Cyber environment as a reflection to non-cyber value --- The key point of children protection is to equip children with values and belief so they will conduct in good mental health and behavior. This will keep them from thinking of, having curiosity (also handle this when they have), and doing bad stuff. So when we are trying to fix children problem, it will related to adult and society problem.

Source author: Mira Fajriyah halo@mirafajri.id

consensual problem in sexuality --- As the safety of one person in internet also heavily depend on every decision they made, children shall not be exposed to consent as a primary conceptual approach. Rather they shall be taught to not share/do something that will put them in high risks as they are not competent to give consent after all.

Source author: Mira Fajriyah halo@mirafajri.id

Parental assistance --- I think one of the most feasible way to implement is parental assistance of children gadget. Children shall not have their own personal gadget before parent ensure that the children understand how to use internet safely.

Source author: Mira Fajriyah halo@mirafajri.id

responsibility --- Of course its also the government responsibility to ensure the laws are created to ensure safety of children. Just like in the offline world the parents are responsible for ensuring their child/children behaviour is proper and appropriate there are still laws that government what is allowed and not.

Source author: Shabanah Mustapha shabanah.mustapha@igovtt.tt

It wouldn't be a true solution --- Creating a platform for kids will not be a true solution. I do believe it can help; for example, the gaming company Nintendo maintains a family-friendly focus with their gaming consoles and they made family-friendly social media platforms that interacted with their games. I think that's great and healthy, but it still holds potential for abuse even with careful moderation. However, again I say this won't be a solution because of the simple fact that children and teens want to sneak into adult spaces. A good deal of them will avoid the safe spaces created for them for the simple reason they don't want safety. It's what we see on platforms like 4chan, where the "edgy" fame brings in kids and teens who want to know what it's all about.

Source author: Gustavo Paiva gdp.direito@gmail.com

My experience with low income neighborhoods --- I've taught online safety classes in low income neighborhoods, to parents, teens and children. I believe this issue in particular is boiling in these environments, where families often are unstructured or struggle to get by. Sadly, all the schools I've taught in — ALL OF THEM — had instances of teens sexting and, subsequently, their pictures being leaked. School staff struggles with how to respond about it, families are entirely unequipped and can be pitted against each other, police is either ignorant about how to address this or unwilling. By far the most tragic case I saw was of a 13 year old girl whose father was a police officer. She became involved with a boy whose father was a drug trafficker. The boy leaked the girl's pictures, which started a horrible sequence of events that ended with the girl's father, the police officer, being murdered.

Source author: Gustavo Paiva gdp.direito@gmail.com

3 years old is far too young --- I can only assume they don't think it through, or aren't particularly aware about the risks associated with the Internet. I reflect often about my own upbringing and how it affects my perception of the Internet. My parents always stressed safe use of the Internet, they checked up on my Internet use often. But, as added context, I was 8 years old when I started using the Internet to research for my school assignments. Over the years I used it more and more, gradually... And then I look at children these days using smartphones when they are only 3 years old, and the parents who let them do that unsupervised. And I can only find that incredibly irresponsible.

Source author: Gustavo Paiva gdp.direito@gmail.com

Vulnerable LGBT teenagers --- I think we should pay more attention to LGBT teenagers in discussions like these. LGBT teens are already in a vulnerable position — both because LGBT rights are challenged, contested or outright rejected in many places of the world AND because they may not have any form of family support — but it can interact in unexpected ways with their use of the Internet. For LGBT teens the Internet can be a source of education, healthy friendships, leisure and personal development, but things can become dire if their parents learn of their sexual orientation. As such, many LGBT teens have a strong incentive to not inform their parents of their Internet usage, which places them under particular risk as they lack a support network in case they are targeted by a hostile person.

Source author: Gustavo Paiva gdp.direito@gmail.com

Teaching it transvesely --- Pavitra & Devita, In Brazil we have a strong position from the civil society in favor of including Internet safety "transversely" across the school curriculum. What this means is that it should be taught across all disciplines, embedded in their lessons, and also across specific seminars every now and then. This has an advantage over teaching Internet safety as its own subject because it allows teachers to dynamically adapt the content to their pupils and changing times — in contrast, including it as its own subject would solidify it and make changes to the content bureaucratically difficult and slow.

Source author: Gustavo Paiva gdp.direito@gmail.com

Indentifying CSAM and other violent content --- A challenge in self-regulation is also the burden of identifying CSAM and other violent content - while some companies have algorithmic filters that are somewhat effective, they are still not as a good as a human moderator, especially when determining age of the parties involved, which can prove to be tricky. It also takes a toll on moderators, who are exposed to violent content on a continuous basis.

Source author: Pavitra Ramanujam pavitra.ramanujam@gmail.com

Age limits on social media --- On all three risks, one of the biggest avenues for harm is social media, and many platforms encourage young people to join with age limits as young as 13. Should people that young, who are minors and very vulnerable, be allowed access to a space that is filled with adults and adult content? Implementation of a higher age limit certainly won't be easy, as there are also problems associated with verification processes; but it still seems worthy of discussion to understand what the impact is on young children who have free access to essentially adult spaces without proper supervision.

Source author: Pavitra Ramanujam pavitra.ramanujam@gmail.com

Risks related to algorithms --- Algorithms could potentially help in protecting children online, but I am wary of it being offered as a solution in current circumstances, when there are so many as yet undiscovered or acknowledged risks of algorithms and AI. Algorithms have been known to have biases related to race, gender and other indicators which have severe consequences for people. This is equally true of algorithms being developed by social media companies. Unless these algorithms are rigorously tested to ensure that they do not inadvertently harm children in the guise of protecting them, it would perhaps not be a good idea to deploy them for child protection.

Source author: Pavitra Ramanujam pavitra.ramanujam@gmail.com

Inclusion in core school curriculums --- Completely agree, Devita. Children of this generation and the future are digital natives, born into the digital world. However, they all have vastly different experiences in how they are oriented into to this world, depending on their personal circumstances. There is a need to include understanding digital technologies and the internet as part of core school curriculum, with children being introduced to these technologies in relatively safe environments and with knowledge of potential risks.

Source author: Pavitra Ramanujam pavitra.ramanujam@gmail.com

Peruvian case --- In the case of Peru we have an agency for trade and tourism promotion, called Prom Peru and we have another agency that has only objective to promote investments, this agency is called ProInversion

Source author: Juan Carlos Pomareda jpomareda@onuperu.org

MFA objetives --- The MFA should stablish broad foreign policy objetives to be applied in all the missions abroad. However, it should also be identified the specific objetives for key missions and send separate instructions to them.

Source author: Juan Carlos Pomareda jpomareda@onuperu.org

Benchmarking and commercial intelligence --- Concerning the duties concerned with acquiring information its relevant to the benchmarking and commercial intelligence tools. In that regard, there should be a tight relation between the economical section and the MFA and Ministry of Foreign Trade.

Source author: Juan Carlos Pomareda jpomareda@onuperu.org

Relevant --- Promoting exports to the home country also is relevant for acknowledging alternatives to the customary producers. Also, identifying products for importation is useful in case there is any case of internal scarcity in any local product.

Source author: Juan Carlos Pomareda jpomareda@onuperu.org

Relevance of economy --- Historically, changing power equations has been possible only due to militar and or political power. However, currently, the economic factor could aslo be a driver for changing power equations.

