24 Matching Annotations
  1. Jan 2024
    1. international norms, rules and principles to address threats to space systems and, on that basis, launch negotiations on a treaty to ensure peace, security and the prevention of an arms race in outer space

      interesting commitment to working on a treaty for outer space security. curious if it will stay in the final doc

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  2. Feb 2023
    1. 2017: ESA announces its astronauts will train along Chinese one, with the overall goal of having European sent to China's space station. Jan 2023: ESA: "For the moment we have neither the budgetary nor the political, let’s say, green light or intention to engage in a second space station—that is participating on the Chinese space station"

    2. Nearly six years ago the European Space Agency surprised its longtime spaceflight partners at NASA, as well as diplomatic officials at the White House, with an announcement that some of its astronauts were training alongside Chinese astronauts. The goal was to send European astronauts to China's Tiangong space station by 2022.

      2017: ESA announces its astronauts will train along Chinese one, with the overall goal of having European sent to China's space station.

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  3. Jan 2023
    1. That seems likely to change in the next few weeks, when an uncrewed lander becomes the first commercial vehicle to touch down on the Moon

      private sector making its way into Moon missions/exploration

      • 1 JP and 2 US private-led missions underway or planned
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    1. growing support for a ban on anti-satellite weapons tests as one sign of progress, but that effort came after a series of particularly messy orbital tests, and can be seen as an effort to limit Chinese and Russian weapons development.

      To look into: ban on anti-satellite weapons tests

      ||sorina||

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  4. Dec 2022
    1. China’s new space station will be complete, and western researchers have already started signing up to collaborate there. Will we see a non-Chinese astronaut visit?

      China's space station coming up in 2023. To watch as a potential are of cooperation/diplomacy.

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    1. Title: Nigeria and Rwanda sign Artemis Accords

      Content: Nigeria and Rwanda signed the Artemis Accords, becoming the first two African countries to adhere to the a set of nonbinding commitments to facilitate the peaceful and safe exploration of outer space.

      The Artemis Accords, signed by 23 countries up to December 2022, outlines a series of principles, guidelines, and best practices to o enhance the governance of the civil exploration and use of outer space. Intended to apply to civil space activities conducted by the civil space agencies of each signatory countries, the principles cover issues such as peaceful purposes, transparency, interoperability, emergency assistance, registration of space objects, release of scientific data, deconfliction of activities, protection of space heritage, and mitigation of orbital debris, including spacecraft disposal.

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  5. Feb 2022
    1. 21 guidelines for the long-term sustainability of outer space activities.

      What are 21 guidelines for COPUOS.

      ||sorina||||nikolabATdiplomacy.edu|| We need to include this into our page.

    2. LEO, the area of outer space around Earth that includes all orbits below 2,000km, andis the home of the International Space Station and of thousands of other satellites,is rapidly becoming a hazardous area due tospace debris and inoperable spacecraft orbiting at very high speeds.

      What is Low Earth Orbit? Low Earth Orbit (LEO) includes all orbits below 2.000 km, where most satellites are located including the International Space Station. In LEO there is high risk of collisions due to space debris.

    3. “new space”4

      What is definition of new space? New space is about private companies, SMEs and start-ups that develop novel space technologies and applications.

    4. Space Traffic Management (STM)

      this is new term to be used.

      Terminology.

    5. An EU Approach for Space Traffic Management An EU contribution addressing a global challenge

      Steph alerted me about this initiative. In EU style they will try to fill the regulatory gap. Sorina and Nikola, let us follow-up on it.

      ||StephanieBP|| ||nikolabATdiplomacy.edu|| ||sorina||

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    1. without clearly defined rules of the road for such interactions.

      Second generation of SpaceX constellations increases risk for satellite collision. In the letter to the US Federal Communication Commission NASA and NSF outline risks and call for 'defined rules of the road' for space traffic.

      ||sorina||||nikolabATdiplomacy.edu||

    2. ~25,000 total objects

      Total number of objects in orbit.

      ||Jovan||

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    1. Geomagnetic storm can affect sattelites and create space-waste. Here is an example about the SpaceX satellites.

      ||nikolabATdiplomacy.edu|| possible box to be used on the website or info for course.

    2. a geomagnetic storm

      What is a geomagnetic storm?

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    1. Elon Mask's SpaceX network with 2000 Starlink satellites cause the following threats"

      1. Satellite collisions According to Space.com 50% close encounters between two satellites in 2021 involved Starlink satellites. Triggered by this risk, China initiated the process with the UN Office for Outer Space Affairs.

      2. Environment damage Such concentration of satellites creates various types of pollutions: light pollution, space junk, chemicals in the atmosphere, etc.

      3. Changing night sky and interfering with astronomy One in 15 sources of lights are satellites. Such 'light pollution' will make much more difficult for astronomers to spot asteroids and do their research.

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  6. Jan 2022
    1. ||nikolabATdiplomacy.edu||||VladaR|| This text provides a good summary of space diplomacy including the major initatives and positions of the key actors

    2. The other main multilateral body where one might expect to see negotiations on space arms control, the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva, has been bogged down in disagreement over what the real threat to space is. Russia, China and their allies argue that the focus should be on banning the placement of space-to-Earth weapons in orbit. The United States and its allies instead argue that threatening behavior in space—such as uncoordinated close approaches to another country’s satellite, or the deliberate creation of large amounts of debris—is what is destabilizing. Furthermore, the two sides are split over whether the steps taken should be a legally binding treaty or voluntary guidelines and political norms of behavior.

      Position of the main actors on space diplomacy.

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    1. According to Li, the moon simulator could also be used to test whether new technology such as 3D printing could be used to build structures on the lunar surface. It could help assess whether a permanent human settlement could be built there, including issues like how well the surface traps heat, he said.

      3D printing on the moon

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    1. The US, Russia and China are all experimenting with new weapons, such as orbiting hypersonic glide vehicles capable of launching nuclear missiles from anywhere in the heavens. Russia caused anger in late 2021 with its reckless test of an anti-satellite missile. Others will follow suit, potentially threatening global communications. Not to be outdone, Nasa is planning to knock a giant asteroid off course in September by orchestrating a head-on collision, using a spacecraft launched on a rocket built by Elon Musk’s SpaceX. The US calls this “planetary defence” – but the technology plainly has offensive applications. Some will deem this progress, others a giant backward step for mankind.

      militarisaiton of space

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    1. For two decades, the space station has been a symbol of diplomatic triumph between the U.S. and Russia, typically insulated from tensions on Earth. Russian astronauts traveled to orbit on the space shuttle, and when it stopped flying, the Russian Soyuz spacecraft became NASA’s only ride to orbit for nearly a decade. The station also requires the two space powers’ cooperation to function: The Russian segment depends on electricity generated by American solar panels, while the station as a whole depends on Russian equipment to control its orbit.

      ||nikolabATdiplomacy.edu|| An example of successful cooperation in space diplomacy

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    1. Asked about the near-collisions with the China Space Station (CSS) between July and October, Foreign Ministry spokesman Zhao Lijian confirmed that his country had lodged a formal complaint with the United Nations

      Colision in the space

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  7. Dec 2021
    1. to “record the greatest timelapse of the universe ever made”.

      this is linked to space as well ||nikolabATdiplomacy.edu||

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