The Devil Wears Prada! --- The main character (Miranda Priestly), when referring to her assistant who was late in bringing her coffee:

“Is there some reason that my coffee isn’t here? Has she died or something?”

Source author: Marie Betts-Johnson mbj@ipicalifornia.com

Rhetoric --- This was a rhetoric questions and you were not supposed to answer it in writing but in mind.

Source author: MacOswald Jumali macjumali@yahoo.com

'Stop' is a change of state verb --- I agree with your call to caution. The presupposition is in the change of state verb 'to stop' which presupposes that they were fighting!

Source author: Biljana Scott biscott@diplomacy.edu

After all! --- Yes! The temporal term 'after' presupposes that there was indeed a time & thing called 'traditional diplomacy'!

Source author: Biljana Scott biscott@diplomacy.edu

Refocus from 'who says' to 'what they have said' --- What if I rephrased the sentencer to read 'I believe that this improvement will be seen favourably', what is the presupposition? The negative should give you a hint: "I don't believe that this improvement ..." I don't know whether this improvement ..." You are absolutely justified in questioning somebody's certainty, but however assertive or toned down the speaker's opinion is, the presupposition remains that 'this improvement' exists. Focussing on the presupposition makes us question whether there is an improvement at all, not just whether the speaker is right in their evaluation.

Source author: Biljana Scott biscott@diplomacy.edu

'This approach is worse' --- This approach exists! The presupposition is triggered by the definite article 'this.' 'Better' presupposes that both approaches exist (this and that one). And yes, the fact that they are comparable is indeed suggested by these two presuppositions :) Note that the existence of both approaches holds under negation 'This approach is not better' or 'worse'.

Source author: Biljana Scott biscott@diplomacy.edu

The superpower of presuppositions --- The presupposition (triggered by the definite article 'the') is that these dynamics exist, and the suggestion is that they are identifiable and comparable enough to be readily evaluated, as you say.

Again, I am not bothered at all if you have acquired the habit of using the expressions 'presupposes that' and 'presupposition' for what I might think of as implications or suggestions, so long as you take on board the unique superpower of presuppositions as antecedent facts that hold under negation

Source author: Biljana Scott biscott@diplomacy.edu

One presupposition --- That something called 'modern diplomacy' exists. This then raises interesting questions about whether it is indeed distinct from traditional diplomacy and in what ways.

Source author: Biljana Scott biscott@diplomacy.edu

'Manages' / 'does not manage' both presuppose that ...? --- A very valid contribution to the debate, but notice that you have immediately jumped into the relative merits of the claims being made rather than singled out the presupposition. What does the verb 'manages to do something' presuppose?

Source author: Biljana Scott biscott@diplomacy.edu

Why I'm a stickler about presuppositions --- I would say that these two points, both of which are valid, are implications or inferences that you have made rather than presuppositions proper. The definition of a presupposition must contain the bit about 'holding true under negation.'

These distinctions may well sound artificial and far-fetched, but the reason I am singling out presuppositions for special attention is precisely because (1) they are empirically testable through the negation test - they are not merely the product of an over-imaginative interpretation of the text, and (2) they insert a claim which holds whether asserted or denied - that is a hugely powerful thing to do!

Source author: Biljana Scott biscott@diplomacy.edu

Exactly! --- The presupposition is that modern diplomacy is a success (note that if I negate the sentence, the presupposition still holds: "The success of MD is not as evident as you may think")/

The implication is that past diplomacy is less successful, maybe even a failure.

Source author: Biljana Scott biscott@diplomacy.edu

Just how pathetic is that?! --- Are you so short of creativity that a mere rhetorical question has the power to snuff yours?!

Source author: Biljana Scott biscott@diplomacy.edu

The world of the mind --- You are right, words work at an abstract level and when we give something a name we make it real in our minds/imaginations.

Source author: Biljana Scott biscott@diplomacy.edu

Hear, hear! --- Agreed, MacOswald, what we achieve rhetorically really does depend on how imaginative we are, and the whole point of this course is to help you recognise opportunities for the workings of your imaginations! Week 5's Zoom invited you to explore metaphors, this week's meeting will invite you to respond to loaded questions with both force and grace!

Source author: Biljana Scott biscott@diplomacy.edu

Questions --- 1. Given to fact that corruption has increased during your leadership, how do you think electorates will trust you in next campaign? 2. Why do you think economy has collapsed during your regime?

Source author: MacOswald Jumali macjumali@yahoo.com

Presupposition Trigger --- heard

Source author: MacOswald Jumali macjumali@yahoo.com

Presumption --- was that killing of children was an intended purpose of the sanctions.

Source author: MacOswald Jumali macjumali@yahoo.com

Question --- Are you sure this does not kill creativity?

Source author: MacOswald Jumali macjumali@yahoo.com

I would rather --- think that they invoke our sense of imagination and through which, we psychological bring to life an intended meaning. In reality, it is abstract.

Source author: MacOswald Jumali macjumali@yahoo.com

1 --- Two presuppositions:

(i) Modern diplomacy is successful. (ii) It is possible to objectively identify successful from unsuccessful diplomacy.

Source author: André Xuereb andre.xuereb@um.edu.mt

Questions --- [#1] Knowing how far humanity has advanced due to the benefits of science, what is your justification for refusing to believe in the power of vaccines?

[#2] Coming from a leader of a country that historically oppresses minorities and voices of dissent, do you not think it fair for people to regard your proposing a segregated "splinternet" with some cynicism?

[Bonus] In an episode of South Park, Pres. George W Bush was asked: "Are you high or just really stupid?" (to which he replied, "I can assure you, I am not high!")

Source author: André Xuereb andre.xuereb@um.edu.mt

2 --- Two presuppositions:

(i) It is possible to attribute the minimisation of conflict to one trigger. (ii) Traditional diplomacy could not have been the trigger.

Source author: André Xuereb andre.xuereb@um.edu.mt

3 --- One presupposition:

(i) The dynamics between countries can be simplified sufficiently to allow for objective comparison.

Source author: André Xuereb andre.xuereb@um.edu.mt

5 --- Two presuppositions:

(i) There is an objective improvement. (ii) There is a "they."

Source author: André Xuereb andre.xuereb@um.edu.mt

4 --- One presupposition:

(i) It is possible to compare the approaches objectively.

Source author: André Xuereb andre.xuereb@um.edu.mt

6 --- Two presuppositions:

(i) Modern diplomacy is somehow different from traditional diplomacy. (ii) Modern and traditional diplomacy do not coexist.

Source author: André Xuereb andre.xuereb@um.edu.mt

7 --- Two presuppositions:

(i) Fighting is bad. (ii) Fighting has been ongoing for some time.

Source author: André Xuereb andre.xuereb@um.edu.mt

Language is creative --- and through usage of of language resources, we can express any possible concept. It all depends on how imaginative we are. Through the uses of resources, for instance, figurative language, we can become creators, for instance, of metaphors, connotations and many other devices.

Source author: MacOswald Jumali macjumali@yahoo.com

is it ? --- One could never assume that fighting with other will stop

Source author: Blanca Jimenez bjimenez@sre.gob.mx

Is it? --- We cannot advance what will happen in the future...

Source author: Blanca Jimenez bjimenez@sre.gob.mx

Is "I" So knowledgeable --- It is clear to me that a self-assessment can not be an impartial assessment

Source author: Blanca Jimenez bjimenez@sre.gob.mx

Indeed --- To whatever this applies to, for me, if there are no other reasons to sustain the argument, why should one believe something is actually BETTER than any other option

Source author: Blanca Jimenez bjimenez@sre.gob.mx

Not always --- I do not believe taht using modern diplomacy always end in success stories, the personal aspects of both (or more parties) still remain relevant

Source author: Blanca Jimenez bjimenez@sre.gob.mx

Is it ? --- This assumes that modern diplomacy is a success meaning: a) Past diplomacy is a failure b) modern diplomacy is different from the ancient one, which I am not that sure

Source author: Blanca Jimenez bjimenez@sre.gob.mx

threshold of armed attack --- Once again, as in some previous HTs, I am baffled at the use of the term "threshold" of an armed attack; where is the area classified as "threshold"? If I fill a glass of water to the brim but just at the level where it does not spill over or overflows, then I can claim that I am at the threshold - any extra molecular particle added a this point (far less for a drop ) will cause spilling - that to me is on the threshold; where is that point in cyberwarfare? what constitutes "crossing the proverbial Red Line" into armed attack? This to me is very subjective and basically exposes the world to danger? every country can therefore determine its own threshold? North Korea can easily see provocation as a threshold, China sees America sending missile systems to Taiwan as a threshold, Russia sees warships from NATO being sent to bordering states being a threshold for war; similarly, ransome attack on American major companies or spear-phishing attacks on the White House or the Treasury may be a threshold; or a cyberattack on any NATO country could be seen as a threshold...etc etc..