Source author: Juan Carlos Pomareda jpomareda@onuperu.org

The role of civil society --- The paradiplomacy, referred to the international relations of the governments and local actors of a nation-state (regional, sub-state, provincial, municipal, metropolitan, NGO's and private actors), to promote common interests has obtained an increasing relevance in current days, since the State no longer can continuously promote and expand international trade. In that regard, civil society especially the private sector has begun to play a relevant role in international relations as promoters of trade.

Source author: Juan Carlos Pomareda jpomareda@onuperu.org

WTO principle --- After a while, Calvo Doctrine was galvanized in the WTO's principle called Most-favoured-nation (MFN)m which means treating other people equally.

Source author: Juan Carlos Pomareda jpomareda@onuperu.org

Rare but relevant --- Initially, some could say that there are little coincidences between the economical section and others in an embassy. However, if taking a closer look, the economic section has interesting common ground with other sections, as an example, the consular section regarding the work that could be made with the diaspora, or the political section when it comes to economic sanctions.

Source author: Juan Carlos Pomareda jpomareda@onuperu.org

Commercial attaches --- Commercial attachés are relevant for conducting a proper work in a economic section of an Embassy because normally they offer technical inputs for taking better decisions.

Source author: Juan Carlos Pomareda jpomareda@onuperu.org

Normally same team --- Despite economic and commercial sections in an Embassy are supposed to maintain different objectives, in practice, both sections share the same team and work as the "economical section" of the Embassy. In that regard, often economic and commercial are molten as a united division.

Source author: Juan Carlos Pomareda jpomareda@onuperu.org

Globalization at the fundations of international system --- Currently, countries can't decide whether they get into globalization or stay at the margins of it. Globalization has become an indivisible part of the international system. If some country decides to step apart, they would likely face isolation, recession, and scarcity.

Source author: Juan Carlos Pomareda jpomareda@onuperu.org

Pararell with democracy index --- Not with much surprise, often the doing business report coincides with the results of the democracy index annually. This means that there is a relationship between democracy and safer platforms for the fostering of business.

Source author: Juan Carlos Pomareda jpomareda@onuperu.org

Depending on the government system --- Probably it should be clarified that these three dualities conduct to debate wherever there is a democracy, or at least the system pretends to be one. In the case of authoritarian regimes, these dualities are solved by the central government.

Source author: Juan Carlos Pomareda jpomareda@onuperu.org

Economic development should include --- The creation of jobs and working conditions in which people can work in freedom, safety and dignity. In short, economic development is not undertaken for its own sake, but to improve the lives of human beings. International labour standards are there to ensure that it remains focused on improving the life and dignity of men and women.

Source author: Tarniem Shokry Iskandar tar.eskander@hotmail.com

Cooperation --- Especially where some may lack the technical capacity and resources to keep abreast

Source author: Shabanah Mustapha shabanah.mustapha@igovtt.tt

assistant in incident response --- I think this is crucial, because when breeches happen, the blame is usually assigned to the organization and its security measures, so it's important for org to have not only a solid action plan to response to incidents, but also to classify incidents after closely tracking , monitoring, and analyzing them.

Source author: Muna Hemoudi mhemoudi@gmail.com

Post incident activity --- A good post-incident activity produces a list of actions that address each of the issues that allowed the attacker to succeed. These actions should minimize the impact of an attack and teach the security team, tools, and probably the enterprise how to prevent, detect, and respond to a similar attack in the future.

Source author: Muna Hemoudi mhemoudi@gmail.com

private sector --- we don't know how wise it is to consider the private sector as an actor, because private companies always put profit before people best interest.

Source author: Muna Hemoudi mhemoudi@gmail.com

Impact on individuals --- When considering the cybersecurity of individuals and citizens, shouldn't nation states consider all implications including the impact of not having an open internet? Wouldn't network shutdowns, for instance, which are enforced by a state be considered a cybersecurity issue that impacts individuals?

Source author: Pavitra Ramanujam pavitra.ramanujam@gmail.com

Role of judiciary --- An important stakeholder at the national level which must be included in this approach is the judiciary. There is a critical need to build the capacity of judges and other judicial staff on matters of cybersecurity, both to protect the individuals and institutions from cyber-attacks, who are vulnerable and high value targets, but also in terms of adjudicating on matters related to cyber-security, which will increase in the future.

Source author: Pavitra Ramanujam pavitra.ramanujam@gmail.com

failed attacks --- Does a fail murder an attempted murder?

Source author: Shabanah Mustapha shabanah.mustapha@igovtt.tt

public infrastructure --- I dont believe this is the case, what about facebook - US, alibaba, wechat- china, and other tech firms that are not considered public infrastructure

Source author: Shabanah Mustapha shabanah.mustapha@igovtt.tt

acts of aggression --- I assume it will mostly be intentional, however in some cases we may not be able to confirm the source or the intent.

Source author: Shabanah Mustapha shabanah.mustapha@igovtt.tt

Agree --- I agree with the argument presented. Economic diplomacy uses commercial diplomacy as an input of the management of foreign relations, which has the goal to promote national interests.

Source author: Juan Carlos Pomareda jpomareda@onuperu.org

Nice reflection point --- Despite this reflection point rises ideological issues, it invites a debate about statism vs liberalism. In my point of view, with counted exceptions concerning specific national interest resources, the state-owned companies would always be less effective and productive than the private companies. In the business of making money, the State finds itself in a difficult dilemma and encounters many perverse incentives, making room for corruption.

Source author: Juan Carlos Pomareda jpomareda@onuperu.org

Economic of politics? --- This is a good example that reinforces the argument of a needed balance. A vision centered only on economic issues could also lead to political problems such as not having influence in the framework where the economic relations are taking place or losing some integration opportunities given by cultural or political common values.

Source author: Juan Carlos Pomareda jpomareda@onuperu.org

Opening markets --- The trade agreements, bilateral discussions, and multilateral participation of States often has as one of the main objectives to promote access to new markets to the principal practitioners of economic diplomacy

Source author: Juan Carlos Pomareda jpomareda@onuperu.org

limiting invention --- I'm not sure this is the way to go, maybe this will restrict development.

Source author: Shabanah Mustapha shabanah.mustapha@igovtt.tt

Government task --- They work with the stakeholders to provide frameworks and policies. Additionally they can host regular or even yearly conventions for improvement opportunities and to understand if any changes are required based on what was previously implemented. Government should also collaborate to ensure critical infrastructure assets are defined and their relationships are well understood.

Source author: Shabanah Mustapha shabanah.mustapha@igovtt.tt

power of Big Tech --- Big Tech now have more power than most national governments. It’s time to subject them to democratic control before their power ruin democracy

Source author: Muna Hemoudi mhemoudi@gmail.com

Against Metaverse --- I am skeptical about the Metaverse. I don't quite see what makes it different from older VR/online world applications like VR Chat and Second Life. I do think there's a potential in these kinds of applications, but I'm not convinced they are the game-changer Facebook/Meta wants it to be.

Source author: Gustavo Paiva gdp.direito@gmail.com

Yes --- Are they a serious concern? Yes. These machines are already a reality. We already have drones in war zones causing casualties, it's just that they don't all walk on two legs and have liquid metal faces! LAWs are already affecting the balance of war in the globe, as countries such as the US don't even have to worry about their own casualties anymore. This reduces the public pressure against combat.

