- Aug 2022
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data.consilium.europa.eu data.consilium.europa.eu
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Singapore
Read more about the process towards digital partnership between EU and Singapore.
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the Digital Partnership with Japan
Consult the text on the EU-Japan Digital Parntership.
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the Digital Agenda for Western Balkans,
Read more on the Digital Agenda for Western Balkans.
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trategic Partnership with the Gulf
Read more about Strategic Partnership with the Gulf.
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the EU-U.S. Trade and Technology Council,
Read more about the Pittsburg Statement.
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the Joint Declaration by the EU and Indo-Pacific countries on privacy and the protection of digital data
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he New Agenda for the Mediterranean
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the EU-India Trade and Technology Council,
You can read press release on the occassion of the launch of the EU-India Trade and Technology Council.
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hejoint commitment to digital transformation in the EU-Africa Joint Vision for 2030,
Read more here
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Global Digital Compac
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he Global Gateway strategy,
Annotated text of the EU's Global Gateway Strategy: https://via.diplomacy.edu/https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/default/files/joint_communication_global_gateway.pdf
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The EU's Council Conclusions, which were published on 18 July, introduce a holistic approach in digital diplomacy. This is a significant shift away from cybersecurity being the main focus for the European External Action Service (EEAS) for a long period.
The EEAS includes standardisation, human rights, as well as other digital policy topics, in its holistic approach. The Council's Conclusions integrate both the EU's internal and external digital policies and establish links between green diplomacy and cyber diplomacy.
However, the Council Conclusions maintain a confusing situation in relation to the organisation and management of the EU’s digital diplomacy. Council's conclusions mention Cyber Diplomacy Networks and Digital Diplomacy Networks as the two main implementation tools of EU's Digital Diplomacy.
The dual approach of Cyber (mainly security) as well as Digital (other elements of digital foreign policies) should be reconciled using one organisational structure as it has been done by the United States among other actors.
The Council Conclusions of EU are technology neutral. Except for two paragraphs dealing with data, the Council Conclusions do not mention AI, Blockchain, Metaverse, or any other specific technologies.
The conclusion barely mentions the digital economy and trade. The conclusion is timid about mentioning openness and digital commons, which are important pillars of its digitalization efforts.
Most surprising, however, is the absence of a single reference to the Internet Governance Forum.
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ec.europa.eu ec.europa.eu
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Joint Statement:
Joint Statement
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www.eeas.europa.eu www.eeas.europa.eu
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Strengthening trust in the digital environment
Trust as the key aspect of digital cooperation.
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www.whitehouse.gov www.whitehouse.gov
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Section 2. Pittsburgh outcomes
Main outcomes of the Pittsburgh inaugural meeting of the U.S.-EU Trade and Technology Council.
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to what extent regional actors have retained their passion for showdown, revenge or expansion.
it is good news. There is no passion for fighting any more in the Balkans.
Namely, there are less and less young people in the Balkans. Millions left the Balkans to Germany, Ireland and Western Europe.
Countries are run as local feuds by corrupted elites. 'Export' of young people is ideal solution for them since they benefit for remittance up to 20% of GDP. In addition, there is no energy for protest against them as a more vibrant part of society is abroad. In addition, there is no problem of unemployment.
Paradoxically, exactly this new 'business model' could be the reason for optimism in the Balkans. But, it is always tricky to be optimistic in the Balkans!
||Jovan||
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As a result, there is no reason to expect Moscow's assistance in resolving the situation (be it Kosovo or Bosnia). Right now, the West's favorite practice of "selective interaction" (we work together with Russia where we need it, we refuse to engage on other issues) can no longer be applied. There will be no cooperation: Russia and the West will be on opposite sides of the barricades everywhere, no matter the issue at hand. We are in a systemic cold war. And this reality can greatly influence what will happen in the Balkans.
This is probably the key arguemnt.
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It cannot promise membership, and more precisely – even if such a pledge were made, it doesn’t guarantee anything.
