Number of internet users and world trade by sector

Open trade should not have to suffer in this global reordering. But that outcome is not guaranteed. It requires us to combine the pursuit of a rules-based international order with a drive to reduce our strategic vulnerabilities.

three-quarters of Europeans are in favour of a common EU defence and security policy.

The single market allows the EU to use its economic weight to steer openness in a rules-based direction, and to set values and standards in other parts of the world – which it already does via the so-called Brussels effect

a form of “managed globalisation” within our single market

over 70% of the euro area’s participation in global value chains was already regional in 2019

Having spent decades investing in regionalisation, the EU is well placed to succeed in a world where the global order is more fragmented,

“open strategic autonomy”

Fragmentation at the global level may ultimately spur greater integration at the regional level because the latter can help to manage the costs of a changing world.

for the first time, we may see these two forces diverge

to offset cost pressures emanating from higher energy prices and the associated elevated transportation costs.

for deeper regional risk-sharing

a fallback, regionalisation allows countries to recreate some of the benefits of globalisation on a smaller scale and to limit these costs.

the first best option is still to defend the rules-based multilateral trading system that powered the rise of global trade

establishing fully domestic semiconductor manufacturing supply chains within the United States could cost up to USD 1 trillion, according to one estimate

lower international risk-sharing and higher transitional costs.

from globalisation to regionalisation

semiconductors or pharmaceuticals

is aiming to double its share of the global market for semiconductor production to 20% by 2030.[21]

International firms will still face strong incentives to organise production where costs are lowest, but geopolitical imperatives might restrict the perimeter in which they can do so.

in which geopolitical biases are being introduced into strategic supply chains at the expense of efficiency considerations

By late 2021 almost half of companies had diversified their supplier base, in contrast to just 5% that had implemented reshoring measures.

we are likely to see a greater focus on diversifying suppliers and stockpiling essential inputs.

a “Goldilocks” scenario of relative economic and geopolitical stability

The euro area is highly dependent on Russia for, among other things, cobalt and vanadium. These are key inputs for the 3D printing, drone and robotics industries.

China was estimated to control over half of the global rare earths mining capacity in 2020, and 85% of rare earths refining.

extremely vulnerable to disruptions in the face of global shocks that affect multiple sectors at once

the vulnerabilities of this model.

Integration with global value chains led to lower import prices, technology spillovers, and productivity gains from the international division of labour

Trade as a share of GDP rose from 31% to 54% in the euro area between 1999 and 2019, whereas in the United States it rose from just 23% to 26%

trade safer

These are the shifts from dependence to diversification, from efficiency to security, and from globalisation to regionalisation.

nickel, palladium we rely on that can—goes into catalytic converters, can end up raising the prices of cars. A wide range of commodities.

Ukraine and Russia provide more than 20 percent of global food exports, we’re seeing skyrocketing wheat, corn prices, energy.

more secure energy supplies.

to adopt high standards with respect to labor, the environment, privacy protections, digital—you know, treatment of digital business and services that these countries might band together and form partnerships, you know, that can be open partnerships that other countries can join, participate in, so that it’s not a closed grouping; it’s a plurilateral but open grouping that would encourage other countries to join.

friend-shoring means—and you’ve seen this in action—that we have a group of countries that have strong adherence to a set of norms and values about how to operate in the global economy and about how to run the global economic system, and we need to deepen our ties with those partners and to work together to make sure that we can supply our needs of critical materials.

the dollar’s over 60 percent of global reserves,

that makes investors all around the world feel safe in relying on the dollar as a store of value and means of exchange, so there will be a desire to avoid sanctions, to replace the dollar, but I don’t think we will likely see that happen.

he benefits of continued efficiencies in production by having a group of partners who work to shore up supply chains and make them more resilient.

China relies in many ways on state-owned enterprises and engages in practices that I think unfairly damage our national-security interests.

can the dollar reserves be weaponized?

