11,086 Matching Annotations
  1. May 2022
    1. the lion economies

      What are lion economies?

    2. With a view to strengthening the position of International Geneva as a global centre for digital governance and other issues of the future, the Federal Council seeks to encourage the participation of business, the scientific community and other non-governmental actors in relevant international forums. African stakeholders in particular should increasingly be able to participate in discussions on digital governance. There is potential in intensified exchanges between emerging African tech-hubs and Inter-national Geneva. Capacity-building is an important means of providing support. Collaboration with multilateral organ-isations such as the AU and the IOF presents opportunities for comprehensive approaches. The potential of the Geneva Internet Platform (GIP)31 set up by Switzerland in 2014, should also be harnessed.

      This section should be basis for linking Geneva and Africa via digital issues.

    3. o create innovative and inclusive financial services for African societies

      M-pesa project

    4. to minimise cyber risks, particularly with regard to data management, cybercrime, cyberattacks and cyber espionage, the financing of terrorism, surveillance as well as disinformation.

      Important aspects for cybersecurity

    5. nclusive access
    6. potentially exacerbating inequality and dependency, for example in relation to jobs or the use of data. This is why digital self-determination should be paramount in the application of technology.

      Linking digital self-determination to protection of jobs and data

    7. n relation to jobs or the use of data.
    8. Firstly, it involves the use of digital tools in international cooperation projects and programmes to achieve devel-opment goals more effectively and quickly. Digital applications drive development-related and humanitarian innovations worldwide. Switzerland’s commitment to harnessing the full potential of new technologies in combating poverty is summarised under the term Tech4Good.

      on the use of digital tools for Africa there are the following aspects:

      • use of digital tools for development and humanitarian innovatio
      • compating poverty
      • it is not clear what is term Tech4Good - is this Swiss project or general term. ||sorina|| Could you check?
    9. nternational cooperation continues to play a key role, in line with the International Cooperation Strategy 2021–2024. However, sub-Saharan Africa is also becoming increasingly important for other policy areas, such as foreign economic and finance policy, digital foreign policy, science diplomacy and multilateralism. The Federal Council wishes to support this development and also strengthen ties with International Geneva.

      Digital approach should combine focus areas of the Swiss Sub-Saharan strategy on international cooperation:

      • international cooperation (devleopment assistance)
      • foreign economic and finance policy
      • digital foreign policy
      • science diplomacy
      • multilateralism
      • International Geneva

      and Swiss Digital Foreign Policiy strategy

    10. a migration perspective. Many new opportunities are also emerging for Africa. Secondly, Switzerland has well-established ties with sub-Saharan Africa in view of its geographical proximity, cultural richness and economic potential.

      Digital strategy can play vital role in reframing typical 'risk' approach of focusing on issues such as migration towards 'opportunity' framing for cultural and economic developments.

      ||sorina||||Katarina_An|| we can include this in the Swiss paper.

    11. a whole-of-government approach
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    1. Switzerland plays an active role in training and upskilling the labour force through programmes which are responsive to the needs of the labour market and leverage the opportunities offered by digital transformation
    2. Digital-isation offers opportunities to further increase the effective-ness and efficiency of administrations, reduce red tape and prevent corruption.
    3. the World Bank’s new GovTech platform aimed at improving the management of public finances.
    4. mobile phone payments and other innovations in the financial sector, the use of blockchain for financial services or satellite data and drones for insurance against crop damage, solar power gener-ation in humanitarian contexts, improved medical diagnoses using artificial intelligence, enhanced access to information for more transparency in democratic processes

      Areas where technology can contribute.

    5. ) creating decent local jobs, b) mitigating and adapting to climate change, c) reducing the causes of forced displace-ment and irregular migration, and d) promoting the rule of law and good governance.

      4 thematic areas.

    6. the needs of the population in developing countries, Switzerland’s long-term interests, and the value added by its international cooperation compared with other countries.

      This is interesting to see what Switzerland can contirbute comparing to other countries.

    7. humanitarian aid, development cooperation and the promotion of peace and human security.

      three pillars of Swiss international cooperation.

