as well as clarifying the principles and norms under which various organizations should operate.

A ‘distributed-CERN’ reimagined for AI, networked across diverse states and regions, could expand opportunities for greater involvement

Chaos theory is about systems where small changes to the initial conditions result in extremely large changes in the results.

Flood watches remained in place for nearly 40 million people.

Sometimes referred to as data-centre alley, northern Virginia is home to just over three square kilometres of data centres, most of which are within 75 square kilometres in Loudoun County.

Because AI is based on matrix maths, it involves large blocks of computation being done at once, which means a lot of transistors have to change states very quickly. That draws a lot more power than normal computer tasks, which flip far fewer transistors at once for a typical calculation.

The GDPR protects the personal data of individuals in the EU. Personal data is defined as: “any information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person (‘data subject’).”

However, it warned the cables at some points run at a depth of 100 metres, reducing the need for hi-tech submarines. In 2013, three divers were arrested in Egypt for attempting to cut an undersea cable near the port of Alexandria that provides much of the internet capacity between Europe and Egypt.

for the first time

its own Global AI Governance Initiative in October, calling on major powers to take “a prudent and responsible attitude” on military use of artificial intelligence technologies.

the Political Declaration on the Responsible Military Use of Artificial Intelligence and Autonomy a year ago.

A paper by Rebecca Johnson, a researcher at the University of Sydney, published in 2022, found that Chat GPT -3 gave replies on topics such as gun control and refugee policy that aligned most with the values displayed by Americans in the World Values Survey, a global questionnaire of public opinion.

Firms in countries that have not signed on to the American export-control regime, like Singapore, can buy chips and send them on to Chinese entities without the knowledge of the American firms or the Department of Commerce.

Publishers around the world are all too aware of this shift; over half of those recently surveyed by the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism said that they plan to devote more effort into putting stories on TikTok this year.

“It has to be short, it has to be fast,”

The emphasis on assessing academic performance by how many papers a researcher can publish, for example, acts as a powerful incentive for fraud at worst, and for gaming the system at best.

Checking models against reality is what science is supposed to be about, after all.

That can cause “model collapse”.

the company dominates the market for AI accelerator chips, accounting for 86% of such components sold globally;

The concept intentionally obfuscates (clouds, one might say) the user’s ability to see the existence of hardware.

Taylor Swift, the latest high-profile victim of a deepfake, might disagree.

let’s get rid of bloody nationalism, let’s eradicate corruption, let’s stop the brain drain, let’s provide a decent life and, above all, a future to all our citizens, let’s take care of nature and let’s live in peace. The rest – EU, UN etc. – may come sooner or it may come later: what matters most is that we take better care of people. 

Bioregionalism, thus the rivers (White Drin, Lepenac, Ibar) and their plains and basins on all sides, could function as an excellent ‘negotiator’ and connect efficiently Kosovo to Albania, Macedonia and Serbia without mobilizing the narrative of ‘Great Serbia’, ‘Great Albania’, etc.

The reality check is mind-blowing: the end of SFR Yugoslavia (1991-1992), the end of FR Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) in 2006, the loss of Kosovo (2008) and, let’s not forget, a ‘brain drain’ of unprecedent magnitude. Except for the potential breakup of the United Kingdom (Northern Ireland and Scotland), no other European country has faced such devastating consequences of its policy failures.

the EU is quite supportive of Serbia... as it needs a strong player in the region.

Both Vučić and Bosnian Serb leader Milorad Dodik have invested so much in pro-Russian sentiment that they are unable to wean themselves off it.

What is noteworthy is that Serbia is increasingly being mentioned in the same way.

Consequently, the natural European anchorage for the post-Yugoslav states is Central Europe – naturally, I am viewing this in the framework of the European Union.

the Western powers are not in control of this new conflictual world where power has become powerless, while weakness has given rise to power to the point of destabilizing the agenda of the strongest.