Source author: Gustavo Paiva gdp.direito@gmail.com

Capacity building for law enforcement --- Cooperation at the federal and international level is great, but it does nothing when the local level of law enforcement is so incompetent or inert that next to no cases get solved. In Brazil cybercrimes should be reported to one's local police station, which is ill-equipped to deal with complex online issues. It's a waste of time for the victim, who's only reliving their trauma again and again until getting rejected and having their case archived.

Source author: Gustavo Paiva gdp.direito@gmail.com

Falling into the wrong hand --- I agreed with you. There are still people and/or countries that make those technologies available for criminal purpose or bad use through black market or smuggling from country to country.

Source author: Phannarith Ou phannarith-ou@mptc.gov.kh

Enough --- The keyword here is "Enough" or "Sufficient"? As government, we are mostly focus on policy to activate favorable environment for every stakeholders to play. I think the main job of government is to support and coordinate.

Source author: Phannarith Ou phannarith-ou@mptc.gov.kh

data collection --- I wonder what techniques are used to obtain these statistics and also the detection tools.

Source author: Shabanah Mustapha shabanah.mustapha@igovtt.tt

cybersecurity insurance --- I wasnt aware of this emerging trend. But this make sense due implications of cyber threats.

Source author: Shabanah Mustapha shabanah.mustapha@igovtt.tt

Log4j --- I wonder what will be the financial impact on the current Log4 Vulnerability with so many organizations now being dependent on e-services, checkpoint reported that more than 100 hacking attempts were occurring per minute.

Source author: Shabanah Mustapha shabanah.mustapha@igovtt.tt

Apple --- I have mentioned this before and that's why I think Apple has become "safer" over the years. I don't know if you remember but first iOS were easily hackable and you would be able to obtain all the apps in the store for free. What Apple did was hire the people discovering the breaches to work in their development teams to improve the security of iOS. Approach on this kind of issues can make a huge difference with companies or states

Source author: Diego Alberto Estrada Ramos destrada@sre.gob.mx

Awareness --- I don't think that in the youth community awareness is not an issue, but there is a huge resentment again women that allows themselves to use the internet freely from a certain amount of people, and same as in offline world I strongly believe that women are attacked more often than men just for the simple fact of being women

Source author: Diego Alberto Estrada Ramos destrada@sre.gob.mx

Misuse of internet --- Unfortunately this is a clear example of how society turns a great tool (one of the best invented so far) into something evil and wicked.

The problem is not the internet or the wide spread it can get, it is the people who think being behind a screen empowers them to run over everyone else.

Source author: Diego Alberto Estrada Ramos destrada@sre.gob.mx

Societal pressure --- This is a clear example of how can society exert pressure on companies for improving and even changing the service we're being given. I don't see how can we accomplish this but we fail to request better security from the same devices /apps that we use everyday. Guess is just a different assessment of risks from one example to another.

Source author: Diego Alberto Estrada Ramos destrada@sre.gob.mx

Natural risk --- I believe that the context we live in right now makes it possible to be safe without internet, yes it would give you a setback in terms of accesibility and how fast can you find/process information but we can pretty much do anything without internet (maybe not work) but daily processes, routines can be done without it. So I would say that at this point most of the risks that we encounter in the internet are natural risks one must take as a consumer (they can and should be reduced form the technological part but we should also try to decrease them from our end).

Source author: Diego Alberto Estrada Ramos destrada@sre.gob.mx

Crypto currencies --- Hi Florence,

I would like to know your point of view on how crytos could rearrange the economic order of the globe, given that some cryptos as you mentioned "Libra" can gain more popularity because of who is supporting or behind them. Adding another case, the "Dogecoin" had a big raise after Elon Musk "supported" it. How would this cases of popularity from companies or influencers change the idea of economic order that we know now?

Source author: Diego Alberto Estrada Ramos destrada@sre.gob.mx

Cybercrime --- As you have mentioned it's difficult to find a reliable source of information. Answering your question I think we now low to nothing about the real cost of cybercrime since all the cyber criminality is not being monitored, and yes I believe this is just the tip of the iceberg. Being a bit paranoid I believe there are tools (software/hardware) that could be used for cybercrime or against it that haven't been revealed to the end users and obviously they could become a risk.

Source author: Diego Alberto Estrada Ramos destrada@sre.gob.mx

Repercutions --- Adding to your point, the main issue from my perspective is how society is using the new technologies that are rising, instead of using them as tools to improve their lifes they're abusing them and becoming dependant form them. To your worries I would add how society as a whole would react in case of a massive breakdown, I'm afraid riots and massive hysteria could become a thing.

Source author: Diego Alberto Estrada Ramos destrada@sre.gob.mx

the problem with UDHR --- I think the problem with privacy online is the absence of a clear foundation similar to UDHR. there must be a Universal Declaration of Digital Rights to create a solid foundation for all issues and challenges online.

Source author: Muna Hemoudi mhemoudi@gmail.com

yes --- Ithink yes, my user right is to access internet securely and safely. average internet users need to know more about encryption and why it's important.

Source author: Muna Hemoudi mhemoudi@gmail.com

Gendered impact of cybersecurity --- The other aspect that is also not considered enough is that the impact of cyberattacks can be different and disproportionately felt by women and other gender-minorities because of their contexts. For instance, breach of personal data will not only leave women vulnerable to fraud or economic loss, it will also additionally have implications on their personal safety, with many cases of physical stalking, rape and murder of women taking place as a direct result of personal data breaches online.

Source author: Pavitra Ramanujam pavitra.ramanujam@gmail.com

There is no justification --- I don't believe that the needs of law enforcement can ever be justified while violating due process. One of the big concerns that civil society has when considering data protection and collection of data by companies and state actors is the issue of function creep. Data collected for one reason is then used for another because it is deemed important. However, consent when given on data is neither permanent nor a one-time response for all possible purposes, it must only be for the limited purpose for which it was asked and given.

Source author: Pavitra Ramanujam pavitra.ramanujam@gmail.com

Balance or complement? --- Should we frame this question as a balance between security and human rights, which still makes it appear that we must give up one for the other in different circumstances, or as complementary to each other so that every aspect of cybersecurity is also looked at from a rights-perspective, so restriction of human rights is only considered in a limited manner, when it is legitimate, proportional and necessary and in pursuit of the protection of other rights.

Source author: Pavitra Ramanujam pavitra.ramanujam@gmail.com

Role of intermediaries --- What is the role of intermediaries like Amazon, Google, Facebook, Instagram etc which host e-commerce but are not the manufacturer of the goods or services? Can they simply be considered the hosts of the content or do they have some responsibility in verifying the authenticity of the sellers on their sites?

Source author: Pavitra Ramanujam pavitra.ramanujam@gmail.com

Reasons for lack of action --- I agree, Benette. Considering the staggering sums of money being lost, one would assume that companies will prioritise cybersecurity but this is definitely not the case. Perhaps they believe the chances of being attacked are limited, or they do not have enough resources and other priorities need more immediate attention, or protecting against all kinds of cyber-attacks is simply not possible. However, it is harder to understand when we hear stories of some of the biggest tech companies become victims of cyber-attacks, and even more so when the reasons involve lack of adequate safeguards from the companies.