I don’t think we need to invent a completely new financial architecture, but we do need to enable these institutions to address modern-day challenges.

pivot point,

a new Bretton Woods

broader spillovers of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.

strengthening the global health architecture to boost pandemic preparedness and response.

a more secure and cleaner energy future

Experts put the funding needs in the trillions, and we’ve so far been working in billions.

financial firefighter

to reform profit reallocation rules

to end the race to the bottom in corporate taxes

our

a network of plurilateral trade arrangements to incorporate elements of the modern economy that are growing in economic importance, especially digital services.

harmonize our approaches to protecting the privacy of data.

trusted countries

friend-shoring of supply chains

free but secure trade

to build trust and cooperation to improve our ability to provide the global public goods

committed to a set of core values and principles

China cannot expect the global community to respect its appeals to the principles of sovereignty and territorial integrity in the future if does not respect these principles now when it counts.

the unified coalition of sanctioning countries will not be indifferent to actions that undermine the sanctions we’ve put in place.

With over 275 million people facing acute food insecurity, I am deeply concerned about the impact of Russia’s war on food prices and supply, particularly on poor populations who spend a larger share of their income on food.

energy, food, fertilizer,

finance and foreign policy and national security are interconnected

The need for common values and geostrategic compatibility will now increasingly shape trade and investment flows. The GATT and the WTO were predicated on the assumption that trade could and should flow freely between countries irrespective of any potential security or philosophical divergences.

have had the luxury of focusing primarily on economic efficiencies and the pursuit of greater profitability.

to be binding the North Atlantic partners together more tightly in order to fortify their combined capacity to counter China and Russia.

a new cabinet post – Minister for Economic Security – which is an explicit recognition of the increasingly vital linkage between trade and security considerations that both Yellen and Lagarde described.

by a call for trade to be increasingly conducted within a much more narrowly defined basket of “friends” who share common “values”.

Both have embodied the strong pro-globalization, pro-free trade conventional wisdom that has been dominant in Washington, Brussels and many other world capitals since at least the 1980s.

such as respect for international law and human rights.”

to make sure that we can supply our needs of critical materials.”

to a set of norms and values

“It will be increasingly difficult to separate economic issues from broader considerations of national interest, including national security.”

ree but secure trade

by the stresses created by China’s model of state-directed capitalism

The ideal of a single, deeply integrated global trade system – embodied in the founding of the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) – no longer seems realistic.

Rising geostrategic tensions and an increasingly volatile security milieu are rendering the post-World War II global trade system obsolete.

How to Use a Custom HTML Template for Your Email Automation

FREE Download

What’s the Better Format for Photo and Art Books, Landscape or Portrait?

What’s Next

HumanAugmentation

Deeper Machine Learning

How can we assure humanity’s well-being while also sustaining the health of our planet

Debates - The Philosophical Compass – Three Questions for TomorrowThe GESDA 2021 Science Breakthrough Radar20If what matters is what you can count, then everything you cannot count will gradually be devalued. W

A Scienc

untry of host institutions of cont

About GESDA

Table of Contents

BRUSSELS, May 2 (Reuters) - Tech giants such as Google (GOOGL.O), Meta (FB.O) and Netflix (NFLX.O) may have to bear some of the cost of Europe's telecoms network, Europe's digital chief Margrethe Vestager said on Monday, following EU telecoms operators' complaints."I think there is an issue that we need to consider with a lot of focus, and that is the issue of fair contribution to telecommunication networks," Vestager told a news conference.

further galvanize China’s ambitions to develop supply chains independent of U.S. technology.

China’s overall exports to Russia fell 27% in value from February to March, official trade data show.

China’s exports of tech products to Russia fell sharply in March from February, with shipments of laptops declining more than 40%, smartphones down by nearly two-thirds and exports of telecom base stations down 98%, according to the most recently available Chinese government trade data.