The carrot is missing. Stick may not work anymore.
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the only future roadmap for the various states was eventual membership of the EU
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www.datacenterdynamics.com www.datacenterdynamics.com
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Title: Data centres need more space in Frankfurt
Frankfurt is the major European data hub, with more than 60 data centres covering 64 hectares.
One of the main reasons for this high concentration of data centres is the proximity of the main Internet exchange hub in Frankfurt, which processes most of the European internet traffic.
Fast expansion of data hubs triggered reaction of local authorities. In the new urbanist plan, they would like to restrict space for data centres. As you can see from the enclosed article, this proposal triggered a reaction from the German Datacenter Association arguing, among others, that the restriction for the growth of data centres could endanger digitalisation processes in Germany.
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Above all, the current expansion of large cloud and colocation data centers improves efficiency, since this is accompanied by the dismantling of significantly less efficient, company-owned data centers."
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Frankfurt is a major European hub, with more than 60 data centers,
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in response to concerns that data centers had taken up 64 hectares (640,000 sqm/6.9 million sq ft) in Frankfurt, and were pushing up property prices, as well as using available energy.
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- Jul 2022
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asiatimes.com asiatimes.com
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Huawei influence in the process of digitalisation of countries worldwide.
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Indonesia, a country with a long history of hostility toward China, has embraced China’s vision of economic development driven by digital infrastructure and managed by Chinese providers.
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Huawei had a published plan for the digital transformation of every country in the world.
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Let us build you a broadband network and the eco-system of e-commerce, e-finance and digital technologies that go with it, and you can become rich like China, the Huawei officials said.
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Huawei, Carnegie reports, is training 10,000 Indonesian officials in cybersecurity.
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But Chinese players also extend their influence by working through local actors and institutions while adapting and assimilating local and traditional forms, norms, and practices.”
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China also divides the external [export] cycle into two sub-cycles: Europe and the United States on one hand, and the Belt and Road/Asia, Africa and Latin America on the other.”
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Half a billion people in neighboring countries now depend on Chinese technology for communications, data processing and logistics, providing China with a nearly limitless source of young workers for its industries and an ever-expanding export market.
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China’s exports to the largest economies of the Global South have nearly doubled from pre-Covid levels to a seasonally-adjusted US$70 billion in June 2022 from $38 billion in June 2019.
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curator.diplomacy.edu curator.diplomacy.edu
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TINA should still hold. Japan has no choice but to strengthen its economy, enhance its defence capacities and nurture its alliances and partnerships.
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There is no alternative, or TINA.
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curator.diplomacy.edu curator.diplomacy.edu
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Internet business model based on advertising is under the strain after 'golden' time during the shift to online at pandemics time. In 2021, online advertising growth was 38% compared to average growth of 21%.
There are the following reasons why online advertising growth won't continue:
- online advertising is becoming mature industry with saturated offer.
- growing pressure on privacy and data protection reduces use of tools for targeted advergising.
- Apple's change to the privacy setting on Iphones that prevents tracing of effect of advertising compaign affected many companies. For example it reduced Meta/Facebook annual revenue for $20 billion (8%).
Meta/Facebook and smaller companies are most affected by slow down in online advartising. Google is doing well as it builds advertising around search engine, more traditional approach to online advertising.
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Google, whose search ads rely less on the sort of tracking Apple has curbed, may have benefited from Meta’s misery, helping offset some of the slowdown.
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Ad-sellers are feeling the delayed effect of Apple’s change last year to the privacy settings on iPhones, which stops advertisers from tracking people’s behaviour on its devices, and thus from measuring the effectiveness of digital ads.
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When marketing budgets get trimmed, advertisers tend to stick to what they know, says Mark Shmulik of Bernstein, a broker. And they know Google search much better than they do Snap’s experiments with augmented reality.
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curator.diplomacy.edu curator.diplomacy.edu
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That work did not intend to portray nudges as a silver bullet, he says, and did include caveats about heterogeneity and publication bias.