Source author: Pavitra Ramanujam pavitra.ramanujam@gmail.com

a tendancy to trade trust for convenience sadly --- as illustrated by data breaches resulting in privacy violations affecting Facebook, Yahoo, and others in the internet industry. Did those translated into major loss of market share or revenues? Not even I'm afraid

Source author: Sébastien Monnet sebastien-joel.monnet@eda.admin.ch

transparency & cybercrime --- I could not find one reference that seemed reliable enough, i.e. not issued by a cybersecurity firm. This begs the question: how much do we know about the cost of cybercrime? Is it a "tip of the iceberg" situation? The impmlications for businesses are huge in terms of trust, obviously a key to doing business...

Source author: Sébastien Monnet sebastien-joel.monnet@eda.admin.ch

dizzying figures --- I was thinking the same: when it is so persistent, you've got to learn and live with it. (30'000 daily phishing attempts seem pretty conservative btw)

Source author: Sébastien Monnet sebastien-joel.monnet@eda.admin.ch

offline/online bullying: two sides of the same coin --- I won't try to argue whether one is worse than the others, this seems pointless. However one difference lies in the relative permanence of online bullying material. Whereas one would be able to avoid offline bullying either by choice or by the passage of time...online bullying can be much more persistent given the difficulty to have online material removed.

Source author: Sébastien Monnet sebastien-joel.monnet@eda.admin.ch

missed factors --- I believe this map misses some factors, such as the traditional crime index and the internet penetration rates in these countries.

Source author: Muna Hemoudi mhemoudi@gmail.com

Government vs Companies --- I agree that the intervention of some of the governments is bad for the product design, but still i do not agree to leave the companies with more autonomy with their design but they should follow the security standards developed by relevant, competent, technical governmental body.

Source author: Mustafa Yaasin Sheik mysheik@hotmail.com

cryptocurrencies --- Although El Salvador was the first country to use Bitcoin legal tender, but more countries are following the path and introducing new digital cryptocurrency.

Some countries are issuing a central bank digital currency prohibit all other private cryptocurrencies, to regain their monopoly on the money issue and their oversight on the monetary movement, in my idea legalizing the cryptocurrency can reduce the risks associated with the cybercriminals using the cryptocurrency as form of payment.

Source author: Mustafa Yaasin Sheik mysheik@hotmail.com

Corporate breaches --- I suspect that we now very little about the data and security breaches of the major companies; the companies rarely report to the public and the data protection offices, and do not communicate to the affected users. So, it’s the data protection offices to make sure just in case to Investigate the breaches. Document the who, what, where, so the public would know the breach as well as on time notification to affected users.

Source author: Mustafa Yaasin Sheik mysheik@hotmail.com

consumer Awareness Raising --- Apart from the development of the legal and technical norms, the Trust in the e-commerce is also affected by the consumer perceptions, so it is important to raise the cybersecurity awareness of the consumers and the general public to objectively evaluate the potential risks and threats while commencing on e-commerce transaction.

Source author: Mustafa Yaasin Sheik mysheik@hotmail.com

Additional to diamonds, --- the country does promotion on Infrastructure Development Investment Opportunities, Tourism and Hospitality Investment Opportunities, Technology and Innovation Investment Opportunities, Agriculture and Agro-processing Investment Opportunities, Manufacturing Investment Opportunities.

As explained to Ricardo, access to export markets on diamond trading is open to all local business people but they are not able to meet the required threshold. But to cater for those small diggers, most of which are illegal, the current regime has since the beginning of 2021 if not since mid-2020, called on all who possess diamonds to collaborate with Ministry of Natural Resources specifically to address that issue and send a substantial amount to the outside market. By the way, Lesotho still does not have any diamond processing hub (cutting and polishing) hence all exports in diamonds are only of those raw ones.

Source author: Malefetsane Dominic Mosala mosalalaw@gmail.com

Indeed!!! --- You are right that there has to be balance between FDI attracting strategies and maintaining local ownership. This is exactly the balance in Lesotho. The country's reliance for sustainable existence being on imports (80%), Lesotho is a country open to and eagerly seeking foreign direct investment (FDI). Government, business, labour, and civil society leaders all strongly agree that attracting FDI is vital to Lesotho’s future, especially in the diamond mining sector because of lack of capacity on the local business people. Ordinarily and if things worked as proper as policies dictated, at least over 75% of the diamond mining industry ownership ought to be in the hands of the Basotho people with the government being the main stakeholder like what Botswana does.

Lesotho, as a small LDC faces various investment constraints which include inter alia, macroeconomic instability, limited access to credit, skills gaps, limited infrastructure, and policy uncertainty hence the way out is seen as prioritising certain sectors to foreign investment. It does not mean that Basotho are completely precluded from participation thereof but they lack capacity to meet the global market.

Source author: Malefetsane Dominic Mosala mosalalaw@gmail.com

Botswana Investment and Trade Centre (BITC) --- Its good to learn and appreciate the good work done by this agency. Botswana model has been highly replicated by many countries in Africa including Tanzania in attracting FDIs.

Source author: Frank John Mhina frankmhina01@gmail.com

warfare --- In fact with the evolution of cyberweapons there may reach a point where like nuclear weapons superpowers may refrain from cyberattacks due to the fear of mutually assured destruction

Source author: Shabanah Mustapha shabanah.mustapha@igovtt.tt

This is already happening... --- This has already happened through Cambridge Analytica and there is no evidence to show it isn't continuing through other groups - in particular, while the CA reports were shocking in terms of their interference with the US elections and the Brexit vote, enough attention was not paid to their work in smaller global south countries, where they had built an extremely effective mechanism to fix democratic elections.

Source author: Pavitra Ramanujam pavitra.ramanujam@gmail.com

Sanctions on NSO Group --- There is now a call from US law makers to impose sanctions on the NSO group, who created the Pegasus software. It would be interesting to see how this plays out and the effects of such sanctions not only on NSO, but other players and the US' own actions in the purchase and use of such spyware.

Source author: Pavitra Ramanujam pavitra.ramanujam@gmail.com

Incentivised by states! --- Indeed, they are mercenaries who are not just tolerated but encouraged and incentivised by states. Nicole Perlorth, who is a journalist with NT Times, has written about zero day traders, who are in fact freelance developers who find vulnerabilities and create cyberweapons to sell to the highest bidders, who are very often nation states building their cyber arsenal. For nation states, it is sometimes cheaper to buy these exploits from the market, and for the mercenaries, it is a great way to make money without threat of criminal action.

Source author: Pavitra Ramanujam pavitra.ramanujam@gmail.com

'Cyber-terrorism' as cyberwar --- This is an interesting question, and makes me wonder if an act of cyber-sabotage or harm by a non-state actor which is politically motivated and designed to cause chaos and physical harm be considered an act of cyber-war? Would such an act - say an attack on the electrical grid or fuel pipeline of a nation state resulting in physical harm or loss of life be comparable to physical acts of violence committed by designated 'terrorist' groups? After all, nation states have declared war on such adversaries before.

Source author: Pavitra Ramanujam pavitra.ramanujam@gmail.com

..or the age-old discussion on the ethics of technology --- aka Melvin Kranzberg's six laws of technology state including: technology is neither good nor bad; nor is it neutral.

Source author: Sébastien Monnet sebastien-joel.monnet@eda.admin.ch

and arms dealers --- which we tolerate as a business sector.

Source author: Sébastien Monnet sebastien-joel.monnet@eda.admin.ch

yes and to an extent also why talks about... --- ...non proliferation do not carry the same relevance in the cyberspace in my opinion. The nature of cyberwarfare and relative low barriers to entry, compared to say...putting together an intercontinental missile, make it impossible to curb from a proliferation perspective.