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  2. Apr 2022
    1. Semiconductor chips are the lifeblood of the modern information age. They enable electronic products to compute and control actions that simplify our lives. The manufacturing cycle of a semiconductor chip from sand to a finished product, sees it change hands approximately 70 times across international borders. It is not difficult to imagine that the chip in the device closest to you was made by a Japanese engineer working on Dutch machinery in an American foundry in Taiwan to produce wafers which were shipped to Malaysia for packaging before being sent to India as a finished product. There cannot be a better example of peacetime global cooperation than the resolve involved in making the meticulous chip. These semiconductor chips are the drivers for ICT development and one of the key reasons for the current flattening of the world.

      ||VladaR|| A good descripton of semi-conductor diplomacy that could be further visualised.

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    1. enabling effects of technology for combatting climate change and protecting the environment whilst reducing as much as possible the environmental footprint of the Internet and digital technologies
    2. diverse cultural and multilingual content,
    3. digital literacy
    4. to close digital divides
    5. data free flows
    6. with principles of Net Neutrality subject

      Net neutrality is 'back'

    7. algorithmic tools or techniques

      term for AI

    8. igital ecosystem,
    9. afe and equitable use of the Internet for everyone
    10. online safety
    11. ot legally binding
    12. while respecting each other’s regulatory autonomy within our own jurisdictions and in accor-dance with our respective domestic laws and international legal obligations.
    13. partner
    14. is governed by multistakeholder processes.

      Should 'multistakeholder' approach push from Internet identifiers to other issues such as proteciton of data.

    15. the Internet reinforces democratic principles and human rights and fun-damental freedoms
    16. n open, free, global, interoperable, re-liable, and secure
    17. to protect and fortify the multistakeholder system of Internet governance
    18. to defending human rights and fostering equitable economic prosperity.
    19. once decentralized Internet economy has become highly concentrated
    20. countries have erected firewalls
    21. malicious behavior is on the rise
    22. Access to the open Internet is limited
    23. an environment that reinforces our democratic systems and promotes active par-ticipation of every citizen in democratic processes

      Inclusion in the process.

    24. a new Declaration for the Future of the Internet

      Shall there will be link to the Future of World Declaration (UN 2023)

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    1. Global policy AI initiative to follow

      ||sorina||||Jovan||

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    1. Elon Mask owned 19-years-old devleoper Jack Sweeney 5.000 USD to stop tracking Mask's private flighs Sweeney asked for new Tesla car. Elon has not replied so far. Instead, according to some jokes on Twitter, he bought the platform for 44 billion USD.

      Sweeney's Twitter app smartly combines flight data from various sources to identify itinerey of flights of celebrities, including Elon Trump.

      For more info, you can visit https://www.protocol.com/elon-musk-flight-tracker

    2. This allows the bot to match the plane it is tracking in real time to the anonymized FAA flight plans and determine each plane’s intended destination. This information is all entirely public, and can be used to track most private aircraft.
    3. when it is taking off or landing.
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    1. Soruces for data sandbox

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    1. Website for just-in-time courses

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    1. Frequently Asked Questions

      FAQ for Just-in-time courses

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    1. Trust Score measures the value of the page, but it's based on links that come from trusted sources. With both scores, the higher the number, the more valuable the link.
    2. PS stands for Page Score, which is a 1-100 score for the value of the page, based on the number and quality of links pointed to the page.
    3. When you're working on building links or analyzing your backlink profile, it's important to understand that nofollow links won't be anywhere near as beneficial as followed links.
    4. you want to get links that you've earned, because you've got something awesome to share.

      At the bottom is that you need good content.