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should break down nudges into smaller distinct groups by type.
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from flies to golf flags placed in urinals have been shown to improve men’s aim and reduce cleaning costs
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academic journals tend to favour publishing studies that report the largest effect sizes
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three separate academic groups, from Britain, Hungary and America, published critiques in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, which also published the Swiss team’s initial analysis.
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Psychologists at the University of Geneva analysed some 200 nudge studies and concluded that not only did nudges work overall, but that they did so impressively.
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choice architecture interventions
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curator.diplomacy.edu curator.diplomacy.edu
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it should marry pressure with persuasion and plain-speaking with patience
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Mr Biden’s simplistic attempt to divide the world into democracies and autocracies makes wise trade-offs harder.
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the West came to think that it could have it all.
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to acknowledge that foreign policy, like all government, involves trade-offs
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There are ways to help keep talks honest.
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they should assess the likely results rather than the appearances of virtue.
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In 1991 the g7 produced 66% of global output; today, just 44%.
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to refrain from staking out moral positions they cannot sustain.
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The Economist has not lost its faith in the institutions that emerged from the Enlightenment. Liberal values are universal. Yet the West’s strategy for promoting its world-view is sputtering and America and its allies need to be clearer-eyed.
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China is asserting the merits of “people-centred” human rights that put peace and economic development above voting and free speech.
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mbs also shows that American power is less imposing than it seemed 15 years ago
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Is the ethical policy to shun mbs or sup with him?
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values, power and that historic destiny.
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curator.diplomacy.edu curator.diplomacy.edu
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For anyone who wants to understand the process and what is at stake, Mr Ball’s lucid and timely book offers a portal into a new realm.
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The author wisely avoids spending too much time trying to imagine all the future uses of the metaverse, or analysing which of today’s tech giants are best-placed to exploit it. Nor does he dig very deeply into the inevitable regulatory and governance challenges. It is far too early in the game.
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Economics, Mr Ball says, “will drive standardisation and interoperation over time”.
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Ultimately an open standard prevailed, the Internet Protocol, because a common format created a bigger market.
It is not true that market led towards adoption of TCP/IP.
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that “economic gravity” will drive companies to co-operate in devising and adopting open standards, because the market that this will unlock will be much bigger than any of them could create alone.
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it is not yet possible to take an item of virtual clothing from “Fortnite” into “Minecraft”.
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He insists that, just as there is only one internet, made up of many different networks and services that have more value for being connected, there should be only one metaverse, made up of many virtual worlds.
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an interoperable network of 3d virtual worlds that can be accessed simultaneously by millions of users, who can exert property rights over virtual items.
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The word was coined in 1992 by Neal Stephenson in his novel “Snow Crash”. Mr Ball traces the concept of a parallel, synthetic reality back to “Pygmalion’s Spectacles”, a short story of 1935 by Stanley Weinbaum, and later tales by Ray Bradbury, Philip K. Dick, Isaac Asimov and William Gibson. Strikingly, all their synthetic worlds are dystopias—a detail modern tech bosses have failed to notice, or chosen to ignore.
Origins of metavrse are distopian
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Metaverse is a relatively new name for an old idea, explains Matthew Ball, a technology analyst (and occasional contributor to The Economist), in his survey of the topic.
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The vision was prescient, but the jargon died.
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information superhighway
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curator.diplomacy.edu curator.diplomacy.edu
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“The social and public opinion basis in Europe for co-operation and engaging with China is being gradually destroyed,”
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many German firms have already accepted the need to reduce dependency on China. “They are more conscious of the risks and they are willing to pay a certain premium” to diversify,
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As Germany’s chancellor, she had been at the forefront of eu efforts to keep relations with China from turning sour. In a phone call with her last September, Mr Xi noted a “high level of trust” between their countries.