Source author: Sébastien Monnet sebastien-joel.monnet@eda.admin.ch

zero-day --- Groups targeting zero-day exploit make sense, as may companies struggle to issue remedial works on the solutions leaving many exposed to the threat.

Source author: Shabanah Mustapha shabanah.mustapha@igovtt.tt

to gain or destory --- Cyberwar will not replace conventional war but will just become another avenue which extends the battlefield to its target

Source author: Shabanah Mustapha shabanah.mustapha@igovtt.tt

Perspective --- The world see the digital platforms differently depending on each country culture and society. For example the Facebook platform where some countries think "Information Warfare platform" and other "Freedom of Expression".

Source author: Phannarith Ou phannarith-ou@mptc.gov.kh

Cybereweapons --- It is also can launch separately such as StuxNet. It is affordable, effective and always deniable.

Source author: Phannarith Ou phannarith-ou@mptc.gov.kh

attribution --- I guess, attribution is just one step among others in order to know/understand how the state can response to such kind of cyber attack.

Source author: Phannarith Ou phannarith-ou@mptc.gov.kh

Definition --- How can we define the cyberwar? It is about the attack to several commercial bank? or Central Bank? or nuclear facility? or building destruction with the lost of life?

Source author: Phannarith Ou phannarith-ou@mptc.gov.kh

no way back --- the world will move more to be 100% online, services and products. i'm expecting the NATO to declare only four operational spaces in the coming century: air, sea, space, and cyber. Land will disappear!

Source author: Muna Hemoudi mhemoudi@gmail.com

how realistic --- I believe it is a mindset change.. by taking the responsibility and implement training program, setting cybersecurity goals, invest in the right tech, and most importantly, get the C-level involved in the cybersecurity strategic annual planning

Source author: Muna Hemoudi mhemoudi@gmail.com

incidents reporting --- may be the reason because organizations are trying to avoid the blame and defend their security measures and practices

Source author: Muna Hemoudi mhemoudi@gmail.com

Threshold for the Acceptable and Unacceptable Risks --- In the prioritizing identifying the risk events and their impact to the organization’s business settings, probabilities and likelihood of their occurrences, then to rank them according to their seriousness score with their contingency plan. Also, the companies develop Threshold for the Acceptable and Unacceptable Risks in the organization,

Source author: Mustafa Yaasin Sheik mysheik@hotmail.com

Different type security assessments --- the organizations normally do different security assessment types. Including the The Security Threat and Risk Assessment, Active Threat Assessment, The Cyber-security Threat and Risk Assessment, Threat Assessment for Instrumental Violence, The Violence Threat Risk Assessment, etc.

Source author: Mustafa Yaasin Sheik mysheik@hotmail.com

The cybersecurity risk assessment --- The cybersecurity risk assessment is an important part of cyber security conduct which evaluates the business preparedness assessment in case of cyberattack and the potential business continuity plan and the overall preparedness for the risks threatening the existence of the organization, The better cybersecurity risk assessment is not important only for the preventing or preparing a Plan B in case of emergence but it can have a negative effect to the organization’s reputation, so it is normal for the companies to prioritize the necessary steps to set up an effective risk assessment.

Source author: Mustafa Yaasin Sheik mysheik@hotmail.com

Division between public and private interests --- Probably one of the main challenges of the States that appointed those initial commercial attaches was to establish a difference between public and private interests. As a businessman, those attaches had personal interests in promoting commerce that indirectly benefited the State. But, as public servers, the main objective shouldn't be the promotion of personal business but fostering national interests. During the twentieth century, the division of public and private was clearer.

Source author: Juan Carlos Pomareda jpomareda@onuperu.org

Diplomatic missions as a way to remain in former colonies --- Also, after the decolonization process began, the establishment of diplomatic missions was used by the former colonizer as a way to remain and overwatch their interests in former colonies.

Source author: Juan Carlos Pomareda jpomareda@onuperu.org

Specially in ancien times --- Exchange of goods meant a very solid way to initiate and/or maintain incipient diplomatic relations because in those times the food supplies were based in that kind of exchanges where a tribe gave the products that they have in surplus for those that they lack.

Source author: Juan Carlos Pomareda jpomareda@onuperu.org

Yes Ricardo, --- The discretionary right of the State to exercise diplomatic protection does not prevent it from committing itself to its nationals to exercise such a right.

Source author: Tarniem Shokry Iskandar tar.eskander@hotmail.com

Apple's approach to adult content --- I want to bring up the fact that Apple has historically had a very negative relation to adult content. Its App Store does not accept adult content and there have been LGBT game developers who struggle to get their games in, even those without any adult content per se. At the same time, Apple prohibits the loading of apps outside of its App Store, thus strengthening its stance. Within this context I tend towards thinking that this is more about Apple's moral crusade and culture of overstepping user boundaries than this is about protecting children.

Source author: Gustavo Paiva gdp.direito@gmail.com

Not so much "could" --- It's not so much a matter of "could" as it is "how long it would take for it to happen." Apple has commercial interests in most of the globe, and needless to say a great deal of the world struggles with authoritarian regimes. By simply implementing this technology, Apple is making itself vulnerable to these governments as sooner or later they'll have a reason to strong arm them.

Source author: Gustavo Paiva gdp.direito@gmail.com

Agreed --- Indeed, Alan. It's almost always dangerous blindly applying technology at a large scale. Image recognition is far from being a perfect or even reliable piece of tech, and using it in such a way would no doubt have thousands of false positives — and what recourse would the people have? Would they even be informed of what happened, or would they have to deal with the surprise of a federal agent knocking on their doorstep?

Source author: Gustavo Paiva gdp.direito@gmail.com

What's the catch? --- Usually, there is always a catch, no one is up to give more than what they are up to receive. Do you think if there is a company that does care to give more than what will receive, other entities will follow its path?

Source author: Alan Kaheri Chavez Castro itsupportirl@sre.gob.mx

open source softwarevs owned software --- On one hand, you have the support a big company with years of experience can provide you, on the other hand, you have an open-source program with a big community. Sometimes you have to choose between privacy and customer support. Sometimes the marketing is the only difference between them. Why look like an open-source program seems to provide more privacy than owned software?

Source author: Alan Kaheri Chavez Castro itsupportirl@sre.gob.mx

Who review the reviewers? --- Apple's technology uses AI and algorithms to identify what could be a potential case of CSAM material. After the algorithm identifies a possible case, the "ticket" is sent to a human review. What credentials should these persons have to review these materials? If it's a false positive? Right now the solution brings more questions than answers from my perspective.

Source author: Alan Kaheri Chavez Castro itsupportirl@sre.gob.mx

Metaverse for childs? --- It’s alarming indeed. The metaverse is an example, the metaverse is everything but an RPG (Role-playing Game). Has the appearance of a game, which is attractive for kids. However, the metaverse topics are bettings, money, cryptocurrency, etc.

How can you protect a child from something that looks like a game? And at the same time, you give them the freedom to explore the online world?

Source author: Alan Kaheri Chavez Castro itsupportirl@sre.gob.mx

combating cybercrimes --- It is important that we should solve the root cause of the traditional crimes we have first, before looking into combating crimes online. For example, we cannot lobby against cyber bullying, while ignoring the bullying in the offline world.