The anger that China directed against ASPI was based on the detailed work of the cyber centre and the facts it revealed about Chinese policy and behaviour:

Data centres are taking root in Africa

Google is now challenging China in the cable domain. Google’s Equiano subsea internet cable landed in Togo this month.

In May 2020, China Mobile, together with seven other partners, announced the creation of the 37,000 km “2Africa” cable to connect Africa with the Middle East. The cable is to surround the African continent, with landings in 16 countries, and will underpin the growth of 5G and broadband access for hundreds of millions of people. This arc of communications is an important emerging component in China’s strategy in Africa, as it links up with emerging telecoms, tied to data centers, especially for the Horn of Africa.

China’s most recent addition is a contract to establish a data center for the government in Senegal. The Senegalese state IT agency is working closely with Huawei to create the largest data center in West Africa.

"I think the door is still open, and it really depends on the ability of each player to see niches and opportunities that have never been exploited," says Iginio Gagliardone.

African countries received little support from Western governments for technology infrastructure. While the donors spoke about the importance of internet access in development, they were less prepared to provide aid for digital infrastructure, according to Nairobi-based Gagliardone.

Table 1: Technology business ecosystem, referencing a simplified Open Systems Interconnection model

The Chinese government has also built more than half of Africa’s wireless sites with 200,000 km of optical fibre and set up high-speed mobile broadband networks providing internet access to 6 million households.

Chinese telecommunications provider Huawei has constructed up to 70 per cent of Africa’s 4G base stations.

Chinese companies can offer services and products at a fraction of the cost of theirWestern counterparts because of the abundance of labour and low paying salaries.For example, China has an annual turnout of two million engineering graduates, whileFrance has 300 000 and Germany just 100 000. However, average annual salaries ofengineers in China only amount to US$19 000 per year as opposed to roughly US$110000 in Germany and France. Likewise, Chinese labourers work 50 hours on averageper week, whereas French and German labourers work 38 hours.

Huawei has begun to establish regional training centers in African countries such as Nigeria, Kenya, Egypt, Tunisia, Angola and Guinea. By August 2004, Huawei had invested more than $10 million dollars into its Nigerian training center. Recently, Huawei opened a new training facility in South Africa, its fifth training center on the continent. There is a sixth center currently being built in Angola. The company now provides training for up to 2,000 people annually. Such local investments by Huawei help bolster the local economy with job creation and localized management while improving the company’s image in the eyes of local consumers, businesses and potential partners.

Nowhere is Huawei’s presence and strategy more evident than in Africa, a continent it entered for the first time in 1998,

Huawei segments the telecom equipment industry into three major categories: Internet switches, fixed line networks and wireless networks. “Huawei is currently the number three global company in wireless networks and number two in fixed line and switches,”

future of the links between people and nature

Humanity depends directly on the output of nature; thus, this decline will affect us, just as it does the other species with which we share this world.

scientists have been raising calls for societal changes that will reduce our impacts on nature.

In Theory of Change, by contrast, the group begins not with its intervention but with its long-term goal and outcomes and then works backward (in time) toward the earliest changes that need to occur. Only when the pathway has been developed is it time to consider which interventions will best produce the outcomes in the pathway.

If-Then statement: If this is done, Then these are the anticipated results.

Change processes are no longer seen as linear, but as having many feedback loops that need to be understood.

This has led to new areas of work, such as linking the Theory of Change approach to systems thinking and complexity.

hypothesized that a key reason complex programs are so difficult to evaluate is that the assumptions that inspire them are poorly articulated.

The short-lived climate-impacting substances include methane, ozone and aerosols, which remain in the atmosphere for far less time than carbon dioxide (CO2).

Switzerland wants to partially achieve its greenhouse gas reduction target for 2030 with reductions abroad

The Paris Agreement is the first global climate agreement that obliges all states to implement concrete measures to reduce emissions and adapt to climate change, depending on their responsibility and capacity

They only apply to industrialized countries – developing countries are only required to compile an inventory of greenhouse gas emissions.

meet annually at the Conference of the Parties (COP).

greenhouse gas emissions.

the impact of man-made greenhouse gas emissions.