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    1. in Article 51, that “[n]othing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective self-defense... ” 
    2. “Russia … acquired its imperial territories almost exclusively by adjacence. Unlike Britain and France, which jumped thousands of miles beyond their own borders to other continents, Russia moved to swallow whatever land or peoples stood next to its borders … but in the English and French cases, the sheer distance of attractive territories summoned the projection of far-flung interest ...”
    3. the fact that the US is so obviously hypocritical in this regard does not necessarily mean Washington is automatically wrong. In the end, we must analyze Russia’s conduct on its own merits.  
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    1. But people can’t be expected to embrace the changes if they’re not seeing the benefits—if they’re just seeing good jobs being destroyed.
    2. “An economy of tech millionaires or billionaires and gig workers, with middle-income jobs undercut by automation, will not be politically sustainable.”
    3. “I don’t think it’s an accident that we have so much emphasis on automation when the future of technology in this country is in the hands of a few companies like Google, Amazon, Facebook, Microsoft, and so on that have algorithmic automation as their business model,”
    4. One reason is that companies are often choosing to deploy what he and his collaborator Pascual Restrepo call “so-so technologies,” which replace workers but do little to improve productivity or create new business opportunities.
    5. far more value is created by using AI to produce new goods and services, rather than simply trying to replace workers.
    6. The excessive focus on human-like AI, he writes, drives down wages for most people “even as it amplifies the market power of a few” who own and control the technologies
    7. the obsession with mimicking human intelligence has led to AI and automation that too often simply replace workers, rather than extending human capabilities and allowing people to do new tasks.
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    1. “You are going to be made to choose, or at least you will be pulled one way or another.”
    2. Time and again South-East Asian countries have said they do not want to have to choose between America and China
    3. does not play by its own rules
    4. How can it condemn Russia for securing a sphere of interest, when Western powers have done the same with Guam, the Falkland Islands and New Caledonia—territories belonging to America, Britain and France, respectively? “What is the difference?” she asks.
    5. According to a YouGov poll in late March, 54% of Indians approved of Mr Putin’s leadership in the first month of the war (and, confusingly, 63% of Mr Zelensky’s). Fully 40% supported Russia’s invasion.
    6. They blame the war on American provocation of Russia, including NATO’s expansion.
    7. In Singapore, where officials have been gung-ho about joining in with America, citizens are more circumspect. Many ethnic-Chinese Singaporeans consume China’s state media, which tout a pro-Russian line. They think that Singapore should cosy up to China, and believe that America provoked the Russian invasion
    8. When touring South-East Asia, senior White House officials mainly focused on finding ways of meeting countries’ economic and security needs, rather than lecturing to them about politics.
    9. Vietnam is a secretive Communist dictatorship. Both are on increasingly good terms with America and wary of China, but are also big buyers of Russian arms. For their own security, they see a need to preserve good relationships in Moscow.
    10. Most of the kit goes to Vietnam, which imports 80% of its arms from Russia, but hundreds of millions of dollars’ worth of guns also flow to Myanmar, Laos and Thailand.
    11. Although most countries voted at the UN in early March to condemn the invasion, many in their follow-up statements refrained from naming and shaming Russia, and later abstained from the vote suspending it from the UN’s human-rights body.
    12. Concerned that it might embolden big countries to bully small ones, the city-state has placed sanctions on Russia
    13. Though it is a big exporter of arms, South Korea has repeatedly refused to supply Ukraine with weapons. It has imposed sanctions on Russia, albeit more slowly than its Western allies. But since the war began it has boosted its imports of cheap Russian energy. (So, too, has Taiwan.)
    14. the G20 as well as APEC meetings in Thailand and the annual East Asia Summit in Cambodia,
    15. “The future of global order will be decided not by wars in Europe but by the contest in Asia,
    16. responses to Russia’s invasion have been dictated first by cold calculations of interests,
    17. They think Asians see America and its allies as hypocrites, who have themselves invaded countries and given refugees from war-torn places outside Europe a hard time.
    18. a failure of the West to win the moral argument.
    19. Yet many Asian countries, including big democracies like India and Indonesia, are reluctant to criticise Russia openly.
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    1. there is no evidence that Mr Putin faces any serious domestic challenge.
    2. he knows that almost everything the West could do to him is already in process—short of a ban on Russian energy imports that Mr Putin surely believes is coming soon anyway.
    3. the stakes for military failure could hardly be higher
    4. all of these explanations undermine Mr Putin’s credibility, both at home and abroad, and compromise the effectiveness of Russia’s armed forces for years to come.
    5. he failed to prepare the Russian public for the true human, financial and material costs of his “special military operation.”
    6. Europe that it must stop buying Russia’s most valuable exports
    7. given NATO a sense of unity and purpose
    8. his army is ineffectual
    9. his war has given Ukraine a stronger sense of national identity than it’s ever had before and transformed it into Russia’s bitter enemy
    10. There is no plausible outcome in Ukraine that won’t leave Mr Putin and Russia far worse off than before February 24th, when the war began.
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    1. Central banks must ensure that the currencies are successful, but not too successful.
    2. Caps on virtual cash would, however, mean that it would no longer be a store of value.
    3. Physical cash typically satisfies three functions of money: it is a unit of account, a means of exchange and a store of value

      Three functions of money.