Source author: Muna Hemoudi mhemoudi@gmail.com

root cause --- Since the cyberspace is just a reflection of the offline world, I believe the root cause of such social issues in cybercrimes, e.g harassments, bullying, violence's online, is what we have in the offline world.

Source author: Muna Hemoudi mhemoudi@gmail.com

Strenghten the mechanism of data disclosure --- I think a total anonymity over an access should not be human rights in internet because it is the root of cyber attacks. Thats why we dont need dark web. As an exit, I think the government and society shall strenghten the mechanism of data disclosure to exercise privacy and the freedom of speech. The government shall be limited to only impose data disclosure over some investigation related to speech and the private sector shall have the rights to reject that kind of data disclosure request.

Source author: Mira Fajriyah halo@mirafajri.id

Shall dark web be criminalised? --- I think dark web shall be criminalised because it debilitate the sovereignty of the nation. Rather than to wait an extreme case comes as an output of dark web transaction and interaction, the government shall conduct campaign and enforce the practice of identifiable access to internet.

Source author: Mira Fajriyah halo@mirafajri.id

Hacktivism: a catchy term --- Hacktivism has become a popular term in international politics. It poses many challenges to the international community because, although illegal, they can sometimes side with popular movements with an agenda of change. What if hacktivism works to hold accountable political leaders and companies? Should it be tolerated? How should pro-democracy governments react when activists leak information that leads to the defeat of corrupt leaders? Hacktivist groups are good at gaining media attention, especially when they leak confidential information or disseminate anti-government slogans. However, their methods (usually DDoS) have not yet merited urgent measures from groups like G7, G20, or prominent regional organizations. It seems that they play an uncomfortable role in politics but are not yet considered a critical threat. They are treated as criminals even if they claim to pursue social justice ideologies. Perhaps, hacktivism is just a catchy term to explain that a cybercriminal is not after economic gains.

Source author: Juan Feliciano Ascencio Moctezuma jascencio@sre.gob.mx

Impact to society --- What about social damage that large scale cybercrime can achieve, like in the case of the Colonial pipeline attack in the US, which resulted in mass panic over fuel shortages? Over time, cybercrimes could erode trust in systems and institutions, which will extend beyond personal and institutional damage to how we are able to function as a society.

Source author: Pavitra Ramanujam pavitra.ramanujam@gmail.com

Tax evasion --- Another criminal activity that could be aided by cryptocurrencies is tax evasion. With tax havens and offshore accounts coming under scrutiny due to investigations like the Panama papers, HNIs could begin to park funds in cryptocurrencies, which are hard to track and cannot be easily linked to individuals.

Source author: Pavitra Ramanujam pavitra.ramanujam@gmail.com

Identity theft --- Identity theft is included all the types of crime in which someone wrongfully obtains and uses another person's personal data in some way that involves fraud or deception,which includes: Financial, Tax, Medical or Employment Identity theft, this type is crimes now trending according to the Identity Theft Research Center (ITRC) reports Identity fraud losses up 45% between 2019 and 2020

Identity theft incidents almost doubled between 2019 and 2020. Which losses grew in monetary terms from $1.8 in 2019 to $3.3 billion in 2020.

Source author: Mustafa Yaasin Sheik mysheik@hotmail.com

Attribution to real perpetrator --- This experiment also brings up an interesting layer of attribution - bots like these can be an easy and effective way to hide your tracks while making illegal purchases online, making it harder for law enforcement to identify the human behind the bot and hold them accountable.

Source author: Pavitra Ramanujam pavitra.ramanujam@gmail.com

Risks of VPNs --- This is one of the risks of ordinary VPNs that is often not discussed or recognised, especially when used by people in vulnerable positions like journalists, activists and dissenters. While propitiatory VPNs will definitely do the intended job of obscuring your traffic, there is really no guarantee that they are not in fact maintaining a log of your real IP address, which they will have access to and that under certain circumstances, that data will not be hacked or misused or handed over to state actors. When ExpressVPN was recently bought out by another company, many privacy activists raised concerns, due to the history of the parent company - this might be important to consider for certain groups of people before purchasing a particular VPN.

Source author: Pavitra Ramanujam pavitra.ramanujam@gmail.com

New users in the digital space --- Could part of the reason for this increase also be that the pandemic has forced previously non-digital services to go digital, and also forced almost everyone to turn to the internet for information and critical services that were previously available in the physical world - education, health, banking services? Newer users who aren't familiar with these systems or with the potential risks of sharing information online freely are therefore much more vulnerable, providing cyber-criminals with more opportunities.

Source author: Pavitra Ramanujam pavitra.ramanujam@gmail.com

double-edged sword --- it true that the technology, is a double-edged sword, what can be used for further improvement and human development, can be also used for committing crimes, every invention means also another tool for further crime unless guided by laws, regulations and the enforcement.

Source author: Mustafa Yaasin Sheik mysheik@hotmail.com

wetlands destruction --- Wetlands are one of the most efficient carbon sinks on land, however when the wetlands are destructed , the stored carbon is released back to the atmosphere therefore the damaged wetlands can become one of the biggest sources of greenhouse gas emission as they contain about one third of the stored carbon on soil and land globally.

Source author: Lakmini Premadasa lakminisurangika@gmail.com

digital divide --- I believe such global partnerships is what increases digital divide, as they focus on the developed world issues without paying attention to the "disconnected parts of the world" and minority communities.

Source author: Muna Hemoudi mhemoudi@gmail.com

Lack of cooperation among South Asian countries --- Reading these efforts made by different regional groups and bodies, it seems that south Asia countries are being left behind on building regional mechanisms to deal with issues of cybersecurity. Especially considering the political contexts in the sub-region, that it is one of the most heavily populated sub-regions in the world and with high levels of internet penetration, it is crucial to have regional dialogue on these issues.

Source author: Pavitra Ramanujam pavitra.ramanujam@gmail.com

WEF initiatives --- it could still be interesting how private sector forums, alliances suchs as the World Economic Forum can bring together private sector organisations and adopt a common understanding and create trust.

To what extent are suchs non binding rules and aproaches effective?

Source author: Andrin Schwere andrin.schwere@eda.admin.ch

providing extensive cost-benefit analysis... --- ...would help the private sector grasp, not the importance, but rather the 'opportunity' therein. This would also stimulate an almost organic change of approach when it comes to allocating funding into cybersecurity functions.

Source author: Sébastien Monnet sebastien-joel.monnet@eda.admin.ch

cross border collaboration --- due to the interdependence of the nations and the nature of the cyber crimes cross border collaboration will easy hunting the cybercriminals and important for prevents the online crimes, both information sharing ,tracking the proprietors of the crimes and support for the effect nation in terms the cybercrime investigations and evidence collection is the part of the cybersecurity of the other nations.

Source author: Mustafa Yaasin Sheik mysheik@hotmail.com

I --- would not have picked this distinction of using 'the' to imply separation from the collective 'we'. Very interesting. And now I cannot 'unsee' this.

Source author: Mamta Reid liveandsmile@hotmail.com

Collateral damage --- or calculated default?

Source author: Mamta Reid liveandsmile@hotmail.com

When I decided --- to homeschool my sons, now 18 and 16, 10 years ago, I foregrounded our ability to watch movies at 'anytime' of the day as opposed to just on weekends! It certainly got them excited. Reality was of course different 😀

Source author: Mamta Reid liveandsmile@hotmail.com

Cloud Services --- Could a similar approach be applied to cloud service suppliers?