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China hit back wildly, placing sanctions on a wide range of prominent European politicians, scholars and think-tanks. The European Parliament responded by shelving ratification of an agreement on bilateral investment that had been reached between China and the eu in 2020 with much (overblown) fanfare.
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Hungary remains strongly pro-China. But in February 2021 six other eu countries in the group failed to send their leaders to a virtual summit with Mr Xi (his first appearance at such an event). In May that year one of them, Lithuania, withdrew entirely: its foreign minister called the group “divisive”. Now the Czech Republic is mulling whether to leave, too. Like Lithuania, it says the group’s economic benefits have failed to match expectations.
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curator.diplomacy.edu curator.diplomacy.edu
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Amazon’s $3.9bn purchase this month of One Medical, an American health-care provider, is only the latest maama effort to conquer one of the last remaining under-digitised markets big enough to move the needle for a trillion-dollar firm.
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Amazon, for example, is investing heavily in its advertising business, Alphabet’s forte; Alphabet, meanwhile, is spending billions to get a foothold in the cloud, which is Amazon’s.
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As they become commonplace, tech offerings are behaving like other staples.
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The bigger the payroll the harder it is to replenish, let alone expand.
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Barriers are being put up on the internet, too, as places from the European Union to India become more protective of their citizens’ data and of their own digital darlings. That is a worry for Alphabet, Meta and Microsoft, which, outside firewalled China at least, face few barriers to selling their digital services.
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A day later Meta said its sales fell year on year, for the first time ever.
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Covid-19 may have cramped physical lives, but it enriched digital ones—thereby enriching big tech as never before.
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Since 2005 the digital share of American gdp has risen by a third, to 10%.
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curator.diplomacy.edu curator.diplomacy.edu
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This is in-depth analysis of Putin's role, including control of society, framing of narratives, etc.
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As the war drags on and casualties mount, the question is whether Mr Putin can mobilise the passive majority or whether they start to grow restive. The elites in the Kremlin, the army and the security services will watch closely.
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Even when people have access to information, they “simply ignore it or rationalise it, just to avoid destroying the concept of self, country and power…created by propaganda,” notes Elena Koneva, a sociologist.
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Among television viewers—mostly people over 60—more than 80% support the war. Among 18- to 24-year-olds, who get their news from the internet, it is less than half.
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“These efforts are driven by the notion that it’s impossible to protect the internal legitimacy of the current leadership and keep citizens loyal if Russia remains relatively open and linked up to the global networked system.”
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“disconnective society”
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He blocked Facebook, Twitter and Instagram and any remaining independent media, isolated the country from poisonous Western influence and chased anyone who objected to the war out of the country.
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As Greg Yudin, a Russian sociologist, argues, they are needed for the ritual of elections that demonstrate the legitimacy of the ruler, but the rest of the time they should be invisible. Mr Yudin calls this attitude “people on call”.
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As long as Mr Putin is in power, Russia will build alliances with China, Iran and other anti-liberal countries. It will, as ever, be in the ideological vanguard.
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the liberal West, Ukraine and traitors at home.
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That same year Ilyin’s body was brought back to Russia from Switzerland, where he had died in exile in 1954.
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“to carry out their hostile and ridiculous experiment even in the post-Bolshevik chaos, deceptively presenting it as the supreme triumph of ‘freedom’, ‘democracy’ and ‘federalism’…German propaganda has invested too much money and effort in Ukrainian separatism (and maybe not only Ukrainian)”.
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Ilyin’s book, “Our Tasks”, was recommended by the Kremlin as essential reading to state officials in 2013. It ends with a short essay to a future Russian leader. Western-style democracy and elections would bring ruin to Russia, Ilyin wrote. Only “united and strong state power, dictatorial in scope and state-national in essence” could save it from chaos.
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he retained his faith in the fascist idea of national resurgence
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Ivan Ilyin
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“Our wonderful Stierlitz is the perfect fascist man and the perfect Soviet man at the same time, making transgressive transitions from one to the other with subduing and untraceable ease...He is the harbinger of a new age—a time of mobility and manipulativeness.”