Imagine an Africa without boundaries

While political interest from ou

National and regional leaders must enhance collaboration and coordination around strengthening regional data governance, sharing mechanisms and experiences for best practices in regulating the digital space, and committing more to multilateral frameworks for data governance

he regional-led approach

eight African countries have ratified the Malabo Convention,4 the regional-led approach for data protection and cybercrime law.

Institutions charged with regulating data governance have not evolved with the dynamic needs and peculiarities of the digital space.

Implementation remains a challenge

power and knowledge asymmetry between platform firms and mostly small and resource-constrained African countries.

Notably, the data governance framework tends to show more emphasis on fostering safeguards (e.g., data protection, privacy), and less focus on enablers (e.g., data portability, localization)—but both efforts are crucial.

100Developing an effective data governance framework to deliver African digital potentials

data, the World Bank’s World Development Report 2021: Data for Better Lives5

Developing and managing secure digital solutions requires extensive knowledge across issues like data privacy and security, interoperability standards, franchise management, biometric tokenization, device security, and more.

ensuring the digitAl economy is An inclusive economy

Climate change’s economic implications raise essential questions about how African countries might strengthen their economies in an age dominated by technology. By expanding access to digital technologies, African nations will empower the poor with access to information, job opportunities, and services that will improve their lives.15With a growing youth population and an ever-expanding workforce, investments in technology and technological infrastructure lay the foundations for economic growth. Such investments and developments could improve access to inclusive financing, modernize the agricultural sector, and improve healthcare systems. Technology poses new opportunities and possibilities for women’s inclusion and advancement. For example, in the agricultural sector, African women are utilizing technology and technological innovations to improve agricultural processes and, in turn, improve livelihoods.16 Women and girls cannot and should not be left behind. (See the viewpoint on page 56 for boosting opportunities for women and girls in STEM.)

We cannot forget that 578 million people in Africa still lack energy access—cutting them off from educational opportunities and the entire digital economy

Sub-Saharan Africa

Reach new levels of understanding Our leading platform lets you cut straight to the impactful insights. Casual users or experienced analysts can quickly build detailed profiles using our simple drag-and-drop tools.

It also requires DIRCO to streamline its processes with a specific emphasis on improving its digital environment through its Digital Strategy. The department intends to improve organisational functioning, particularly through a process of digital transformation and automating some processes to improve effectiveness. The department recognises that ICT is the foundation of an effective department. Through a process of digital transformation, the department can utilise it as an avenue to positively respond to the fiscal constraint and innovate and improvise, and yet still be effective in what it does

or digital cellular networks, the Internet of Things, Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence (AI),

highlight the importance of capacity-building,

to the Council’s understanding of the evolving landscape

With respect to our second signature event, I want to add that peace and security has been completely transformed by digital technology, for better or for worse. We know how these tools can be abused to spread disinformation, restrict access to information, and deny human rights, but we also see opportunities to use digital technologies to do tremendous good. Digital tools can help to identify emerging threats. They can protect civilians and civilian infrastructure and reconnect and reunite displaced peoples with their families. They have prosecutors collect evidence to build cases for war crimes, and they connect refugees to host families and employment opportunities, and they help us better prepare peacekeepers to deploy in the field and improve our ability to engage different stakeholders in peace talks.

the role of the use of digital technologies in maintaining international peace and security.

a spotlight to conflict as a driver of food insecurity

whole-of-government and

Greater investment in physical and human capital is needed to improve data governance, specialized analytical and data secu-rity skills, as well as data literacy of the general public.

Work toward an integrated national data system (INDS).