Politics is driven less by state initiatives and more by social dynamics –

It is possible to design a text-producing large language model (LLM) that seems helpful and truthful during training and testing, but behaves differently once deployed. And according to a study shared this month on arXiv1, attempts to detect and remove such two-faced behaviour are often useless — and can even make the models better at hiding their true nature.The finding that trying to retrain deceptive LLMs can make the situation worse “was something that was particularly surprising to us … and potentially scary”, says co-author Evan Hubinger, a computer scientist at Anthropic, an AI start-up company in San Francisco, California.

four-fifths of grade six maths teachers in South Africa did not understand the concepts they were supposed to teach.

A chatbot can give undivided attention to each child, at any time of day, and never gets tired

The third reason is that developing countries have gaping shortages of skilled workers: there are nowhere near enough teachers, doctors, engineers or managers.

There are three main reasons for optimism.

Some developers in India are already taking Western models and fine-tuning them with local data to provide a whizzy language-translation service, avoiding the heavy capital costs of model-building.

the phone in their pockets.

Pupils in Kenya will soon be asking a chatbot questions about their homework, and the chatbot will be tweaking and improving its lessons in response.

The imf says that a fifth to a quarter of workers there are most exposed to replacement, compared with a third in rich countries.

Because emerging countries have fewer white-collar workers, the disruption and the gain to existing firms may be smaller than in the West.

Most exciting of all, it could help income levels catch up with those in the rich world.

As it spreads, the technology could raise productivity and shrink gaps in human capital faster than many before it.

N ew technology brings with it both the sweet hope of greater prosperity and the cruel fear of missing out.

The boss has to show their face to employees regularly, and it cannot be the face of someone who looks like they haven’t slept for two weeks. They have to glad-hand the board, meet investors, attend endless networking events and make time for actual work. It is exhausting to contemplate, let alone

And we could all benefit from valuing cyclical, paradoxical thinking as part of our personal growth.

with national

as the WTO, dispute resolution can also be facilitated through global forums.

72. Reporting frameworks can be inspired by existing practices of the IAEA for mutual reassurance on nuclear safety and nuclear security, as well as the WHO on disease surveillance.

a techno-prudential model, akin to the macro-prudential framework used to increase resilience in central banking

The possibility of rogue AI escaping control and posing still larger risks cannot be ruled out.

A new mechanism (or mechanisms) is required to facilitate access to data, compute, and talent

The borderless nature of AI tools

could also be coordinated through a body that harmonises policies, builds common understandings, surfaces best practices, supports implementation and promotes peer-to-peer learning

A consensus on the direction and pace of AI technologies

45. Rather than proposing any single model for AI governance at this stage, the preliminary recommendations offered in this interim report focus on the principles that should guide the formation of new global governance institutions for AI and the broad functions such institutions would need to perform.

the possibility that it could pose an existential threat to humanity (even if there are debates over whether and how to assess such threats).

28. Still others relate to human-machine interaction. At the individual level, this includes excessive trust in AI systems (automation bias) and potential de-skilling over time. At the societal level, it encompasses the impact on labour markets if large sections of the workforce are displaced, or on creativity if intellectual property rights are not protected. Societal shifts in the way we relate to each other as humans as more interactions are mediated by AI cannot also be ruled out. These may have unpredictable consequences for family life and for physical and emotional well-being.

New and existing institutions could form nodes in a network of governance structures.

New horizontal coordination and supervisory functions are required and they should be entrusted to a new organizational structure.

What should be the threshold or the trigger for identifying red lines (analogous, perhaps, to the ban on human cloning in biomedical research)? How would any such red line be policed and enforced?

shared and differentiated responsibilities

At the global level, international organizations, governments, and private sector would bear primary responsibility for these functions. Civil society, including academia and independent scientists, would play key roles in building evidence for policy, assessing impact, and holding key actors to account during implementation.