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the liberal elite of the 1990s completely rejected the old Soviet values, sweeping away a strong tradition of anti-fascist literature and arts.
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Its aim is to disengage people and prevent any form of self-organisation.
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Nearly 30% of Russians say torture should be allowed.
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“The logical result of fascism is the introduction of aesthetics into political life,” he wrote.
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he half-swastika has been painted on the doors of Russian film and theatre critics, promoters of “decadent and degenerate” Western art. Hospital patients and groups of children, some kneeling, have been arranged to form half-swastikas for posting online.
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The Kremlin is cultivating and rewarding the lowest instincts in people, provoking hatred and fighting. This hell cannot end peacefully.
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the triumph of the will over reason
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it feeds on exceptionalism and ressentiment, a mixture of jealousy and frustration born out of humiliation.
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Some in the West want a return to business as usual once the war is over, but there can be no true peace with a fascist Russia.
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list a hatred of homosexuality, a fixation with the traditional family and a fanatical faith in the power of the state.
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a cult of personality around Mr Putin
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“People disagree, often vehemently, over what constitutes fascism,” he wrote recently in the New York Times, “but today’s Russia meets most of the criteria.”
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curator.diplomacy.edu curator.diplomacy.edu
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Here is an interesting interview with the head of AI at SalesForce. I compare with our efforts.
A good and solid data is essential. We are getting good data via two main sources:
- structured data organised via geography (countries). Later on we can introduce time component. In this way we will have two main determinants for any phenomenon: space and time.
- semi- and un-structured data: textus annotations
He also higlightes the question of classification which we have ready with taxonomies. There is also an importance of conversation where we are also doing well via Textus and event analysis.
All in all, we seem to be on the right track to having well-designed AI system.
||JovanNj||||anjadjATdiplomacy.edu||||dusandATdiplomacy.edu||||Katarina_An||
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I give you aprobability of the guy paying late, what are we going to do about it?
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really need to get into our customers’ heads
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t’s a little bit more self-explanatory,because we’re also introducing a template system.
We need to put more efforts in user interface.
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how important a role intuition playsin that process
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f I use the DMV’s chatbotand say, “I lost my license” and it says, “Fill out this form and you’ll geta replacement,” well, that’s what I was asking for.
Important to avoid these type of answers.
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Is it explaining itself sufficiently for the weight ofthe problem?
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uncomfortably long pilot periods
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Can a human do it?
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What problem you’re trying to solve
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if you don’t have the data, then you have a problem.
we have data.
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“What data do we have?”
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conversions.
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classifications.
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numeric prediction.
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The first ingredient is “yes” and “no” questions.
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I like to break it down into ingredients.
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They often havean outsized idea of what AI can do, for example.
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curator.diplomacy.edu curator.diplomacy.edu
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The enormous economic power of tech companies that threatens market competition triggered the US Congress initaitive on the American Innovation and Choice Online Act. This act is proposed in bi-partisan mode, but it does not enjoy, yet, overwhelming support.
The Act is championed by Senator Amy Kobuchar from the Democratic Party.
The main provision of the proposed act is that online platforms with more than 50 million monthly active users or 100,000 U.S.-based monthly active users would be blocked from putting their products and services ahead of a different business if it materially harms competition.
In this respect, the Act aims to 'mimic' approach from the EU's Digital Market Act.
The voting on this Act will be also test of the power of tech companies to block the US Congres legislation that may harm their interests.
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The FTC said in July it wants to block Meta from acquiring a popular virtual reality dedicated fitness app because Meta has a “virtual reality empire.”
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its shift from social media toward a virtual reality ‘metaverse’ business may not escape the government’s wrath either.
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Tiktok surpassed Facebook and Instagram in people’s time spent scrolling their platforms back in 2020, according to market research company Insider Intelligence.
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Facebook posted its first-ever year-over-year revenue decline in 2022’s second quarter, also marking an unprecedented three straight quarters of shrinking profits, according to MarketWatch.