Highly like this article from carnegie: https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/11/09/cloud-governance-challenges-survey-of-policy-and-regulatory-issues-pub-83124

I'd be very keen to know what UN process and mechanisms are currently adressing cloud services and their international security implications.

Source author: Andrin Schwere andrin.schwere@eda.admin.ch

Public Services --- The pandemic has clearly shown that online public services are not protected enough and in order for public administration to regain trust among citizens and encourage them to transition to online services it is necessary to provide and showcase how data and services are protected.

The lack of trust in digital public services could slow down digitalisation processes and attempts, e.g. online voting, tax declaration applications etc.

Source author: Andrin Schwere andrin.schwere@eda.admin.ch

Supply Chains --- Given the importance of cross border activities, I wonder how supply chains are covered by current measures and how they are integrated in the different "critical infrastructure" items and how it is reflected in legal frameworks. The pandemic revealed the importance of smoth tracking of supply chains and means to detect and react to potential disruptions.

Source author: Andrin Schwere andrin.schwere@eda.admin.ch

Insecure IoTs --- It is about cost and fast to market. Why I need to put security in, where I want to have a cheap product and fast market roll out in better position than competitors?

Source author: Phannarith Ou phannarith-ou@mptc.gov.kh

Critical Services --- In cambodia, during COVID-19, health information and education services become the most critical.

Source author: Phannarith Ou phannarith-ou@mptc.gov.kh

Safe Mode --- I think that is happened only for the past. As the society change with the demand from the citizen for better, effective and efficiency, system of CI need to be controlled remotely.

Source author: Phannarith Ou phannarith-ou@mptc.gov.kh

Trade negotiations --- For instance , The Bali Package consists of a number of decisions designed to streamline trade, allow developing countries more options for providing food security and boost least-developed countries’ trade.

Source author: Mavis Tungulu mtungulu@gmail.com

Really looked --- forward to this. It sounded exciting and each lesson since has been nothing short of exciting. (I am using the past tense as I am going over module after completed the reading for the whole course.)

Source author: Mamta Reid liveandsmile@hotmail.com

This can be --- dangerous and a bit illogical on one hand as it confuses ideas with physical things and yet can also be useful when trying to communicate an idea to a large group of people with not-in-common backgrounds. In Japanese the word 'stabakka' is a new term which is used for people who frequent and purchase Starbucks and their products.

Source author: Mamta Reid liveandsmile@hotmail.com

"[-two legs]" --- "Amputee' could also be two hands, right? In this case then the Aristotelian definition of human would fit. However, I see the bigger point that is being made with this example to illustrate the difference.

Source author: Mamta Reid liveandsmile@hotmail.com

Strict --- "does not necessarily mean unambiguous or fair, and nor does it mean that there are no further gounds for differences in interpretation. "

This is interesting as the earlier sentence says "... defining features for each category is strictly prescribed and adhered to."

How can it be 'strictly' adhered to if there is room for a different interpretation?

Source author: Mamta Reid liveandsmile@hotmail.com

Data space/storage on devices --- Another critical item here for consumers is sufficient storage on devices. Given updates for different (security) software and applications are demanded more and more regularly, insuficient data storage specifically on old devices mark a great risk to individuals who cannot afford or are aware of the amount of storage needed for security improvement on personal devices.

Source author: Andrin Schwere andrin.schwere@eda.admin.ch

early internet --- The internet was originally designed differently because it was not seen as a reflection of the offline world. That led to an understanding of "online" and "real" world. while nowadays, we see the cyberspace is just a reflection of world, with the good and bad.

Source author: Muna Hemoudi mhemoudi@gmail.com

incidents --- Such incidents show clearly how much the impact of cyber attack is inapprehensible, with the blame is usually assigned to the organization and its security measure.

Source author: Muna Hemoudi mhemoudi@gmail.com

digitalizating and the poor countries --- The poor countries are now starting digitalization a bit by bit or by forced digitalization due the reality of the COVID-19 compulsory digitalization, these new digitalization process can pose greater vulnerability on the cyberattacks and the cybercrimes, as mostly they lack the skills, necessary legal framework and the limited users awareness.

Source author: Mustafa Yaasin Sheik mysheik@hotmail.com

Sanctions are extremely controversial; --- The basic problem is the ‘sanctions dilemma’. This comes from the appeal of sanctions, the ease of using them, and the controversy over their impact. The sanctions that punish a country most also are most severe on the innocent. The sanctions that harm the innocent least also seem to be least effective

Source author: Tarniem Shokry Iskandar tar.eskander@hotmail.com

Engaging --- ...Engaging and maintaining negotiations and working thoroughly on getting support from other countries. The challenging part of it is that sanctioned countries sometimes feel so offended that they are likely to try to find way to resist while sulking or resist by fighting. Sometimes, mediation from one or many other third-party countries might be really valuable.

Source author: Ndeye Gnagna Kone gnagna.pro@gmail.com

Combo --- This combination works quite well on African countries with overly corrupted regimes that are looting the resources.

Source author: Ndeye Gnagna Kone gnagna.pro@gmail.com

smart sanctions --- I think it can only work if many countries agree to put it in place against the sanctioned country. Even if there is only specific aspects of the country's economy that is targeted by the sanction, it has to be enforced by many allied countries otherwise, the sanctioned country can just solidify its other options with other partners. Globalization does wonder in such cases.

Source author: Ndeye Gnagna Kone gnagna.pro@gmail.com

Iran --- It is so true! I always wonder about how unbothered Iran remains when faced with the numerous sanctions they have been through over the years. At this point, sanctions do not have any sort of effects on them, either geopolitically, economically or socially.

Source author: Ndeye Gnagna Kone gnagna.pro@gmail.com

mixed results --- Economic sanctions seem to always hit harder on populations that asked for nothing. For sure, that's the point, putting pressure on Governments through collaterals but the outcomes always seem to be way too mixed. I have not felt there was any real effectiveness from economic sanctions in the last decades...as countries seem to be less and less sensitive to it and rather let the populations suffer while they are busy creating new economic ties with other powers...(Maybe just a false impression from news coverage).

Source author: Ndeye Gnagna Kone gnagna.pro@gmail.com

The EU GSP --- Removes import duties from products coming into the EU market from vulnerable developing countries. This helps developing countries to alleviate poverty and create jobs based on international values and principles, including labour and human rights.

Source author: Tarniem Shokry Iskandar tar.eskander@hotmail.com

Indeed, participation in the world trade ... --- for both developing and developed countries had increased in the past twenty years, the opposite had occurred for the former Socialist states, which seemed to indicate the importance of market forces, or a reduction of State intervention, for trade development.

Source author: Tarniem Shokry Iskandar tar.eskander@hotmail.com

The pace of FDI recovery differs geographically --- It is likely to be a gradual one, trailing the global economic recovery in GDP and trade. Developed economies, such as the US and the EU, are leading the global FDI recovery, while developing economies may trail behind.

Source author: Tarniem Shokry Iskandar tar.eskander@hotmail.com

Membership thereof!!! --- It might be helpful dear Sethunya for information purposes and as an addendum to your contribution in this regard to make mention of those five Southern African countries namely: Botswana, Eswatini (formerly Swaziland), Lesotho, Namibia and South Africa.

Source author: Malefetsane Dominic Mosala mosalalaw@gmail.com

An important aspect in the WTO membership --- is indeed that of states not only being part of a rules-based system governing international trade but also having a say in decision-making despite their size.