(a) build scientific consensus on risks, impact, and policy (IPCC); (b) establish global standards (ICAO, ITU, IMO), iterate and adapt them; (c) provide capacity building, mutual assurance and monitoring (IAEA, ICAO); (d) network and pool research resources (CERN); (e) engage diverse stakeholders (ILO, ICANN); (f) facilitate commercial flows and address systemic risks (SWIFT, FATF, FSB).

36. We also need to meet member states where they are and assist them with what they need in their own contexts given their specific constraints in terms of participation in and adherence to global AI governance, rather than telling them where they should be and what they should do based on a context to which they cannot relate.

25. We examined AI risks firstly from the perspective of technical characteristics of AI. Then we looked at risks through the lens of inappropriate use, including dual-use, and broader considerations of human-machine interaction. Finally, we looked at risks from the perspective of vulnerability.

Repositories of AI models that can be adapted to different contexts could be the equivalent of generic medicines to expand access, in ways that do not promote AI concentration or consolidation.

Open-Source and sharing of data and models could play an important role in spreading the benefits of AI and developing beneficial data and AI value chains across borders.

to develop local AI ecosystems, the ability to train local models on local data, as well as fine-tuning models developed elsewhere to suit local circumstances and purposes.

AI presents distinctly global challenges and opportunities that the UN is uniquely positioned to address, turning a patchwork of evolving initiatives into a coherent, interoperable whole, grounded in universal values agreed by its member states, adaptable across contexts.

including by scaling up the use of open science, affordable and open-source technology, research and development

We reaffirmthat the creation, development and diffusion of innovations and new technologies and associated know-how, including the transfer of technology on mutually agreed terms, are powerful drivers of economic growth and sustainable development. We reiterate the need to accelerate the transfer of environmentally sound technologies to developing countries on favourableterms, including on concessional and preferential terms, as mutually agreed, andwenote the importance of facilitating access to and sharing accessible and assistive technologies

commit to exploring measures to address therisks involved in biotechnology and human enhancement technologies applied to the military domain

developingnorms, rules and principles on the design, development and use of military applications of artificial intelligence through a multilateral process

strengtheningoversight mechanisms for the use of data-driven technology, including artificial intelligence, to support the maintenance of international peace and security

commit to concluding without delaya legally binding instrument to prohibit lethal autonomous weaponssystems that function without human control or oversight, and which cannot be used in compliance with international humanitarian law, and to regulate all other types of autonomous weapons systems

international norms, rules and principles to address threats to space systems and, on that basis, launch negotiations on a treaty to ensure peace, security and the prevention of an arms race in outer space

We acknowledge that the accelerating pace of technological change necessitates ongoing assessment and holistic understanding of new and emerging developments in science and technology impactinginternational peace and security, including through misuse by non-State actors, including for terrorism

including through the transfer of technology on mutually agreed terms to help close the digital and innovation divide.

Their family had spent weeks agonizing over whether to flee as Israeli troops moved into Gaza City’s al-Rimal neighborhood, tanks rolling past their front door and a terrifying cacophony of bombs, quadcopter drones and gunfire thundering all around them.

hese models encapsulate a wealth of humanknowledge, linguistic patterns, and cultural nuances.

What is Article 45 of eIDAS?

The founders' (or France's?) vision

Instagram walls or experiences attracted visitors to a locale and kept them engaged by giving them an activity to perform with their phones, like a restaurant providing colouring books for kids.

In non-places, “people are always, and never, at home”, Augé wrote.

The group has its main base on the Israel-Lebanon border and has been exchanging fire with Israel since the Gaza war began. The movement is close to Hamas in Gaza.

We have Arthi Prabhakar, who is the Director of the White House Office of Science and Technology.

Tencent launched PhotoMaker,

written communication

Product and engineering teams need to work closely together

Fine-tuning is when you slightly adjust the model parameters of a pre-trained AI model using example data. RAG is when you augment a generative AI model with traditional information retrieval to give the model access to private data.