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“Never before in our country’s modern history have so few people wielded such immense power over the dissemination of information, or had the ability to silence their political or ideological opponents.”
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the bill would “supercharge harmful content online” by hindering content moderation practices that censor people’s speech.
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for Amazon and our selling partners to offer products with Prime’s free two-day shipping (let alone one-day).”
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not designed to break up the companies or ban mergers.
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online platforms with more than 50 million monthly active users or 100,000 U.S.-based monthly active users would be blocked from putting their products and services ahead of a different business if it materially harms competition.
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the American Innovation and Choice Online Act.
There is a new act in the US aimed at tech companies.
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curator.diplomacy.edu curator.diplomacy.edu
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New pressure on EU development funding for Africa due to the cost of the Ukraine war
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As Russia moves to make its own diplomatic offer, the EU will need to significantly ramp up its financial support for African states to pay for grain, wheat and energy. The price tag is huge – but there is little alternative.
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Many African states view the conflict as an old-fashioned battle between East and West.
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more support for Ukraine will be at the cost of cuts in funding for Africa and other states, not to mention cuts to funding programmes within the EU.
Tags
Annotators
URL
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curator.diplomacy.edu curator.diplomacy.edu
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Naming China
Indication about China
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It is strikingly like the dynamic of Greek tragedy, where power leads to hubris that is injurious to others and therefore ultimately anti-social – and self-destructive in the end.
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Other institutions are being designed as China, Russia, Iran, India and their prospective allies represent a large enough critical mass to “go it alone,” based on their own mineral wealth and manufacturing power.
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The aim in China in particular is to prevent the rentier Finance, Insurance and Real Estate (FIRE) sector from becoming a burdensome overhead whose economic interests differ from those of a socialist government.
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European NATO countries are losing not only their export markets but their investment opportunities to gain from the much more rapid growth of Eurasian countries whose government planning and resistance to financialization has proved much more productive than the US/NATO neoliberal model.
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Its automotive and other industrial production is being forced to shift away from German and other European brands to its own and Chinese producers. The result is a loss of markets for Western exporters.
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Instead, blocking Russian exports has created a worldwide price inflation for oil and gas, sharply increasing Russian export earnings. It exported less gas but earned more – and with dollars and euros blocked, Russia demanded payment for its exports in rubles. Its exchange rate soared instead of collapsing, enabling Russia to reduce its interest rates.
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What seems to be so self-destructive about America’s economic sanctions and confiscations of Russian and other foreign reserves is that they are accelerating the demise of this free ride.
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the U.S. confiscations have accelerated the end of the U.S. Treasury-bill standard that has governed world finance since the United States went off gold in 1971.
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Any nation that follows policies not deemed to be in the interests of the U.S. Government runs the risk of U.S. authorities confiscating its holdings of foreign reserves in U.S. banks or securities.
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The aim is to bleed Russia’s armaments inventory, kill enough of its soldiers, and create enough Russian shortages and suffering to not only weaken its ability to help China, but to spur its population to support a regime change, an American-sponsored “color revolution.”
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Blocking Russian grain and fertilizer shipping threatens to create a Global South food crisis as well as a European crisis as gas is unavailable to make domestic fertilizer.
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Coal is becoming the “fuel of the future.”
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The dollar’s exchange rate has soared against the euro, which has plunged to parity with the dollar and looks set to fall further down toward the $0.80 that it was a generation ago. U.S. dominance over Europe is further strengthened by the trade sanctions against Russian oil and gas. The U.S. is an LNG exporter, U.S. companies control the world oil trade, and U.S. firms are the world’s major grain marketers and exporters now that Russia is excluded from many foreign markets.
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by shifting planning away from national governments to a cosmopolitan financial sector.
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What is euphemized as U.S.-style democracy is a financial oligarchy privatizing basic infrastructure, health and education.