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

areas of war and the UN Charter --- Lets seek to reason together for a moment: If the UN as an international body for Peace has given members the right to self defense (Article 51) and further codifies "jus ad bellum"(right to war") and "jus in bello" (law in war") then its logical to conclude that war can be justified and secondly there are specific rules to be followed when conducting a war; all these terms and ideas are for conventional warfare. Now having gotten more sophisticated and "advanced", nations have moved conventional warfare into cyberspace and now we speak of cyberwarfare and thus cyber weapons; if diplomats and politicians despite their stockpiling of these lethal conventional weapons seemed to have the wisdom to establish a Treaty on Disarmament, I can also postulate that the same should be done in cyberspace because these cyber arsenals are just as lethal or even more dangerous than a tank or machine guns and even a missile.

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

disarmament --- We have heard of the SALT 1 and SALT II Treaties dealing with how to decrease the number of nuclear arsenals in the world among those who possess them. This was done to avert self-annihilation because these weapons are seen as too destructive to society if unleashed. Existing lethal electronic weapons used in cyberspace when facilitated by AI and IoTs can be even more lethal or just as lethal to the effects of both conventional warfare and nuclear warfare. Why haven't there been a consensus for establishing laws governing such behavior?

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

codify diplomatic responses --- If the prospect of future devastating cyberattacks and counterattacks has raised the prospect of codifying diplomatic responses, why can't the international community consent on enacting these diplomatic responses (lets call them acceptable norms of behavior) into law?

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

NATO Article 5 and Jurisdictional Sovereignty --- If according to Article 5 of the NATO Treaty -"an attack on one nation is an attack on all" and therefore justifies a retaliatory response, isn't it reasonable to conclude that the NATO Alliance as a military entity becomes a sovereign space since all members have effectively relinquished their military sovereignty to the wider Alliance? If so, what prevents the Russia or China to conjecture the same philosophy among their allies/proxies? What would be the end result of acting on such a principle in cyberspace?

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

The UN --- @ivan. Article 51 of the UN Charter has given countries the right to self-defense despite having many committees looking at diplomatic means to solve conflicts among nations. However, the issue lies with what constitutes self-defense in the cyber world? This may be subjective in interpretation and can lead to an inadvertent war of hostilities or a cyber conflict?

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

The UN --- The UN should be specify and regulate how the nations most to response after a cyberattack, if they allow the nations to fight back with traditional weapons it could be the start of the next World War. I think they should have a diplomatic solutions.

Source author: Iván Arnulfo Fernández Hernández administracionini01@sre.gob.mx

private sector --- Not really a surprise if we consider that the private sector, especially the Big Tech companies, run a big chunk of the show. Responsible behavior implies not only the military or strategic use of internet but most importantly the economic and social use, which cannot be isolated from the potential conflicts. It is clear that any negotiation towards a cyber treaty cannot be developed without the participation of the private sector, but negotiations should be run by governments with technical advice, and not overcrowd by the lobbying activities of companies.

Source author: Eduardo Ruiz Mazon eruizm@sre.gob.mx

enforceable --- As stated in my previous comment, I think binding rules would be more enforceable not only because of the domestic legal situations, but also because of the moral or ethical issues involved, for example loss of legitimacy, reputation and international solidarity. It is not the same that a country did not follow “voluntary” measures than that a country did not comply with an international treaty.

Source author: Eduardo Ruiz Mazon eruizm@sre.gob.mx

norms and rules --- Interesting and realistic point, but still not a consolation. The international community should strive to achieve binding rules for the behavior of states in the cyberspace, not only because they impose a stronger restrain within the UNO framework (including the UN Security Council) but also inside the constitutional domestic regimes of states. For many countries, an international treaty has a superior hierarchy compared to specific laws and it is only below the Constitution. In these cases the accountability for governments and the rule of law would be also stronger.

Source author: Eduardo Ruiz Mazon eruizm@sre.gob.mx

jus ad bellum and jus in bello --- These two beautiful terms in Latin have been coined mainly by European countries to define the right to self-defense and the rights to behave during wars, if such rights can be alleged. With IHL things are not so straightforward, but still would be possible to apply them to cyber conflicts, for example in case the financial system of a country is so damaged that the Government or its financial institutions cannot feed its civil population. Would be that the case of a disproportionate damage?

Source author: Eduardo Ruiz Mazon eruizm@sre.gob.mx

Legal frameworks --- are necessary to regulate behaviour in cyber space. Your point about how IHL developed to respond to armed conflict is well taken Scott. In the case of the OEWG and GGE outcomes, perhaps a first step should be to agree on basic principles of behaviour in cyberspace. Of course, given the nature of the cyber domain, this agreement would need to extend to all stakeholders, not only governments, in order to apply to activities in cyber space. A larger treaty could then be developed using this agreement as a basis. What do you think?

Source author: Asoke Mukerji asokem@diplomacy.edu

coming back to this question after reading material below --- I came back to this question after reading the material below. It seems that the OEWG and GGE are producing outcomes, slowly but surely, on a rough consensus on responsible State behaviour in cyber space. This could perhaps lead to a treaty ultimately but these things are incremental. It took nearly 50 years for a convention to prohibit a range of activities involving biological weapons under any circumstances to be adopted after the 1925 Geneva Protocol which only prevented their use in war time.

Source author: Scott Spence scott.a.spence@gmail.com

seems sensible to me --- It seems sensible that they came to this conclusion. IHL developed to respond to armed conflict not peace time situations. It would seem a new framework is necessary and is already taking root, for example under the acquis discussed above.

Source author: Scott Spence scott.a.spence@gmail.com

disinformation campaigns and CII --- If we agree that elections are now seen as a CII and a foreign adversary attacks the election machinery/system of another country who has declared such a system as a CII, isn't this action both a violation of the country's sovereignty and illegal access to its CII? If so, shouldn't such actions constitute both a violation of a country's sovereignty and/or an invasion of its CII and thus perceived as an act of war or at least a hostile threat? Further, if disinformation or fake news is used as a weapon to instigate instability in one's country, isn't this a violation of the country's sovereignty?

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

reducing vulnerabilities by state actors --- Of course, countries who use OCCs to further the destruction of societies are not only playing in the hands of hackers/bad actors but are actively fighting against the war on cybercrime and by extension, assisting in destroying lives.

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

Governments and black market trading --- If it can be proven with concrete evidence that a government or its officials/agents are trading in back markets for OCCs, shouldn't international laws be enacted to take actions against such governments as is done at the ICJ when countries/political leaders are found to have violated basic human rights or crimes against humanity? Isn't "crimes against humanity" just as terrible as trading in the dark web or black market for cyber capabilities used to destroy lives, livelihoods?

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

fake news --- This disinformation is a big problem for our society, since we have social media platforms, the news papers and the TV News, we are under attack of tons of information that sometimes are fake news.

Source author: Iván Arnulfo Fernández Hernández administracionini01@sre.gob.mx

Answer --- I agree. Or even a country that has lack of enough highly trained ICT human resources for cyberwarfare can invest in more conventional methods as a contra balance..It takes one rocket to destroy a centralized cyberwarfare command center (if one discovered its exact locaiton).

Source author: Vladimir Nikolov vladimir984@yahoo.com

Agree --- I agree. I believe many software producers have mandatory testing phase before releasing the software, however, it may be just formal procedure without too much real focus on real testing (in order to detect faults/bugs/vulnerabilities). I imagine this can be also solved with legislation, if, for instance, by law, software producers are obliged to send the software to a special independent "testing company". This shouldn't be done for all software out there on the market, but at least for software used in industry or CI (hospitals, power plants, national security, government and so on).

Source author: Vladimir Nikolov vladimir984@yahoo.com

technical complexity --- This technical complexity of attribution could prompt us to think that future major conflicts or wars could still remain in the realm of traditional spirals of political, economic or ideological confrontations, with the added value of vicious circles feeding from and provoking both traditional and cyberwarfare.

Source author: Eduardo Ruiz Mazon eruizm@sre.gob.mx

Social engineering --- Social engineering proves how complex is the topic of attribution in the field of cyber conflicts. Proxy wars in traditional wars were difficult to trace, because so many factors were involved, but in the case of deliberate manipulation of internet users, the problem could escalate in exponential proportions

Source author: Eduardo Ruiz Mazon eruizm@sre.gob.mx

Wars from the past and present --- Probably he means the next war among military global players, because we experience nowadays hundreds –depending on the source and classification- of wars (not civil conflicts). How important is the role of the cyber dimension in these cases?

Source author: Eduardo Ruiz Mazon eruizm@sre.gob.mx

ohhh, those Russians.... --- I read the quoted article about Lavrov accusations but I imagine that the detailed information on the alleged attacks on Russian facilities is mainly publicized in Russian media. Are there any sources in English or non-Russian languages that we could consult?

Source author: Eduardo Ruiz Mazon eruizm@sre.gob.mx

software and hardware --- Good point Vladimir. I am afraid that there will be a greater recruitment of IT experts and technicians for “defense” purposes but this could even, under an spiral of mutual distrust, trigger stronger “conventional” armies, because, to use a simplistic analogy, for more potent software you always need more potent hardware.