Source author: Malefetsane Dominic Mosala mosalalaw@gmail.com

Consensus decision making!!! --- I wonder how the founding states would seek for parallelism in participation during negotiations as one of the founding principles and yet WTO's decision making is normally through consensus and not otherwise hence the current impasse on the trade organisation's Appellate Body. Or could it be that it was a post-1990 decision that members agreed to disagree?

Source author: Malefetsane Dominic Mosala mosalalaw@gmail.com

Indeed!!! --- Rapid globalisation has forced the world to see as more important in international trade that a degree of harmonisation is achieved within the WTO purview when Member States implement regulatory requirements like standards and rules of origin.

Source author: Malefetsane Dominic Mosala mosalalaw@gmail.com

CIR: a technical topic with implications for human rights --- therefore, 100% yes for "should be kept non-political as much as possible" but technical-oriented perspectives only, no matter the breadth of stakeholders involved, won't cut it. It should be multistakeholders and multidisciplinary!

Source author: Sébastien Monnet sebastien-joel.monnet@eda.admin.ch

considerable political implications --- "a role assigned on basis of a commercial contract by ICANN to a third party - it used to be VeriSign, the US company, and I think it still is" I wonder how China and Russia - among other states, but to pick the two most obvious ones - feel about this and where we will be in 10 years.

Source author: Sébastien Monnet sebastien-joel.monnet@eda.admin.ch

removing a country from the internet --- it seems to me that the internet is specifically built in a way (decentralized) that prevents such events... in addition with most services, businesses and organizations moving to cloud-based solutions, aren't we always farther from such outcomes?

Source author: Sébastien Monnet sebastien-joel.monnet@eda.admin.ch

Incident management --- Who knows if the status quo could continue to this day if there wasn't such big whistleblower incident/affair. Due to the international publicity of this case, probably, the US was motivated to act quickly, and the transfer of IANA functions to the global multistakeholder community was fastened.

Source author: Vladimir Nikolov vladimir984@yahoo.com

default built-in encryption = foolproof --- I would argue that encryption is precisely a mean to overcome a lack of awareness or skills... When encrypted communication is built in by default, you reduce the likelyhood that a communication be intercepted due to sheer incompetence, aka the human factor.

Source author: Sébastien Monnet sebastien-joel.monnet@eda.admin.ch

as digitalization keeps on expanding so does... --- ...the cyberspace. I believe that the concept "internet" will remain closely related to its traditional meaning, among the general public: computers connected and websites. The concept used to encompass most if not all of the cyberspace. The cyberspace expands alongside new connected hardware and emerging technologies, smartphones, IoT, etc.

Source author: Sébastien Monnet sebastien-joel.monnet@eda.admin.ch

the blood behind an electric car --- even though the alternative (combustion engine) also has negative human right impact, I think technology to tacle climate change should at very least not impact another important SDG goal as a tradeoff. There is some awareness, but the argument of the wallet until now is stronger even in HIC

Source author: Katharina Beyer katharina.beyer@etu.unige.ch

Alan Woodward on Cyber security --- In one article in a book title "What's Next: Even Scientists Can't Predict The Future - or Can't They?", I got interested on how AI could be use as an anti-virus so it will learn to combat it without much of human intervention. The writer gives example of DeepArmor. However the cyber attack also can utilize AI to run. If this is the future, it will then allow cyber security to get alienated from human control.

Source author: Mira Fajriyah halo@mirafajri.id

the speed --- bots are the reason why cybercrimes are way faster than traditional crimes. there can be thousands of thefts in the cyber space within just seconds.

Source author: Muna Hemoudi mhemoudi@gmail.com

White hat hackers --- For this module, I thought a lot about the role of ethical hackers and how they help in balancing the scales!

Source author: Muna Hemoudi mhemoudi@gmail.com

Weakest Link --- In these increased risks and associated security, it is very important that all the users in the company know the possible vulnerabilities and their responsibilities on the cybersecurity, including what to do in case of risk and what kind or risks, the basics of the Cybersecurity and types of the malwares, also reporting requirements and their role on the company security, some companies train the non-technical users the basic to safeguard the others otherwise they can the possible weak link in the organization.

Source author: Mustafa Yaasin Sheik mysheik@hotmail.com

Zero-day exploitations --- A zero-day risks gives an opportunity to cybercriminals to exploit the severe system vulnerability which the companies or even developers do not know that they exist, but this should waive the responsibility from the developers to take the responsibility not to use the companies data as sandbox but to make sure that before deploying the system it is secure and safe for use, and also setting up proactive email security defenses to combat zero-day attacks.

Source author: Mustafa Yaasin Sheik mysheik@hotmail.com

Human errors and the cybersecurity --- Humans play a critical role in the cybersecurity, according to study IBM is 95% of cybersecurity breaches are caused by mainly a human errors - unintentional or neglecting critical action -, But I am not if that human errors are on the side of the users of the systems and or includes human errors involved during the designing or manufacturing process.

Source author: Mustafa Yaasin Sheik mysheik@hotmail.com

PPP --- There are reports that many African countries long signed and adopted PPP laws in the mid 2000 but till date many a yet to implement a PPP project. what could be the reason for the slow uptake? Do you have any project that has been succesfuly implemented under this policy.?

Source author: Lapologang Judah lapoduna@gmail.com

Mexico --- whilst I appreciate that economic diplomacy has overtaken political diplomacy as the driver of foreign policy, i somehow i feel that Mexico runs the risk of neglecting other aspects of diplomacy by overburdening the MFA with activities that could be well executed by other competent authorities in the area of trade and investment. i am interested in learning about their staff recruitment, the competencies they seek in their staff

Source author: Lapologang Judah lapoduna@gmail.com

Legal reforms in Tanzania --- In Tanzania, we are undertaking a variety of measures in upholding the rule of law by making all organs responsible for dispensation of justice easily accessible by all people regardless of their social, political and/or economic strata. Unfortunately, the World Justice Project (WJP) like any other western propagandas tries to distort African images and reducing investors confidence.

Source author: Frank John Mhina frankmhina01@gmail.com

Could the State Capture --- be the only real and sole culprit in downgrading SA's credit rating and thereby having had a negative impact on the economy? Can't we perhaps look back to the post 1994 empowerment strategies meant to balance the scale between the blacks and whites, the likes of Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) for example, and interrogate deeper if perhaps they too were not contributing factors to the status quo?

According to the ANC government and the BEE enacting ACT of 2003, direct intervention in the redistribution of assets and opportunities was needed to resolve the economic disparities created by Apartheid policies which had favoured white business owners and indeed BEE intended to transform the economy to be representative of the demographics. Having seen its implementation starting from 2005, it was criticised for benefiting only a narrow stratum of previously disadvantaged groups, hence the 2007 introduction of a modified version of the programme called Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment or B-BEE.

Source author: Malefetsane Dominic Mosala mosalalaw@gmail.com

Indeed!!! --- You are very right Cecilia on applauding Australia's undying efforts to countries of interest, notably those countries in the Oceania, with poverty alleviation and/or reduction programmes, Aid and government support in health, education, and infrastructure. It has done tremendous work in Solomon Islands as well, and still does offer undying support to-date.

Source author: Malefetsane Dominic Mosala mosalalaw@gmail.com

Kiribati Model --- How was the Green Passport helped the growth of Kiribati? was it attached by a certain incentives?