They make it possible for non-technical experts to directly shape AI products through prompt engineering.

first, its still-advanced military power; second, its central role in the global financial system, which provides an international settlement infrastructure and a convertible currency; third, its strong position in a number of technological fields; and fourth, its ideology and values platform, which, together with the other three dimensions, provide what can be tentatively called a "pyramid of credibility" for American strategy in the world.

At the G20 Summit, the president of the EU Commission, Ursula von der Leyen, proposed the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) as a model.

“AI should be governed inclusively, by and for the benefit of all; AI must be governed in the public interest; AI governance should be built in step with data governance and the promotion of data commons; AI must be universal, networked and rooted in adaptive multistakeholder collaboration; AI governance should be anchored in the UN Charter, International Human Rights Law, and other agreed international commitments such as the Sustainable Development Goals.”

The EU, with its “risk-based approach,” prefers specific regulations for various applications. The US prefers a “framework approach”.

There will be two additional rounds of public consultations, both with governments and non-governmental stakeholders, in February and March 2024, followed by three rounds of intergovernmental negotiations in April and May. Written contributions can be delivered until March 10, 2024. The final text should be ready in July or August. If everything goes smoothly, the GDC will be adopted by acclamation on September 23, 2024.

We are still in the early years of the “age of cyberinterdependence.”

to GAO's Watchdog Report

1) Be concise.

Nielsen’s research found that 79% of people scan web pages. That begs the question: If the majority of readers already prefer skimming, why wouldn’t you want to make it an easy, enjoyable, and efficient process for them?

Whitespace. Blocks of text look daunting and intimidating to readers. Whitespace, like bullet points, organizes your text, giving it a more scannable and manageable appearance.

fluency in cyber topics as selection criteria for ambassadors.

here is a trained Cyber and Digital Policy Officer at every embassy by the end of 2024.

The Framework consists of three pillars: international law; voluntary norms establishing what states should and should not do in the digital realm; and confidence building measures strengthening transparency, predictability, and stability.

s neshvatljivom tajnom vlasti.

Fit the approach to the content

Artwork for Visual Data, the column on "La Lettura", the cultural supplement of "Corriere Della Sera".

a set of voluntary company commitments

that 10 top philanthropies have committed

30 countries have joined our commitment to the responsible use of military AI.

we created the AI Bill of Rights. 

A future where AI is used to advance human rights and human dignity, where privacy is protected and people have equal access to opportunity, where we make our democracies stronger and our world safer.  A future where AI is used to advance the public interest.

There are additional threats that also demand our action — threats that are currently causing harm and which, to many people, also feel existential.

AI-formulated bio-weapons that could endanger the lives of millions

What all these countries have in common is their desire to run their own affairs; to be independent countries.

summary of Russell’s argument—which claims that with advanced AI, “you getexactly what you ask for, not what you want”

70% of respondents thought AI safety research should be prioritized more than it currently is.

etween 41.2% and 51.4% of respondents estimated a greater than 10% chance of humanextinction or severe disempowerment

Amount of concern potential scenarios deserve, organized from most to least extreme concern

ven among net optimists,nearly half (48.4%) gave at least 5% credence to extremely bad outcomes, and among net pessimists, more than half(58.6%) gave at least 5% to extremely good outcomes. The broad variance in credence in catastrophic scenarios showsthere isn’t strong evidence understood by all experts that this kind of outcome is certain or implausible

scenarios worthy of most concern were: spread of false information e.g. deepfakes (86%), manipulation oflarge-scale public opinion trends (79%), AI letting dangerous groups make powerful tools (e.g. engineered viruses)(73%), authoritarian rulers using AI to control their populations (73%), and AI systems worsening economic inequalityby disproportionately benefiting certain individuals (71%).

Most respondents considered it unlikely that users of AI systems in 2028 will be able to know the truereasons for the AI systems’ choices, with only 20% giving it better than even odds.

Answers reflected substantial uncertainty and disagreement among participants. No trait attracted near-unanimity on anyprobability, and no more than 55% of respondents answered “very likely” or “very unlikely” about any trait.