Source author: Eduardo Ruiz Mazon eruizm@sre.gob.mx

Legal action --- on penalizing alleged attackers is not yet visible, Vladimir. The module text mentions that the United States has "indicted" alleged attackers, not "convicted" them. This is an important point, since a legal proceeding in this case would be under US domestic laws, which will not apply to foreign nationals automatically. The need for international cooperation in legal prosecution of cyber attackers is becoming more visible with each passing day and each new attack.

Source author: Asoke Mukerji asokem@diplomacy.edu

Response to attribution --- is a key issue, Bentom. As with the discussion on attribution so too with the discussion on responding to attributed cyber attacks, the jury will be out, since there is no agreed international legal framework to sustain a response taken by one state against another. It is often said that the UN Charter will apply, but as Vlada's introductory video to this module showed, the concept of cyberspace (which is a manmade domain) does not exist in the framework of the Charter. So there is merit in discussing how to integrate the new realities of this century into the Charter, which dates to the world as it existed in 1945. One way for organizing such a discussion is actually given in the Charter itself, in Article 109, which provides for a General Conference of the UN member states to be held to review the provisions of the Charter.

Source author: Asoke Mukerji asokem@diplomacy.edu

motivation and impact --- Even in the context of conventional conflicts, governments and societies should be careful in using the term “war”, because as we have seen in history, it can be used for propaganda, ideological reasons or mobilization of the societies by politicians or lobbyists. If it is difficult to attribute responsibilities in conventional conflicts, in the case of cyber “events” the situation is even more complicated. “Asymmetry” of wars in XXI Century is a catch word but in the case of cyberspace, the asymmetry should be measured in a different way, especially because of the difficulties with attribution.

Source author: Eduardo Ruiz Mazon eruizm@sre.gob.mx

Who decides --- is perhaps one of the most important questions raised by you, Bentom. It is a complex issue, but the international community has gone through this before. The best solution is universal agreement on the criteria, so that a decision is transparent and sustainable. For this to happen, the asymmetry of power in cyberspace needs to be addressed through discussions aimed at reaching agreement on how to regulate cyberspace.

Source author: Asoke Mukerji asokem@diplomacy.edu

events and conflicts --- It seems that most of the attacks with global reach had happened during the last 5 years. In the case of global attacks such as Wannacry I am not sure if they could be called “ conflicts “ –not to mention wars- because conflict for me implies an active participation of all the parts involved. Even when the damage is there, one should be careful with names and concepts, especially if they can have political or military connotations.

Source author: Eduardo Ruiz Mazon eruizm@sre.gob.mx

Penetration of ICT --- devices or networks is an increasingly sophisticated activity, Bentom. As such it is difficult to sustain the formulation of 2012 from the text you have referred to because of rapid strides in technology for penetration. The best example is the ongoing investigation into the Pegasus software which allegedly can penetrate ICT devices like smartphones aggressively often without the user knowing anything about such penetration.

Source author: Asoke Mukerji asokem@diplomacy.edu

Analog --- The Company and the software developer are to blame while the mechanic should be given an award! The software developer should ensure he/she meets certain industry standards for coding while the Company ought to ensure that’s to product is properly vetted and certified for road use and the safety of customers

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

Reflection --- @Nikolov. Good reflection. Major companies actually pay computer nerds to look for vulnerabilities in their software for any bugs or back door vulnerabilities. That’s ok. As you suggested these are good guys; the problem lies when intruders enter illegally to both exploit and create havoc. That’s illegal. Others do the same to test their computing prowess - that maybe be conceived as a bit illegal because though they are not being malicious in intent their action was illegal since he/she was not granted consent to do so.

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

Engineered conflicts --- Imagine how easy it is to create a civil war or a larger scale demonstrations in a country among opposing ethnic/political/social groups by spreading fake news/propaganda and with the help of a small conventional "incident".

Source author: Vladimir Nikolov vladimir984@yahoo.com

question --- Absolutely! I agree. I'm not saying the attackers are innocent, I'm just saying the attack can be done without the knowledge of the state. In this case the state can indeed offer international legal assistance or even extradite a citizen (if legally allowed) or even prosecute it domestically. Similarly to the conventional crimes where all states collaborate in fighting organized crime.

Source author: Vladimir Nikolov vladimir984@yahoo.com

response --- Good question @Bennette! Probably it depends on the details. As they say the devil is in the details. I don't see the exact example as an act of war, but, maybe as an illegal act - similar to conventional espionage. Maybe in such case if there is evidence who was the attacking agent the attacked country can prosecute it and seek extradition of the offender (as it is mentioned in this module - US has convicted Russian individuals).

Source author: Vladimir Nikolov vladimir984@yahoo.com

Reflection --- Discovering vulnerabilities is absolutely legal practice that ICT personnel does daily (in order to find & fix software bugs) on software they work on. Sometimes even "outsiders" seek for vulnerabilities and report them to the vendors (for money or not) or to cyber security firms....or they can even offer them on the market (ethically questionable). However, I believe seeking and discovering vulnerabilities can be seen (and is probably seen as such by persons who do that) as a form of intellectual activity as any other form of intellectual activity that can be offered to the market (consulting for instance). Nobody blames doctors that discover patients' organ vulnerabilities daily. I'm not sure if discovering a vulnerability interferes in any way with intellectual property rights, but it may be completely legal. The problem is that they have dual use...one use - to patch the vulnerability and improve the code...the other - to exploit it for other goals. It is the one who exploits the vulnerability to be blamed, not so much the one who discovered it.

Source author: Vladimir Nikolov vladimir984@yahoo.com

Analogy --- Let's use analogy. Mercedes-Benz produces a new C series limousine. A local mechanic after servicing several cars of that model discovers a production fault in a car component that can cause fire or brake failure. Who is to blame for the production fault? The mechanic, the car owner or Mercedes? My point is that software producers have huge responsibility too.

Source author: Vladimir Nikolov vladimir984@yahoo.com

Time lag --- I believe there can be a time lag among countries. Some states with more developed ICT capacity will immediately patch a vulnerability, whereas in least developed countries the same vulnerability can be left as is for months or even years.

Source author: Vladimir Nikolov vladimir984@yahoo.com

Victims --- Hopefully, there won't be human victims as in a conventional war...although the socio-economic suffering will definitely impact regular citizens, again.

Source author: Vladimir Nikolov vladimir984@yahoo.com

The nature of cyber attacks --- has been an important element in both defining attacks and the response to attacks, as pointed by Bentom and Vladimir. The reference to proportionality by Vladimir goes into issues that are mentioned in the next chapter of this module (i.e. 6.3), where there is a reference to the concepts of necessity, proportionality and distinction made in International Humanitarian Law.

Source author: Asoke Mukerji asokem@diplomacy.edu

Future warfare --- Are we going to witness gradual decrease of the number of conventional military personnel and investment in conventional weapons while in the same time increased investments and focus on cyberwarfare personnel !?

Source author: Vladimir Nikolov vladimir984@yahoo.com

cyberweapons as deterrence for peace --- The Superpowers have sufficient bombs (hydrogen and nuclear) to obliterate the world many times over according to Defense officials and politicians who claim that the potential destructive force unleashed by these bombs acts as a deterrent and helps maintain the peace. Can bombs bring peace? can powerful cyberweapons act as a deterrent for "cyber peace" (if there is any such term)?

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

Cyber attacks/conflicts --- @Bennette, I agree. Another question is the harm caused as a result of the cyberattack. Are there human victims and if yes how many?...or the caused harm is just economic, or just political? I think it is reasonable the answer to such attack to be proportional and dependent on the type and level of damage caused.

Source author: Vladimir Nikolov vladimir984@yahoo.com

question --- 2nIKOLOV. Why not? Governments have a responsibility to educate its citizens of the nature of its relationship with other nations and what is acceptable behavior. If non-sponsored state actors are able to launch attack's on a foreign country and the Government sees nothing wrong despite the fact that it did not authorize the attack, then this is rogue and irresponsible behavior by the Government. When one's citizen is hijacked or imprisoned in another country, all efforts are made to release the national under the guise of safety of our citizens. Similarly why shouldn't the Government take responsibility when its citizens violate another Country's sovereignty?

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

Computers --- ...and what is the definition of another nation's computers (is it governmental computers, or private firms' computers, or citizens' home computers?)...

Source author: Vladimir Nikolov vladimir984@yahoo.com

cyber bullet not fired --- Because the proverbial "cyber bullet" was not fired does not mean that there was no act of war or cyber conflict or irresponsible behavior by state actors or by a lone "shooter"? Looks like a game of Russian roulette.

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

Mindblowing --- Some of the world-wide attacks obviously affected almost all countries in the world, both developed and developing with advanced ICT infrastructure and without. Such maps should be regularly shown to decision makers, in order to raise awareness among them for the impact of cyberattacks.