    4. That would turn the central bank into a mighty credit machine and an all-seeing tool of the surveillance state.
    5. that lenders’ dependence on central banks would alter the balance of relations by giving central banks power to determine who gets credit.
    6. Deposits are a source of cheap funding for banks. If they drained away, lenders would either have to raise money on pricier wholesale markets or scale back their lending.
    7. Central banks want to stay in the money business by issuing digital currencies
    8. The Bahamian sand dollar, the East Caribbean DCash and Nigeria’s e-naira are already circulating. China’s trial of its digital currency, e-CNY, has expanded to more than 260m wallets.
    9. According to the Atlantic Council, a think-tank in Washington, DC, 89 countries making up 90% of world GDP are exploring a CBDC
    10. The bulk of money is digital and created by commercial banks, albeit regulated ones. A cast of digital-money wannabes are vying for customers’ e-wallets. And central banks want to stay in the money business by issuing digital currencies of their own, making the questions Fahlbeck raised more relevant than ever.
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    1. Tesla, which on April 20th reported record sales in the first quarter, goes from strength to strength. Twitter helped fuel its rise.
    2. As for the board, since it introduced a “poison pill” on April 15th, setting penalties if he lifts his stake above 15%, he has hit back. He has tweeted a poll that purports to show his followers are heavily in favour of shareholders deciding whether Twitter should be taken private, not the board. He has also noted how few Twitter shares board members own.
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    1. carbon-removal technologies have to pass several tests (besides obvious ones like being safe and legal). One is permanence: the technologies must be able to store the stuff sucked from the air for at least 1,000 years. Another is scalability: they must not have land-use requirements that are in conflict with food security. A third is cost: they must have a path towards a price tag of less than $100 per tonne of carbon dioxide removed (down from hundreds of dollars or more per tonne for existing techniques).
    2. A similar AMC-esque project is expected to be unveiled in May at the annual plutocrat retreat in Davos hosted by the World Economic Forum (WEF).
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    1. As well as underestimating Ukraine’s sense of national identity, Mr Putin must have been highly confident in the capability of his armed forces to deliver a quick victory
    2. “misperception”
    3. “Intangible incentives”
    4. Vladimir Putin may have invaded Ukraine to stop it turning West and becoming a successful liberal democracy, an example that could undermine his grip on power
    5. “unchecked interests”
    6. Mr Blattman identifies five “logical ways” why, despite all the reasons to compromise, people opt to fight.
    7. As long as both sides have a realistic appreciation of the huge price of fighting
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    1. a call for an “international treaty on pandemic prevention and preparedness” issued in March 2021 by a group of 25 heads of government and NGOs.
    2. “we must act on Covid-19’s lessons and innovate so that we can deliver swift, equitable health solutions to prevent the next pandemic.”
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    1. It’s not possible to talk about “AI for everyone” (Google’s rhetoric), “responsible AI” (Facebook’s rhetoric), or “broadly distribut[ing]” its benefits (OpenAI’s rhetoric) without honestly acknowledging and confronting the obstacles in the way.

      AI rhetorics

    2. how AI is impoverishing the communities and countries that don’t have a say in its development—the same communities and countries already impoverished by former colonial empires
    3. Venezuela
    4. In part one, we head to South Africa, where AI surveillance tools, built on the extraction of people’s behaviors and faces, are re-entrenching racial hierarchies and fueling a digital apartheid.
    5. The AI industry does not seek to capture land as the conquistadors of the Caribbean and Latin America did, but the same desire for profit drives it to expand its reach. The more users a company can acquire for its products, the more subjects it can have for its algorithms, and the more resources—data—it can harvest from their activities, their movements, and even their bodies.
    6. a “data colonialism,”
    7. Over the last few years, an increasing number of scholars have argued that the impact of AI is repeating the patterns of colonial history.
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    1. The very idea treats languages like a person, with a name, birth date and birthplace. But languages are not like an individual. They are much more like a species, gradually diverging from another over many years. It would be as accurate to describe such jottings as degenerate Latin as it is to call them early Spanish—but that would probably not draw as many tourists.
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    1. the Russo-Ukrainian conflict could last in a semi-frozen state for decades, threatening international stability and periodically bursting into renewed fighting. It might even escalate into nuclear confrontation.
    2. Possession of Ukraine has long been essential to Russia’s existence as a great empire; its secession in 1991 sealed the Soviet Union’s fate. Crimea's loss hit Russians especially hard. The great naval base in Sevastopol was vital to Russian power in the Black Sea region and had a unique place in Russia’s historical memory (owed above all to the great sieges during the Crimean and second world wars).
    3. After 1945, the Soviet Union was the surviving empire. Now we are living with the consequences of its collapse.
    4. Much of the Middle East is still living with the consequences of the demise of the Ottoman empire and of the British and French empires that briefly filled part of the void the Ottomans left behind.
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    1. America and its allies could, then, suffer considerable pain if they imposed on China the same sanctions they have inflicted on Russia. For that reason, they would probably not dare go that far. But they must hope that China does not dare to find out.
    2. European sanctions, for example, initially spared Russia’s $2.4bn market for luxury goods: the so-called “Gucci exemption”. The same market in China is worth over $50bn a year, according to Statista, a data provider.
    3. China, for its part, might curb exports of the “rare earths” used in many electronic goods. It could disrupt the supply chain for electric-vehicle batteries and other manufacturing niches
    4. China’s biggest source of leverage is its own vast market. America might, for example, wish to deprive it of certain high-tech inputs, such as semiconductors. But a complete ban would cost American semiconductor firms 37% of their revenues, according to Boston Consulting Group, and jeopardise over 120,000 jobs.