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For the first time since the Bandung Conference of Non-Aligned Nations in 1955, a critical mass is able to be mutually self-sufficient to start the process of achieving independence from Dollar Diplomacy.
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www.euractiv.com www.euractiv.com
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||Pavlina|| you may include this news in the SF study.
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support the policy discussions in the context of the EU-US Trade and Technology Council.
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The Irish Consulate General will host the EU officials for the first year until they set up their own office.
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De Graaf will move to San Francisco with his policy assistant Joanna Smolinska and hire two local agents.
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To a certain extent, he added, litigation might even be beneficial for the regulator to clarify the new legal concepts.
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making an example of operating systems that will have to open up to alternative app stores.
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the timing indicates the office will play an important in the implementation of the upcoming legislation, as the European Commission will take up the role of the regulator for the EU’s internal market for the first time.
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www.rt.com www.rt.com
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to expand the permanent membership of the Security Council to include India, Brazil, Indonesia, and one or two major African countries known for having an independent stance.
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a decisive step as abolishing the UN and creating (if necessary) a new principal international institution
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to proceed from the legitimacy that emerged from World War II, during which most modern states simply did not exist.
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from the location of its headquarters in New York, to the specifics of appointments to high and middle bureaucratic positions.
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Most of the world does so not out of sympathy for Russia, but for their own selfish reasons.
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The failure of the attempts to isolate Russia, even though the West relied on formal international law in condemning its actions, clearly demonstrated the refusal of other countries to follow the Western course
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for example, in the area of climate change, were not secured by clear benefits for others, but by the use of instruments of direct coercion
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a rising self-confidence of a host of relatively new actors in international politics
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reduction of the material capabilities of the West,
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economic globalization,
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Russia’s military assertiveness on the Ukraine issue has helped everyone see that the status quo favored by the West is already a thing of the past.
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Otherwise, the revisionism of Moscow and Beijing would repeat the fate of revolutionary France in the early 19th century, or of Germany and Japan, which rebelled in the second quarter of the previous century against the injustice of the world order of that time.
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the UNSC is a way to maintain the monopoly of the US and Western Europe in international politics.
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the UNSC is becoming a very sophisticated form of deterrence which is carried out by granting two adversary countries a special status.
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there is the practical ability to influence world governance through the control of procedural practices (personnel assignments in the international bureaucracy, for example).
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but ‘global containment’ of both Russia and China by maintaining the hegemonic position of the West.
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he only ‘institution’ in Russia-US relations is their capacity for mutual assured destruction.
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has never dealt with questions of war and peace between its members.
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Where they were tactically stronger than the US, it was not because of their formal status
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The lesson of the destruction that emerged from Versailles after World War I by an aggrieved Germany and Japan was well learned – in both theory and practice.
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“The UN’s ability to really run the world has always remained largely an illusion.”
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a new cycle, in which there is little scope for a monopoly position of a narrow group of countries, will have no need for the traditional institutions of international governance at all.
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was based not on formal status, but on unique capabilities of power.
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o maintain its centrality in international politics.
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www.aljazeera.com www.aljazeera.com
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A ‘Middle Corridor’ that Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Turkey signed up for this year is an example. “The regional desire is now there to make it work,” he said. “It is already happening.”
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“The US needs India more while facing the DragonBear [a reference to the deepening China-Russia coalition] than India needs Washington while facing China in the Indo-Pacific,”
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“emerging economies are finally breaking the hegemony of financing structures created by developed countries,”
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“Both politically and economically, the stars have finally aligned for the INSTC,”
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India’s imports from Russia grew by nearly 272 percent — crossing $5bn in just two months — compared with the same period in 2021.
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All of this makes it “extremely important for Russia to develop new supply chains and enhance others,”
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India, too, has largely focused on expanding trade with the West, China and Southeast Asia over the past two decades. Western sanctions on Iran further complicated the prospect of investing in the INSTC.
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“Most of Russia’s supply chains are built to cater to Europe,”
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