Source author: Vladimir Nikolov vladimir984@yahoo.com

life expectancy of cyberweapons --- If it is customary that the life expectancy of cyber weapons is relatively short depending on the duration of the vulnerability to be exploited, it stands to reason that the possibility exists that the the life expectancy may be long once the vulnerability has not been exploited. How do you classify such a scenario on the threshold of attacking but waiting for the "right" timing?

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

Question --- This would be legit, if the cyberattacker is well known and precisely identified (probably as another state's institution/army/secret service). In any other case a state can decide to bomb another state/region just because...without substantial evidence who was behind the cyberattack...or fake cyberattack can serve just as a "political" argument for the conventional strike. And what if the cyberattack was organized by private group of hackers (let's imagine Russian hackers attacking US institutions) due to some teenage-ideological reasons (even such as watching too much patriotic old movies or youtube videos with WWII thematic or playing video games as Counter-Strike). In such case, will the retribution conventional attack to another state be justified?

Source author: Vladimir Nikolov vladimir984@yahoo.com

universal cyber-weapon - the "silver" bullet --- It is true that such a weapon has not YET been developed having the ability to strike at all targets simultaneously; However, in our modern times, fiction is almost reality. If we are all digitally connected using smart devices and IoTs coupled with major IXPS and Internet nodes (with heavy traffic) being targeted simultaneously, this can possibly usher such a nightmare.

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

Non-state actors --- And what will happen if a powerful state or group of states are faced with a powerful, massive, organized cyberattack (that can have all elements of cyberwar) but the attack to be organized/executed lets say from a non-state actor (why not powerful corporation, or even unknown dark-web group). Who to blame in such case? Who will be the legitimate target for retribution? Yet, all the consequences can be identical or greater than if the attack was openly declared and executed by a state actor.

Source author: Vladimir Nikolov vladimir984@yahoo.com

comparison with conventional conflicts --- @Nokolo. True. However, in cyberspace, if an actor who gathers evidence for espionage or uses time-sensitive botnets by illegally and covertly intruding into one's jurisdiction, would this be considered act act of war? or just illegal entry? or just phishing?

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

comparison with conventional conflicts --- In conventional affairs, besides armed conflicts/wars, states also use intelligence, espionage and surveillance activities (with airplanes, drones and other means). Similar to that, in cyberspace the nature of the state sponsored cyber-conflict or cyber-incident can have various degrees/manifestations (gathering evidence, espionage, surveillance or more serious - as causing physical damage to CI) .

Source author: Vladimir Nikolov vladimir984@yahoo.com

next massive attack --- I am absolutely in agreement with the Secretary General of the UN that the next war will begin or be triggered by a massive cyber attack. It has already started with the ransomware attacks that we have seen over the last year or so. It will only take one of a massive and significant potency on some CII of a super power to initiate the next world war.

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

Definition --- It will be a problem to name (as cyberwar) a state-sponsored cyber attack executed by a non-state actors (private groups of hackers) or even state-sponsored cyber attack but intentionally executed from foreign state's territory or by foreign-state actors/hackers. It won't be a problem for a powerful state to sponsor/recruit/train/use foreigners in order to obscure and mislead the digital evidences/trails.

Source author: Vladimir Nikolov vladimir984@yahoo.com

legal action against actors --- Have any foreign state actor or their proxies ever been even legally prosecuted in another country for such illegal behavior despite the indictment originating from the most powerful country on earth? These international laws seem to favor certain nations and punish others like that of the International Court of Justice in the Haque; it is for such reasons and more that cybercrime activities cannot be universally adopted because there is partiality in the administration of justice.

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

should nothing be done? --- @Carlos. That's seems logical to some extent and we know how the game is played among the superpowers; should we simply accept the status quo or seek to change it albeit slowly. When the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were basically obliterated (using traditional weapons) during World World II, their behavior changed after the war; Maybe its possible that a similar principle will bring some change of behavior or an "uneasy peace"?

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

attribution --- What is the end result of attribution? Sanctions which simply energizes the perpetrators to act more boldly and aggressively or diplomatic parlance about the "unacceptable behavior of nation states"?

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

Armed attacks --- They are using cyberweapons and the point should be the same, if it is launched by state or non-state the main point is the propose of the attack and the possible damage they will cause.

Source author: Iván Arnulfo Fernández Hernández administracionini01@sre.gob.mx

Cold war --- Isn't it similar to the term "Cold War" after WW2 finished? it just came to my mind.

Source author: Iván Arnulfo Fernández Hernández administracionini01@sre.gob.mx

possible that certain cyberattacks will become tolerated? --- Perhaps it's possible that certain cyberattacks will become tolerated, like espionage, if certain rough (albeit dodgy) rules are followed. Another part of a State's toolkit for dealing with other States that are not necessarily seemly but not all-out war either.

Source author: Scott Spence scott.a.spence@gmail.com

Just like in real life, weapons can be used by just anyone --- New technologies bring new paradigms with them. But also, as stated before, they do not occur in a void. They have, at least at first, follow the direction in general terms of their original paradigm. Just like weapons are used by criminals, cyberweapons are employed by individuals, not just states. It is also true that states reserve their best technology (cyberweapons) to themselves, just like regular weapons; an individual cannot buy a jetfighter, a tank or a rocket launcher... same with cyberweapons... but with a twist.

Source author: Carlos García Delgrado cgarciad@sre.gob.mx

As stated before, and attack is just an attack... --- In cyberspace as in real life, nations, especially superpowers, continually "attack" each other. That is the way it is, whether we like it or not, they do it to defend themselves or to advance their national interest. With the arrival of cyberspace, the means and environment have changed, but countries remain the same.

Source author: Carlos García Delgrado cgarciad@sre.gob.mx

An attack is an attack... --- As with regular terms, cyberattacks are to be evaluated in the basis of intention, level of aggresion, impact, and other political and economic considerations. Just like any regular attack can not be considered an act of war, any cyberattack cannot be contrued as one, either. There has to be a determination of this made by governments, just like it happens in the "real" world.

Source author: Carlos García Delgrado cgarciad@sre.gob.mx

Cyberwarfare seem more appropriate for some acts --- It is true that definitions are key. Nevertheless, as it happens in other areas, new terms and technologies are always based and created in a framework, never in a void. This is helpful when applying old terms to new technolgy. For example, war. It would be a war if all parties declare it openly. If not, even if warfare is ocurring (that is why a prefer cyberwarfare), then it cannot be called that. Cyberconflict, then, applies perfectly to current phenomena in cyberspace, same as cyberwarfare (aggresive activity, but not yet war)

Source author: Carlos García Delgrado cgarciad@sre.gob.mx

attribution --- It is usually assumed that the perpetuator of a cyberattack is from one's adversary. However, how do we determine that such a person is not a disgruntled former employee or a mole planted by the adversary?

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

official/formal accusation for cyberattack --- Since the attack by the Russians on the US elections in 2016 was the first formal accusation made against any country in the area of cyberwarfare, we may seek to determine what were the rationale (if any) that America used to make such an allegation- in so doing we may therefore begin to find a definition of a cyber attack. Being the nation of expert resources that America has, the allegation could only be made based on a few realistic assumptions: 1. There was a motive by Russia to do so, 2. there was an opportunity to do so 3. there were electronic footprints and evidence and 4, there was actually damage or disruption to assets which negatively impacted the socio-economic well being of a country. Maybe these and other rationale could be used in defining a cyber attack

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

qualification as cyberwarfare --- Traditionally, all or at least most wars are started through some political motive and it wont be different in cyberspace. Its only a matter of time before the next cyberwar begins through some cyberspace incident. Since there is no universally accepted definition of what constitutes cyberwarfare, a politically motivated cyberattack though broad and subjective, can qualify as cyberwarfare because an actual attack did take place albeit for a political purpose. All the more reason to have a common consensus of what constitutes a cyberwar.

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

"threshold of an armed attack" --- Such terms like "threshold" simply encourages more ambiguity and subjectivity to the debate; what and who determines a "threshold" of an armed attack in cyberspace? Threshold may be taken or seen as a provocation to incite or trigger an attack or it may well be the covert laying of botnets without being detected and lie in wait for months or years collecting intelligence until the "adversary" is ready to "attack".

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

cyberwarfare and definitions --- If geo-politics play a major role in cybersecurity matters, we have seen that the term cybersecurity has different meanings based on one's geo-political belief; who defines the term? What one may see as a "phishing" expedition, the other may view as an affront on its sovereignty and an illegal and hostile act.

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

'politically-driven cyberattack' --- If a cyber attack is politically motivated or driven whether by a state or its proxy, the intention is hostile or with the objective to create political and economic instability and such actions must be seen at a minimum as being a threat of war or at most, a cyberwar or seeking a cyber conflict. Additionally, how do we define an 'armed attack' in cyberspace? what do we mean by "armed"? what constitutes an armed attack? what is an attack? If these are not clearly defined, "armed", "attack" or "armed attack" will be subjective and may lead to an inadvertent and unintended consequence(s). who provides the definitions?