      Interply between China and USA on microchips.

      ||VladaR||

    5. China accounts for about 18% of America’s imports and over 22% of the EU’s, including many parts and components used in domestic manufacturing (see chart)
    6. Less than a fifth of China’s trade last year was settled in its own currency. Much of the rest was conducted in dollars.
    7. The combined total is over six times the size of the equivalent foreign holdings in Russia.
    8. At the end of last year, foreigners owned $3.6trn in direct investments, including immovable factories, and $2.2trn in shares, bonds and other “portfolio” investments
    9. China probably keeps about two-thirds of its $3.2trn of foreign-exchange reserves in Western government bonds and the like.
    10. crippling sanctions on Russia’s central bank, removing from its reach about half of its foreign-exchange reserves
    11. “WOULD THE US really dare to freeze or confiscate China’s reserve assets?”
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    1. TITLE: How can we reduce the amount of debris and clashes that occur in outer space?

      Kamala Harris, US vice-president, announced a unilateral ban of anti-satellite weapons in California on 18 April.

      America, along with India, China, and Russia, has successfully 'killed' satellites. One satellite can be destroyed, causing 100.000 pieces of debris to fall on other satellites.

      It's becoming a serious problem, as outer space becomes increasingly crowded with private and military satellites orbiting the earth. SpaceX has been granted permission to launch over 12.000 satellites in the next years.

      With more and larger satellites and debris, it's becoming more likely, according to Kesseler syndrome that more debris will trigger more satellite collisions and, in turn, create more debris.

      The US government is moving to develop 'norms and responsible behaviour' in outer space that will be gradually adopted worldwide.