The more data are reused, the greater is the risk of data misuse.

economic policies on competition, trade, and tax for platform businesses

Marginalized people need better representation in data systems, greater access to modern data infrastructure, and the skills to benefit from it

end to exclude poor people, and statistical capacity and data literacy remain limited in poor countries.

Changing frameworks.

Changing mindsets.

harmonizing definitions, standards, and classifi-cations—that is, ensuring interoperability across data—enhances the realization of synergies across different data sources

for closer international cooperation to harmonize regulations and coor-dinate policies

he public good.

ngage in dialogue

lower-income countries are too often disadvantaged, lacking as they often do the infrastructure and skills to capture data and turn them into value, the institutional and regulatory frame-works to create trust in data systems, and the scale and agency to participate equitably in global data markets and their governance.

Legal and regulatory frameworks for data are incomplete, with gaps in critical safeguards (such as cybersecurity, data protection, and cross-border data flows) and a shortage of measures to enable data shar-ing (such as open licensing and interoperability). Even where nascent data governance frameworks exist, a dearth of institutions with the requisite administrative capacity, decision-making autonomy, and financial resources constrains their effective implementation and enforcement.

what kind of governance arrangements are needed to support the generation and use of data in a safe, ethical, and secure way,

how can data better advance development objectives?

The Data Transfer Project was launched in 2018 to create an open-source, service-to-service data portability platform so that all individuals across the web could easily move their data between online service providers whenever they want.

Big Tech (Apple, Facebook, Google, Microsoft and Twitter) formed the Data Transfer Project for an “open-source, service-to-service data portability platform such that consumers could easily move their data between online service providers whenever they want.”

Therefore, consumer education on the different ways that their data is being used is essential. While funding for such education is usually borne by government, multilaterals, and foundations for digital public good, we are seeing the private sector stepping up to join force.

Implement proportional risk and accountability frameworks:

Establish a self-regulating organization (SRO) to improve data policy relevance and enforcement:

the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA)

Africa

Thus, hybrid format of physical interactions and online meetings seem to be the best approach for diplomatic engagements.

First, it multiplies and amplifies the number of voices and interests involved in international policymaking. Second, it accelerates and frees the dissemination of information—accurate or not—about any issue or event. Third, it enables traditional diplomatic services to be delivered faster and more cost effectively.

establishing a data privacy act and a national cybersecurity plan

the Smart Africa Alliance

science parks and technology hubs to encourage innovation.

Prioritizing the growth of labor-intensive industries is particularly important for ensuring employment among Africa’s growing youth population.

Governments should protect intellectual property (IP) rights to stimulate the generation of new innovations and technologies.

Currently, South America and Africa combined are responsible for less than 5 percent of the total global R&D spent, despite having more than 20 percent of the world’s population. Indeed, Africa itself falls short of the 1.7 percent R&D global average, with many African countries only investing 0.42 percent of their total GDP.

The literacy of Africa’s workforce should be increased in a range of soft and hard skills to be flexible and dynamic: Public and private institutions should partner with universities to develop effective continuing and executive education programs. Digital literacy skills can be enhanced by the development of future-ready curricula that creates a culture that encourages lifelong learning. African states should also create or accelerate the development of engineering and business schools, as well as technical vocational colleges to support industrial growth and create models of training based on the changing needs of the private sector.

Gaps in internet access prevent citizens from accessing the full scope of internet services; slow economic growth; limit Africa’s potential to trade and interact with the world; and lead to inaccurate, biased data collection

the unique global policy momentum that has led to unlocking barriers to technology and innovation during the pandemic provides further evidence that governments can play a key policy role not only in enabling technological innovation

Digitalisation: Digitalisation involves the integration of digital tech-nologies in society, government and business. Digitalisation comprises a wide range of digital applications, such as new communication technologies, robotics, cloud computing, big data analytics, artificial intelligence, the internet of things and 3D printing. It also permeates other areas of our day-to-day lives, in some cases fundamentally altering them