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

no defintions --- The lack of a universally accepted definition of cyberwar can inadvertently lead or trigger an unintended cyber war. Shouldn't this be seen with urgency?

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

penetrate to cause damage --- If "to penetrate to cause damage or disruption" is the basis for the definition of a cyberwar, what happens when the purpose was simply to penetrate to explore the network without causing any known or observable damage but may have placed a botnet waiting to "explode" at a later date? Is this an act of cyberwar or cyber-conflict? if no damage is caused (say by spear phishing) but simply to gather intelligence overtly, is this considered an act of cyberwar or not?

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

cyberwar definition --- Actually this definition is credited to Clarke and Knake, 2010) and referenced by Berenger. Is it classified as a cyberwar if the action is perpetuated by a nation-state but a different classification if done by an individual or private organization (though the outcome may be the same or worse)?

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

How do we set goals --- ...and priorities?

Source author: Veronica Elena Bocci v_ele_bo@hotmail.com

Indicators of target 15.1 --- Referring to the target I mentioned in my previous HT, I think the two related indicators are partial: - the first only consider forests (when the target includes several types of ecosystems, namely wetlands, mountains and drylands - and I wonder why it doesn't cite lakes and rivers); - the second only considers protected areas (and my question here is: should a freshwater ecosystem necessarily become a protected area to have a sustainable use of it?).

Source author: Veronica Elena Bocci v_ele_bo@hotmail.com

Target 15.1 --- In my opinion the target "15.1 By 2020, ensure the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems and their services, in particular forests, wetlands, mountains and drylands, in line with obligations under international agreements" is particularly important as freshwater ecosystems are pivotal to deliver basic human needs (water for drinking, water for producing food, water for producing energy to warm us...). The conservation and sustainable use of it is therefore key not just as 'homes for animals' but also for humans life.

Source author: Veronica Elena Bocci v_ele_bo@hotmail.com

Target 15.9 --- I feel that target 15. 9 - "By 2020, integrate ecosystem and biodiversity values into national and local planning, development processes, poverty reduction strategies and accounts" - is essential since it can serve as a driver for the other targets under SDG 15. The integration of values would reengineer present planning processes that do not account of ecosystem services. Understanding the value of ecosystem services has led to the development of many ecosystem services

Source author: Petal Punalall Jetoo pjetoo@gmail.com

socialised pixels and science diplomacy --- The case of reforestation in Costa Rica is interesting, as needed lumber is sourced from southern US, where forests are managed more sustainably. So we see the link here between socialising and trade, in order to make sense of the data.

Source author: Mouloud Khelif mouloud.khelif@gmail.com

not just how, but why land is changing --- Socialising the pixels means going beyond geospatial tools, by going on the ground and interviewing land use managers about the "why" land is changing as seen with satellites.

Source author: Mouloud Khelif mouloud.khelif@gmail.com

Link to SDG 1 & 2 --- Not only value, but sometimes priorities. In many low income countries, we can link SDG15 directly to SDG1 (No Poverty) & 2 (Zero Hunger). This places even more pressure on land change and affects ecosystems.

Source author: Mouloud Khelif mouloud.khelif@gmail.com

Nature's capital --- Nature provides to humanity many sources of benefits: climate regulation, fresh water, resources and an extraordinary biodiversity. Maintaining our "natural capital" is crucial. Additionally, we benefit in terms of our health and well-being. Nature makes us feel better emotionally, physical, visually, contributes to lower our blood pressure, heart rate etc.

Source author: Mouloud Khelif mouloud.khelif@gmail.com

Indicator 15.3.1 --- As a follow-up to my previous HT, if we look at indicator 15.3.1 "Proportion of land that is degraded over total land area" could be complemented with other indicators: % of land conserved % of land (top soil) regenerated

Source author: Mouloud Khelif mouloud.khelif@gmail.com

Target 15.3 --- For me, target 15.3 seems crucial in many LMCs: "By 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including land affected by desertification, drought and floods, and strive to achieve a land degradation-neutral world." This is clearly a combination of mitigation (reforestation, land restoration) and adaptation. However, we need to go beyond "degradation-neutral" and aim for positive (regenerative agriculture, conservation and rehabilitation, etc.)

Source author: Mouloud Khelif mouloud.khelif@gmail.com

answer --- putting words in context can help to define words to suit our purpose.

Source author: MacOswald Jumali macjumali@yahoo.com

For instance --- FDI flows to Southern Africa recovered to nearly $4.2 billion in 2018, from -$925 million in 2017. FDI flows to South Africa more than doubled to $5.3 billion in 2018, contributing to progress in the Government’s campaign to attract $100 billion of FDI by 2023.

Source author: Mavis Tungulu mtungulu@gmail.com

Agree Prof --- Indeed Prof: Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) face special barriers to investing in human capital because of their size and more limited access to information and capital markets.

Source author: Mavis Tungulu mtungulu@gmail.com

multiple positive effects --- digital technology probably helped the most to include access of developing countries to climate research.

Source author: Katharina Beyer katharina.beyer@etu.unige.ch

google suggestions can bias and harm --- I was surprised that these 2 weeks my browser suggested me more news from cosmos disaster incl NASA warnings that will compromise life on earth, than anything from human made problems from Glasgow. Google knows my interests both in Space and Glacier melting, so I'm wondering why this timing. The fact that the search machines can push people to read "facts" they would otherwise never read has been well documented.

Source author: Katharina Beyer katharina.beyer@etu.unige.ch

In Lesotho, --- the government helps home companies, usually SMEs in promotion and exporting their products as a free service. Through collaboration with the ministries of Trade and Finance, and in consultations with the chamber of commerce and all other interested stakeholders, the government offers aid through subsidised travel fares and subsistence costs (generally fully funded) when there are international trade expos and/or fairs abroad in order for the locals to explore the market thereat and showcase their local products.

Source author: Malefetsane Dominic Mosala mosalalaw@gmail.com

Please don't overburden National Plans with such details. --- The kind of action plans mentioned here are often not published, or they are shared with stakeholders. But setting country targets for exports (i.e. major markets) and publishing them is also done by some countries. It's a matter of one's working practice and even self-confidence.

Source author: Kishan S Rana kishanrana@gmail.com

May I say... --- think-tanks have long been a target in projecting one's country. They don't need embassy payments for their reports and studies....But they want connections with their counterparts in your country....Did someone say, such counterparts often don't exist? Help build own TTs -- and don't make them caged parrots. Fund them and step back, not try and run them. They may criticize own country govt? Live with that, as plurality of opinion, diversity.

Source author: Kishan S Rana kishanrana@gmail.com

They could, or they might be subsidiaries of big ones. --- The name of the game: build diverse, connections, use imagination. Don't neglect anyone in the assignment country. Travel widely. Develop real interest. Its a long game.

Source author: Kishan S Rana kishanrana@gmail.com

Question --- Can this be reflected in the National Development Plan or it should be a stand alone plan?

Source author: Dubo Mohamed mohacpr@gmail.com

Comment --- Making use of the host country’s think tanks has become a new norm in order to bypass the funding challenges of such studies.

Source author: Dubo Mohamed mohacpr@gmail.com

Comment --- Such small exporting companies might become tomorrow’s big investors in one’s country.

Source author: Dubo Mohamed mohacpr@gmail.com

All very true. And yet... --- ...diaspora members can go off on tangents....We had a foreign adviser on one group that reported to the PM, who asked that all our Institutes of Technology (IITs) be handed over to the diaspora to run!!

Source author: Kishan S Rana kishanrana@gmail.com

And yet, Botswana does so well with... --- ...its natural resources and wildlife-based tourism. Many would wish they had such assets.

Source author: Kishan S Rana kishanrana@gmail.com

So in essence... --- ...keep it short and graphic, i.e. persuasive. Does that not apply most of the time to our work? But we cal re-learn such lessons, sharpen our own communications.

Source author: Kishan S Rana kishanrana@gmail.com

Clearly, Mexico is very methodical... --- ...in its public diplomacy (PD) actions. I know we are not so organized, though we have learnt along the way....Any other national practice stories anyone might tell?

Source author: Kishan S Rana kishanrana@gmail.com

Number of initiatives/actions... --- ...generates very misleading pictures, as you suggest. I truly wonder why this is used as a yardstick...Example: At SF in 1988, it took 2 phone calls to 'Electronic Business', then a leading journal, to send a journalist to India, producing 5 stories, each of 2 & 3 pages. Huge publicity, not a cent spent.....Even the criticism had value [crackle....crackle....This is New Delhi calling....] It pointed to a great business opportunity.

Source author: Kishan S Rana kishanrana@gmail.com

Governments efforts in promoting bilateral Trade and Investment --- Countries are committed to share economic development through partnership taking into account the existing potentials in each other’s country. Efforts are made in promoting bilateral trade and investment by both Governments in bringing closer relationship at the level of the Government and private sector. They are initiating specific instruments to promote trade and investment as part to implementing their Partnership and cooperation.