      ||Jovan||||nikolabATdiplomacy.edu||||sorina||

    2. a combination of more clutter and more things to hit could begin a slow-motion chain reaction, in which each collision produces more debris, making future collisions more likely.
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    1. The coming decades will require democracies to work together to recreate an international system that privileges their values
    2. The EU GDPR, 2019 Cybersecurity Act, and Digital Services Act
    3. outh Korea initiated the process to join the Digital Economy Partnership Agreement, a plurilateral agreement between Singapore, New Zealand, and Chile intended to strengthen digital trade and establish standards for digital cooperation
    4. the India-Japan memorandum of understanding to enhance cooperation in the field of ICT was signed on January 15, 2021.
    5. Like-minded countries must willingly set aside parochial disputes among themselves, adopt “good enough” solutions, and begin implementing an alternative digital ecosystem that reinforces shared interests and values.
    6. the U.S.-led Clean Network initiative
    7. the March 2020 Australia-Singapore Digital Economy Agreement,
    8. apan’s Data Free Flow with Trust initiative
    9. If the PRC continues to construct its own digital ecosystem, then it should not benefit from a digital ecosystem established around liberal values.
    10. democracies would formalize frictionless data transfers between like-minded states and impose significant data restrictions on authoritarian regimes and their commercial entities.
    11. Germany’s Digitalization Act, passed in January 2021, also targets large U.S. digital platforms and tech companies and will likely prove equally harmful.1
    12. Using comparative advantage within the community of like-minded nations, while denying access and advantage to the PRC, is a more effective approach.
    13. within the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement and the U.S.-Japan Digital Trade Agreement offer a roadmap for expansion.
    14. Among democracies, localization requirements, data barriers, and discriminatory treatment of digital products, platforms, and components should be removed.
    15. Expand digital trade provisions to include more democracies.
    16. Reaching a consensus should require compromise on the part of all participants.
    17. pursue a common agenda for the application of regulatory and policy tools.
    18. This grouping should include the EU, Japan, India, South Korea, Taiwan, the United Kingdom, Israel, Canada, Australia, and the United States—nearly 2.5 billion people.
    19. export controls, investment screening, anti-dumping/countervailing duties, and sanctions
    20. Employ coordinated regulatory and policy tools across democracies to provide advantages to like-minded countries while disadvantaging authoritarian regimes and their corporate entities.
    21. The first wave of the digital revolution promised that new technologies would favor democracy and human rights. The second wave saw an authoritarian counterrevolution. And the question now is whether we can engineer a third wave of the digital revolution—a turn in which we forge a democratic technological ecosystem characterized by resilience, integrity, and openness with trust and security, that reinforces our democratic values and our democratic institutions.
    22. Rather than try to persuade the CCP to accept liberal norms and abandon its quest to build a digital ecosystem that reinforces an authoritarian governance model, democracies should set about building an alternative system and exclude the PRC from gaining nonreciprocal access.
    23. Reconstruct a digital ecosystem that reinforces democratic values and the rule of law.
    24. ITU continues to serve an important role in deconflicting radio spectrum and satellite orbits, but its latest efforts to expand into ICT standard setting, AI norms, and facial recognition rules should be resisted.
    25. dvocates for an open civil society should push back against overreach from multilateral bodies in which the PRC has established undue influence.
    26. hey should also bar domestic standards organizations from including, as members, PRC entities that have been designated as tied to the Chinese military, engaged in human rights abuses, or are under CCP control.1
    27. to defend existing domestic and international standards bodies from China’s malign influence.
    28. “We will shape emerging technology standards to boost our security, economic competitiveness, and values. And, across these initiatives, we will partner with democratic friends and allies to amplify our collective competitive advantages.”
    29. Participation by the PRC and other authoritarian regimes must be limited to late-stage negotiations. If the PRC decides to adopt alternative standards, it can do so.
    30. Establish new standard-setting bodies and block PRC influence
    31. Democracies cannot take advantage of science and technology breakthroughs if they lack the comprehensive manufacturing and industrial base to actualize the advances through new products and services that span the commercial and national security spaces.
    32. While the United States, Japan, Europe, South Korea, and Taiwan continue to make the most advanced and critical components for electronics, they have largely surrendered the building blocks of these industries and are dependent on the PRC as the principal buyer of advanced components.
    33. prevent the PRC from using industry supply chains to develop coercive leverage.
    34. Rebuild electronics manufacturing outside the PRC.1
    35. he European Innovation Council,
    36. f i g u r e1R&D expenditures of selected countries, 2000–2019s o u r c e: “Main Science and Technology Indicators,” Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=MSTI_PUB

      to use for science diplomacy comparison

    37. has more than tripled over the past two decades, increasing from $677 billion annually in 2000 to $2.2 trillion by 2019
    38. Commit to higher expenditure levels on research and development.
    39. One set of U.S. initiatives that could be emulated is the combination of the 2019 supply chain executive order (EO 13873) and the 2020 creation of the Committee for the Assessment of Foreign Participation in the United States Telecommunications Services Sector (“Team Telecom”).
    40. our relationship with digital infrastructure starts and ends with our smartphone or Wi-Fi router, which leaves us blind to the myriad of hardware, software, and commercial service providers that operate this system behind the scenes.
    41. how existing frameworks operate
    42. the technological, industrial, and commercial ecosystems that develop, manufacture, and maintain the digital infrastructure that their economies, militaries, and political systems rely on.
    43. Develop a “common operating picture” for the technological, industrial, and commercial systems that create and operate digital infrastructure
    44. .S. adoption of a GDPR-like law is “the first practical step the [United States] should take.
    45. Align data privacy laws
    46. fosters a multipolar community of independent countries, settling disputes through negotiation, transparency, and the rule of law
    47. The Biden Administration is committed to promoting an open, interoperable, reliable, and secure Internet; protecting human rights online and offline; and supporting a vibrant, global digital economy. Certain countries, including the People’s Republic of China, do not share these values and seek to leverage digital technologies and Americans’ data in ways that present unacceptable national security risks while advancing authoritarian controls and interests.
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