, and cavers that water rise in a glacier is not the same as in karst. As for me, I'm not a top expert in neither of them, but I enjoy bringing the worlds :-)

Source author: Katharina Beyer katharina.beyer@etu.unige.ch

Ubuntu has a smilier disposition! --- The positive take on this same idea of a constitutive identity is 'ubuntu' :)

Source author: Biljana Scott biscott@diplomacy.edu

Force and Grace --- We shall be looking at how to combine attentiveness with assertiveness in Lecture 6.

Source author: Biljana Scott biscott@diplomacy.edu

For the sake of the greater good --- Thanks for this link, Petru. I note that the emperor started out his pronouncement on ending the war with a statement in which he puts the survival of his people first and an end to worldwide destruction. It seems therefore that the greater good, to his mind, won out against values such as respect for seniority and responsibility for defeat "I have given serious thought to the situation prevailing at home and abroad and have concluded that continuing the war can only mean destruction for the nation and prolongation of bloodshed and cruelty in the world. I cannot bear to see my innocent people suffer any longer.

Source author: Biljana Scott biscott@diplomacy.edu

Peaceful settlements of disputes: UN Charter --- When it's about peaceful settlement of disputes among states, the Charter of the United Nations enlists in its Article 33: negotiation, enquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement, resort to regional agencies or arrangments, or other peaceful means of their own choice.

The list is not very different from what is recommended to individuals: it is just that implementing such means is more difficult.

Source author: Petru Dumitriu PetruD@diplomacy.edu

Jiminy the Cricket and the king's jester --- I see similarities in the sense that both tell useful things to the king. The Jester says things that others would not dare to say, in public. Jiminy is more discreet. He acts as the voice of conscience only "bilaterally".

Source author: Petru Dumitriu PetruD@diplomacy.edu

IT Companies can do more --- As with climate change, Big IT companies have defined together with ITU an agenda to achieve the 2030 objectives. Why not for a global threat that can also reach every citizen of this planet.

Source author: Ioniarimalala RAKOTONIRINA ioniarimalala@gmail.com

ISP accountability --- Where the national cybersecurity strategy is missing or laking, ISP can be in a good position to ensure the customer security for a safe use.

Source author: Ioniarimalala RAKOTONIRINA ioniarimalala@gmail.com

TOR usage --- As i've told ... every tools which are used on the normal web can be used in the dark web. The same for TOR usage. If TOR can help everyone to be anonym on the web, why not for cybercriminals also. The risk is higher when you are using TOR, you'll be also the complice of some cybercriminal but as long as it is not proven, you cannot be considered as is. Inside of companies, TOR or other anonymizer tools can be managed or banned, but what about for the country and all the citizen?

Source author: Ioniarimalala RAKOTONIRINA ioniarimalala@gmail.com

Awareness backlashing --- In Greece, we've witnessed increased awareness raising at the beginning of the refugee crisis in 2015-16, yet despite the early mobilisation of host communities, given that at the national level locals were facing issues related to the economic crisis, the situation changes. We see many host communities being sceptical about the civil society advocating for refugee rights, whilst feeling that the local populations rights are being forgotten. In such cases how can HD contribute to the re-mobilisation of the public?

Source author: Marianna Stamoulaki m.stamoulakis@gmail.com

Excluding the local 3 --- Eventually, having excluded the local capacities as well as needs since the beginnings of the refugee crisis, has led into situations where harm has and is being caused in all involved sides, including refugees and asylum seekers, host populations and civil society organisations.

Source author: Marianna Stamoulaki m.stamoulakis@gmail.com

Damage is proportional --- As the financial or the business size, the impact of loss of informations are equal. The importance of the damage is proportional to the business size. The resilience may be is not the same.

Source author: Ioniarimalala RAKOTONIRINA ioniarimalala@gmail.com

Importance of user training --- Most of organization leaders doesn't still understand this. As i was in the position to encourage decision makers in companies, they are not convinced to invest more in the cybersecurity tools and knowledges. The cyberthreats appear to not be an important risk for their companies. They are waiting that the threats happen to react may be. That's true, free trainings are available online, but for a higher level like IT, the course may cost higher and most of time depend on the solution provider.

Source author: Ioniarimalala RAKOTONIRINA ioniarimalala@gmail.com