Source author: Frank John Mhina frankmhina01@gmail.com

About elevator pitch --- I did some more research on the method that was created by American businessman Philip Bayard Crosby. He contributed to the Management Theory and quality management practices that have been promoted at Harvard Busiess School to present a short but consistent entrepreneurial project to potential shareholders, clients or investors as fast as an elevator ride to promote the advantages of a company and its product. I believe it could be helpful for those Heads of Missions that work more in political lobbying than in economic promotion. It seems to me the term could be extended to economic diplomacy.

Source author: Cecilia Treemonisha Barros Ruiz cbarros@sre.gob.mx

In my view, the idea of diaspora business people... --- as part of the advisory group is very appealing. Because they will bring to the Group ideas based on practice and experience from both the home country and the host state. They are also able to advice on which areas/sectors of the economy to target between the two countries (for inbound and outbound investment/trade) based on the comparative advantage. Diaspora business people can also be part of joint investment ventures. Their inclusion into the Advisory Group can therefore assist the Embassy´s promotional work to be more strategic and focused..

Source author: Omphile Sethunya Sedimo sedimosethunya44@gmail.com

Capacity building --- Capacity building is very important in any field of development in a society. Education has the most important role in bridging the divide in any field. Not just international organizations should be involved in such a process. There is a role for companies, governments, NGOs, experts...

Source author: Nikola Bozic nikolab@diplomacy.edu

Decentralized network --- It is important to be aware of the availability of energy to all citizens and the existence and quality of the local peripheral supply network. However the modern energy sources can have distributed decentralized network, so energy could be more available. 

Source author: Nikola Bozic nikolab@diplomacy.edu

Individual --- Agree, Individual also play an important as it’s important for everyone to adopt commitment to clean energy as their personal responsibility. Small changes when combined can have a game-changing effect.

Source author: Sovanndanit Roath sovanndanitroath@gmail.com

Energy inequality --- In poor countries, traditional energy supply is not available yet in country side, let alone modern energy that requires advanced technology. As energy is essential for poverty reduction, many governments would prioritize getting people out of poverty first before they care about the environment.

Source author: Sovanndanit Roath sovanndanitroath@gmail.com

Solar energy for IoT sensors --- When people talked about smart cities or smart livings, they didn't think of the electricity consumption. But they try to use the solar energy to make electricity for traffic lights, street lamps, or other sensors in the public area. It is workable and help to innovate saving energy technology.

Source author: YingChu Chen jungheng@gmail.com

Covid vaccination and the cold chain --- Covid highlighted the energy-problem very well: the problem with the first approved vaccines for developing countries was the cold chain. This was also at a lesser degree (in the proper sense) true before for nearly all vaccines, and there have been great inventions (I can't find the link right now, but there was a "crisis-proven" solution that for example MSF used).

Source author: Katharina Beyer katharina.beyer@etu.unige.ch

multinational companies on old&new colonial structures with local beneficiaries --- I totally share Souhila's remark that the energy situation is "strange". Once more I come up with the example of Myanmar: a not-landlocked country with both fossil (oil and gas worth 140x their consumption) and renewable energy (hydro- and solar power) as well as rare earth for technology. Despite this it's still -and now even worse, on a scary downward trend- one of the countries with unreliable and relatively expensive energy. Power cuts are daily experience. The reasons are complex and I don't understand everything, but what depresses me, is that without "help" from outside, incl the western world it would not be possible to have such a unbalance.

Source author: Katharina Beyer katharina.beyer@etu.unige.ch

IRM Governance --- I wonder who masters this tool and which organization and institution can bring together the resource groups ? I think the conflicts surrounding the use of resources that cross the borders of one or more countries requires technical capacity and know how in addition to a neutral platform where countries can get a common understanding and put forward both their national and common interest.

Source author: Souhila Amazouz souhila_amazouz@yahoo.fr

Geopolitical change in the region --- I think Egypt worries are linked to the economic gains of GERD which may transform Ethiopia to a regional power . In fact from my understanding studies were commissioned to evaluated the river flow after the internationalization of the GERD and its impact on the environment but since the problem is political they did consider furthering the study and evidence based decision. As a resident in Ethiopia i do understand their position as they lack sustainable electricity which is areal problem even in the capital . in this situation Science Diplomacy was not given a chance !

Source author: Souhila Amazouz souhila_amazouz@yahoo.fr

Sahara is so far clean --- I would not like to see my Sahara invaded by solar winds to prevent its sand from receiving the sun . In fact i think Sahara is so far left in peace and we need to think twice before over-using it and damaging its ecosystem .

Source author: Souhila Amazouz souhila_amazouz@yahoo.fr

decrease --- I believe another aspect is to reduce energy consumption. Especially in developed countries, a lot of electricity could be saved with simple measures to reduce unnecessary consumption (e.g. sensors in buildings, turn off lights in shops at night etc.)...

Source author: Samir Yeddes samir.yeddes@eda.admin.ch

smartgrids --- Technical tools exist and could be further developed and implemented, such as smart grids, which regulate energy use through intelligent demand-based adjustment...

Source author: Samir Yeddes samir.yeddes@eda.admin.ch

Airports --- I am aware that the second one is implemented at Dubai airport and I think such crowded places are the best to utilize these types of kinetic energies.

Source author: Nikita Lad nlad2@gmu.edu

is it working? --- I heard about IRENA a couple of years ago. Given the importance and the timeliness of the topic this organisation covers, I must say that I am quite surprised by how it is not well known and that it seems to be quite inactive. Interesting to note where its headquarters is located...

Source author: Samir Yeddes samir.yeddes@eda.admin.ch

Citizen science & participatory decision-making --- Well said, Kiconco! Science communication skills for scientists and engineers are extremely important. This thread reminds me of the concept of "citizen science" wherein including local perspectives may help in providing tailored but holistic solutions along with a two-way communication. It is also about including the public in decision-making and hence most policies ask for public opinions (again it depends on how much of the opinions are truly considered by policymakers!)

Source author: Nikita Lad nlad2@gmu.edu

Dependencies --- Great point, Estefania! I wonder when we talk about moving away from non-renewable energy sources such as coal, oil and fossil fuel refineries, what would happen to these dependencies?

Source author: Nikita Lad nlad2@gmu.edu

Incentives and rebound effect --- Suppose the local government wants to encourage energy compony to set power storage or a landfill for the waste and ​provide tax incentives and subsidies to residents. In that case, that may bring a rebound effect too. The residents may not save energy or waste more energy than before.

Source author: YingChu Chen jungheng@gmail.com

we may face the same as for fossil energy --- renewable is mentioned without a tag of time frame. When there was the drought in Cape Town in 2017/18, people dig holes in their garden, thinking they solved the problem (they did, but for how long?) I think we are not educated enough for this

Source author: Katharina Beyer katharina.beyer@etu.unige.ch

power politics vs solidarity --- Well said, Souhila. The point you make ("What in my view is strange is that the majority of countries that lag behind are suppliers of natural resources") is a very valid one. It reminds me of what Carlos said in a related comment where he talked about the situation in Colombia. My first response is that it comes back to power imbalances and power at negotiation tables. This is not to say that there is no solidarity, but power asymmetries between countries and a more nationalistic perspective certainly come into play here. In principle, comparable to our discussion on CONVId nationalism vs COVID solidarity.

Source author: Katharina Höne KatharinaH@diplomacy.edu

the faster the change the bigger the impact --- there were also big problems with wind energy in Germany, where population filled law suits because of health issues. The same applies to water life in hydropower and for offshore windmills, just they can't complain that well ;-) This is why I like systems thinking: problems and their solutions are not one-factor-one- straight way out. Monitoring is an important tool. But 1.it does not come for free, and 2. in general investors do anything they can to avoid publication that can harm further growth. So there should be (financial) incentives to be open.

Source author: Katharina Beyer katharina.beyer@etu.unige.ch

Myanmar vs Switzerland --- Both countries have big potential in this field without too much damage to downstream water reserve (as opposed to dry countries). I had the chance to visit construction sites of big projects on both sites. I was impressed by the high amount of (fossil energy using) machines involved inside the mountain, and how dangerous it can be. In CH there is medical emergency staff present all the time, and safety standard is high. In Myanmar not... so the price for this "clean sustainable" energy is several human lives lost and disabilities. This is one of the reasons locals are very resistant to this.

Source author: Katharina Beyer katharina.beyer@etu.unige.ch

Ad "safe" Energy --- I'm thinking about it here in 2 contexts: 1. Nuclear: the waste problem is also a safety problem, and this goes to where less resistance is, putting in danger people there (the natives in the US for example, and many more) 2. hydro-power: an unsafe dam is a big threat to people living downstream. When I consider how much is invested in this in Switzerland (especially in Valais), I imagine this is not the global standard.

Source author: Katharina Beyer katharina.beyer@etu.unige.ch

modern society = digital society --- To some extent, yes, that is the case. However, we also mean large scale infrastructure, transport systems, mega cities, etc. In that sense, all aspects of society depend on energy to run smoothly, hence the need for reliable energy grids and sustainable energy sources.

Source author: Katharina Höne KatharinaH@diplomacy.edu

decades of energy reform in Mexico --- It is indeed :-)

Source author: Katharina Höne KatharinaH@diplomacy.edu

Mission-oriented Innovation Policy Observatory --- Thanks for the reference to the Copernicus Institute for Sustainable Development and their Mission-oriented Innovation Policy Observatory (MIPO). Very useful and super interesting. "MIPO provides a basis for characterizing, comparing and reviewing the governance and policy instrumentation of ambitious missions designed to solve selected complex societal problems, possibly combined with driving innovation-led growth."

Source author: Katharina Höne KatharinaH@diplomacy.edu

globalisation ... --- For me, this also illustrates a point about global interconnectedness and the local effects of globalisation. This is another reason why we also (always) need to consider this as a diplomacy issue. From my perspective, this is also where power imbalances between countries and between countries and big corporation come in and have negative impacts on the local level

Source author: Katharina Höne KatharinaH@diplomacy.edu

energy export / local energy needs / role of renewables on a local level --- Thanks for sharing this, Carlos. This is truly impressive for me to understand the local context in Colombia!

Source author: Katharina Höne KatharinaH@diplomacy.edu

Energy security --- Without a reliable, stable, and clean provision of energy every other aspect of developmetn cannot work. Food security relies on irrigation systems, health dependes of medical equiptment, entrepreneurshipt needs energy for production and transportation. If energy fails just a little, all the system collapses and if energy sources are not clean, long terms effects will make development fails due to rebound

Source author: Carlos Arturo Garcia Bonilla carlos.garcia@cancilleria.gov.co

Consumption and production --- In developed countries the main issue is the energy consumption per capita as it is several times bigger than in developing countries so consumption patterns and behavior have to be addressed, it's not only a matter of technology. In developing countries lack of technology is a major issue due and energy production needs to be adressed

Source author: Carlos Arturo Garcia Bonilla carlos.garcia@cancilleria.gov.co

Other sources --- Two interesting possible sources of energy are salinity gradient techologies and piexoelectric materials. The first one uses differencies on sea salinity for produccing electricity as a chemical battery does. Second one uses especial materials that produce electricity when presure or vibrations are apply on them. A pathway covered with this materials, for example, can produce elecricity using footsteps of pedestrians

Source author: Carlos Arturo Garcia Bonilla carlos.garcia@cancilleria.gov.co

the dark side of biofuel ... replacement of other crops --- Well said, Veronica. We'll actually discuss this more in the next module. Looking forward to that!

Source author: Katharina Höne KatharinaH@diplomacy.edu

Small scale solutions --- Small scale solutions in Bosnia and Herzegovina are an example that could work in global south. Large scale projects have a grearter risk of corruption which is a huge problem in our countries. Empowering local communities with education, governance and helping them to build their own solutions is more inclusive and will help also with SGDs 1, 3 and 8 at least

Source author: Carlos Arturo Garcia Bonilla carlos.garcia@cancilleria.gov.co

Communities --- It is true that governments and private sector have a strong importance, but policies have to be build around communities. I'm not talking only about local communities but global communities. Most of the coal produced in Colombia, for example, is mined by canadian corporations and sold mostly to north european communities. This is not only about colombian communities producing more clean energy, but north european communities consuming less fossil fuels.

Source author: Carlos Arturo Garcia Bonilla carlos.garcia@cancilleria.gov.co

Off-grid --- Off-grid renewable sources are also the best option in rural areas in Colombia and in most of Latin-America countries. As an example I already mention, my parents and grandparents farms rely on solar energy. This is remarkable if we consider that they live in "La Guajira", one of the greater sources of energy of the world (we have the biggest open mine of coal, we supply gas for all the country and we have one of the greatest solar and wind potential of the world). This energy advantages are not traslated in benefits for the local communities and almost all energy is taken and carried out of the zone. Local grid is poor and with low coverance and hence rural zones have to install their own solar systems despite of all the energy produced near.

Source author: Carlos Arturo Garcia Bonilla carlos.garcia@cancilleria.gov.co

Thanks --- This is a great example of a well-managed tourism strategy. Thank you Judah.

Source author: Cecilia Treemonisha Barros Ruiz cbarros@sre.gob.mx

and also... --- perhaps you could also briefly mention the role played by the Namibia Wildlife Resorts, NWR, and the link to NTB in the promotion of toursim in Nambia. I find the concept of NWR quite admirable. !!

Source author: Omphile Sethunya Sedimo sedimosethunya44@gmail.com

The Journey of a Thousand Miles --- The metaphor, ‘roadmap to peace’, implies a detailed plan to guide progress toward a goal. In that sense it is useful, in practice it is a long and difficult journey. It may begin with high hopes but also many false starts, diversions down side roads, seemingly insurmountable impasses, intentional road blocks, and doubts about whether the journey will reach its destination. Yet, the Chinese sage said, the journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step. It is always worth taking that first step.

Source author: John D. Hipsley jhipsley@igc.org

Vanity of vanities; all is vanity --- Mr. Esteban Gonzalez Pons offers, presumably from his sincerity, a metaphorical melange of ideas and idioms, on the 60th anniversary of the European Union. After articulating a list of problems, from his perspective, he sadly observes: “Europe is, however, for that reason the best solution and we do not know how to explain that to our citizens. Globalisation teaches us that today Europe is inevitable, there is no alternative.”

To position one’s argument as inevitable, without alternatives, is an undiplomatic position. It assumes an all-knowing understanding.

My response to this speech, despite any linguistic merits it may have, is to remind myself of the human capacity for vanity; as Blaise Pascal wrote: “Vanity is so secure in the heart of man that everyone wants to be admired - even I who write this, and you who read this."

Source author: John D. Hipsley jhipsley@igc.org

Rising Star or Declining Comet? --- I take nothing from Ms. Thunburg’s evident intelligence and skillful rhetoric. Like my colleagues, I believe the repetitive alliteration diminished her effectiveness. I concur with Desiree’s observation regarding the statistical “burping”. More serious, again as Desiree also observed, is the absence of specific solutions.

This was the Youth-Climate Conference and there were no solutions offered. No apparent solutions emerged from the parallel COP 26 UN Climate Change Conference. This was hosted by the UK in partnership with Italy (the Youth Climate conference was in Milan).

The absence of China, Saudi Arabia, and Russia from this COP 26 conference must be appreciated. Each of these three nations approach climate change from the perspective of national priorities and not necessarily, or exclusively, as a global solution.

The green jobs that Ms. Thunberg proposed as a “solution” resonated with her audience. Ms. Thunberg cited both science and the economy as supporting her argument. Yet, Europe shivers in the cold, while the efficacy of solar and wind options remains unproven. If planetary survival is the contention, martialing the evidence for and against all options, including nuclear energy, requires public debate.

Source author: John D. Hipsley jhipsley@igc.org

The Logic of Josep Borrell --- Like my class colleagues, in their critique of Mr. Borrell, I perceive a man who, if he has any humanity (pathos) or character (ethos) it was diminished by this interview.

Some remarks on his lack of logic (logos) is called for. There is an inconsistency within his arguments that supported the fairness of the Spanish judicial system. His churlish response underscored his lack of understanding of national Spanish law and international law; specifically, when he says that “"we cannot give the independence people their right to determination as they are asking for because it is against the Spanish constitution and this has nothing to do with international law,"

Does the right to self-determination include a unilateral right to secession? It is a fact that there has been no recognition by other countries of Catalonia as an independent country. Contrary to Mr. Borrell’s assertion that the Spanish constitution does not permit secession the question of the status of succession under international law is debatable. There is no principle in international law granting a right nor is there a prohibition. There is a right to national self-determination.

From the point of view of international law, unilateral secession is only accepted in the context of decolonization and the right to self-determination of the peoples. The Advisory Board for National Transition created by the Government of Catalonia recognized this fact.

It is worth noting that both Spain and Catalonia were at one time annexed by France. Between 1812 and 1813, Catalonia was directly annexed to France itself, and organized an ordinary civil administration in the form of four (later two) départements. Catalonia has had a Statute of Autonomy since 1932. Spain has only recently become a democracy. This transition to democracy came after the death of the dictator Francisco Franco, in November 1975.

Mr. Borrell’s political disposition presents as more partial to the Franco system of governance. However my harsh critique is qualified by Mr. Borrell’s logic that Spanish laser-guided bombs, sold to the Saudis, can distinguish between Yemenese civilians and uniformed military.

It is worth noting that Catalan is recognized as a separate language from Spanish – i.e. not a dialect of Spanish. In the quest for self-determination it is important to evaluate the independent history, culture, and language of Catalonia that is distinct from Spain.

Source author: John D. Hipsley jhipsley@igc.org

@all commentators of Borrell: an update --- I am amused. I wish Joseph Borrel were aware of the very pertinent criticism of his performance in interview: lack of charisma, monochromatic, monochord, no persuasion power etc.

Biljana, can Diplo offer him a free of charge course on Language and Diplomacy, please?

It would be important for the rest of us in Europe, to have his diplomatic and persuasion skills improved, now that he was promoted as the High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, in simple word the Diplomat no.1 of Europe. I hope Talleyrand of Harold Nicholson do not hear us. They would turn in their graves!

Source author: Petru Dumitriu PetruD@diplomacy.edu

aaaahhhh...... --- ....blushing now!:)

Source author: Andrej Skrinjaric andrejs@diplomacy.edu

The silver lining of a good metaphor --- Yes, metaphors can win funding, well noted!

Source author: Biljana Scott biscott@diplomacy.edu

Exaggerated comparison --- Agree with your 'gross exaggeration' judgment. Neither the number of deaths, nor the sea-change in global dynamics and sweeping changes to national policies are comparable.

Source author: Biljana Scott biscott@diplomacy.edu

Franchise business model --- Agreed Alejandra, the common ground is franchising (Franchising is when an established business allows a third party the right to operate using their trade-name, either through their manufacturing, distribution or sales channels).

Source author: Biljana Scott biscott@diplomacy.edu

I look forward to that other time! --- Perhaps you could go to town on this metaphor in the final assignment!

Source author: Biljana Scott biscott@diplomacy.edu

He who controls language/logos... --- Great quote, thanks Marie! I guess Mandela would have been an opponent of identity politics.

Blanca's quote earlier about 'he who controls logos controls the mind' suggests that we are none of us free enough from influence to call ourselves wise.

Source author: Biljana Scott biscott@diplomacy.edu

Collocations change connotations --- Interestingly, 'youths' has been acquiring negative connotations precisely because it is being used in the negative contexts that you refer to: drugs, drinks, gangs, protests, disaffected youths etc...

Source author: Biljana Scott biscott@diplomacy.edu

Poor phrasing --- Unfortunately, his turn of phrase here suggests that Churchill's saving Europe was a selfish act as well. We all understand that he is drawing a contrast, but his words do not achieve his objectives.

Source author: Biljana Scott biscott@diplomacy.edu

Better preparation needed --- Agreed, Eric, I find Tim Sebastian's style necessarily aggressive and offensive, and as you say, not sufficiently balanced in its use of sources. I myself find this style of attack obstructive. I would like more information on what is happening and fewer accusations which assume guilt.

Given that the title of his programme is 'Conflict Zone' and given his stated aims, it is nevertheless surprising that Borrell was not better prepared for the interview.

Source author: Biljana Scott biscott@diplomacy.edu

Skepticism --- Diego, I'm a bit skeptical about this topic. Blockchain applications and cryptocurrencies are facing increasingly more complex policy challenges, in large part as a result of how they evolved. Some of the main issues, in my assessment, are: 1. Most of the "mainstream" cryptocurrencies are not de facto used as currencies, as the majority of its use is around their investment potential; 2. The main blockchains applications have chronically failed to fulfill their promise of transitioning to eco-friendly setups (from proof of work to proof of stake); 3. The cycle of blockchain buzz and blockchain scams became too big, too strong, too quick. Nowadays one needs quite a bit of specialised knowledge to differentiate scams from legitimate ones, and I think that's a fatal flaw in the technology as a whole.

In the case of Salvador, what I gathered is that its use of Bitcoin was to incentivise it as a the main tool for money transfers to the country. So, even then, it's not necessarily being used as a day-to-day currency as much as it is a substitute to Paypal.

Source author: Gustavo Paiva gdp.direito@gmail.com

Complicating factors --- Hello, Vlad. There is a complicating factor here. I don't think visiting darkweb marketplaces would be reason enough for a criminal sentencing, but as you put it... It might put you on a few watchlists. I've talked with a cyber forensics specialist from the Brazilian federal police and he shared with me that, not rarely, people who only browsed an illegal marketplace can be caught along with all others because the police might not be able to distinguish who's who. Additionally, there are kinds of criminal content which merit special attention. An unfortunate and foolish user might end up touching on a website that deals with pedophilia, they'll be sent illegal content for the page they're accessing... And even if they didn't save it, child porn was transmitted and it might get noticed somewhere. That's even harder to defend.

Source author: Gustavo Paiva gdp.direito@gmail.com

Could backfire badly --- Hello, Alan. As Vladimir put it, Tor isn't user-friendly and requires quite a bit of know-how. It's not the sort of software that was designed and packaged for ease of use. To make a comparison, if the average user already struggles massively with installing Linux, and there are older users who require tech assistance for even basic functionalities in iOS and Android, can we really expect them to use Tor? It's good keeping in mind that using a potentially good tool wrong can be worse than not using it at all. Perhaps it would backfire if we just told everyone to use Tor — in fact that would be my bet. Not everyone needs it, simply put.

Source author: Gustavo Paiva gdp.direito@gmail.com

Psychiatric factors --- Hello Vlad. Adding on to what you said, I'd also bring up that underlying psychiatric conditions may be involved. In my times in IG spaces and other professional environments I met a handful of people who had a past in cybercrime — not to bring up any names, but one of them even worked for the police when we met — and there was a clear, evident level of mental illness involved. I'm talking about some level of antisocial personality disorder, bipolar or borderline personality disorder. If anything, I'd say that a level of mental illness can lead people towards making cybercrime a lifestyle. For them there really is a sort of aesthetic appeal to living as modern day rogues. There's also some level of egocentrism, or narcissism, to it.

Source author: Gustavo Paiva gdp.direito@gmail.com

Partial agreement --- Vladimir, I completely agree with you that children using technologies that were designed for adults is a cause for concern, but the conclusion I reach for what must be done is a bit different. For starters, I think we should start by talking about families and schools. I used to teach in public schools about online safety — to children, teens and their parents, sometimes all together. I think this has to be the base here, education for online safety should be present in schools (either as a subject on its own, as occasional lectures, as D.A.R.E.-like programs or integrated in multiple subjects). Now, with that established... Let's keep in mind that there are social media platforms and video games that go out of their way to make their usage addictive. I think we should, then, talk about what regulation should be like going forward in this regard. Only after these discussions do I think we should look into the more technological solutions, because those have a habit of backfiring in a number of ways or creating loopholes which will be abused. Tech isn't a substitute for policy, family and school.

Source author: Gustavo Paiva gdp.direito@gmail.com

Outer space --- @Devita. The US and other superpowers have moved into outer space as the new area for global battle after land, sea and air (as in the sky). Former President Trump even began looking at a space force and directed the Defense Department to look seriously into setting up a Space division; Elon Musk, Jeff Bezos and Richard Branson (the Billionaires Group) and the others are also exploring space tourism and habitation. China, US and Russia are already on the Space Station. It would seem therefore that space may be declared a CI but the issue would be "who owns it?" or will it be partitioned?

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

Companies reputation --- It seems that the cyber-attacks to the private sector are not only damaging the company’s business but also affect the reputation of the companies, as the incident will be noted by anyone on the Internet and some of the accidents may have legal effect. So, the companies should put in place a well-defined Business Continuity Plan.

Source author: Mustafa Yaasin Sheik mysheik@hotmail.com

Private control of the World critical infrastructure --- Due to this privatization the private sector owns the majority of the world critical infrastructure and key resources, so we do not need to worry more as control of the companies is at least better than one countries control of the infrastructure, as long as the companies are adhering the international conventions, local policies, legislations and the regulations.

Source author: Mustafa Yaasin Sheik mysheik@hotmail.com

“This Is How They Tell Me the World Ends" --- I read this story from Nicole Perlroth’s Book “This Is How They Tell Me the World Ends: The Cyberweapons” the countries have now new war front to prepare with a a range of capabilities such as intrusion detection and prevention, with a need for higher commitment to boast the countries preparedness.

Source author: Mustafa Yaasin Sheik mysheik@hotmail.com

ITU vs ICANN --- @Mustafa. Both Instuttions recognize the role of develop countries though we might say "lip service"?/However it is the responsibility of each country, major or minor to place their position on the table and ensure their concerns are taken into consideration. When it comes to voting at the ITU, developing countries with similar concerns vote as a block or when Elections are being held for positions, these very BIG countries need your vote and hence the opportunity arises for tabling our positions. It boils down to presence and participation at these high level meetings.

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

ITU vs ICANN --- The ITU is formed around the notion that nation-states are the primary actors in governance, but ICANN is based on multi-stakeholder governance model for the internet governance which is more inclusiveness on the different actors specially the civil society groups. But the debate is more on the effectiveness of the participation of the least developed countries, the transparency and Accountability of the decision making and the role of the governments in the ICANN ecosystem which is more in ICANN an advisory body.

Source author: Mustafa Yaasin Sheik mysheik@hotmail.com