Only one trait had a median answer below ‘even chance’: “Take actions to attain power.” While there wasno consensus even on this trait, it’s notable that it was deemed least likely, because it is arguably the most sinister, beingkey to an argument for extinction-level danger from AI

‘intelligence explosion,’

he top five most-suggested categories were: “Computerand Mathematical” (91 write-in answers in this category), “Life, Physical, and Social Science” (77 answers), “HealthcarePractitioners and Technical” (56), “Management” (49), and “Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media”

predicted a 50% chance of FAOL by 2116, down 48 years from 2164 in the 2022 survey

ay an occupation becomes fully automatable when unaided machines can accomplish it betterand more cheaply than human workers. Ignore aspects of occupations for which being a human isintrinsically advantageous, e.g. being accepted as a jury member.Think feasibility, not adoption.[. . . ]Say we have reached ‘full automation of labor’ when all occupations are fully automatable. That is,when for any occupation, machines could be built to carry out the task better and more cheaply thanhuman workers

the chance of unaided machines outperforming humans in every possible task was estimated at 10%by 2027, and 50% by 2047.

High-level machine intelligence (HLMI) is achieved when unaided machines can accomplish everytask better and more cheaply than human workers. Ignore aspects of tasks for which being a humanis intrinsically advantageous, e.g. being accepted as a jury member.Think feasibility, not adoption

High-Level Machine Intelligence’

six tasks expected to take longer than ten years were: “After spending time in a virtual world, output the differentialequations governing that world in symbolic form” (12 years), “Physically install the electrical wiring in a new home”(17 years), “Research and write” (19 years) or “Replicate” (12 years) “a high-quality ML paper,” “Prove mathematicaltheorems that are publishable in top mathematics journals today” (22 years), and solving “long-standing unsolvedproblems in mathematics” such as a Millennium Prize problem (27 years)

2,778 AI researchers who had published peer-reviewed research in the prior year in six topAI venues (NeurIPS, ICML, ICLR, AAAI, IJCAI, JMLR). This to our knowledge constitutes the largest survey of AIresearchers to date

hey are experts in AI research, not AI forecasting and might thus lack generic forecasting skills andexperience, or expertise in non-technical factors that influence the trajectory of AI.

lack of apparent consensus among AI experts on the future of AI [

was disagreement about whether faster or slower AI progress would be better for thefuture of humanity.

substantial” or “extreme” concern is warranted about six different AI-relatedscenarios, including spread of false information, authoritarian population control, and worsenedinequality.

While68.3% thought good outcomes from superhuman AI are more likely than bad, of these net optimists48% gave at least a 5% chance of extremely bad outcomes such as human extinction, and 59% of netpessimists gave 5% or more to extremelygoodoutcomes. Between 37.8% and 51.4% of respondentsgave at least a 10% chance to advanced AI leading to outcomes as bad as human extinction.

the chance of all humanoccupations becoming fully automatable was forecast to reach 10% by 2037, and 50% as late as 2116(compared to 2164 in the 2022 survey).

Virtually all the policies that EAs and their allies are pushing — new reporting rules for advanced AI models, licensing requirements for AI firms, restrictions on open-source models, crackdowns on the mixing of AI with biotechnology or even a complete “pause” on “giant” AI experiments — are in furtherance of that goal.

Andrew Ng: ‘Do we think the world is better off with more or less intelligence?’

promote research, development and innovation in various data-based areas, including Big Data Analytics, Artificial Intelligence, Quantum Computing, and Blockchain.

Average is Over

that chess could be crunched by brute force once hardware got fast enough, databases got big enough, algorithms got smart enough.

Lynn Margulis [14] has made strong arguments for the view that mutualism is the great driving force in evolution.

The table below illustrates the complexity of models and data used to train common language models.

Generative AI turned one in November 2023

Sunak said that was because up to that point the government’s scientists were not pushing for it. The aim had been to “flatten the curve” and manage the spread, rather than suppress it.

AI Act: EU Commission attempts to revive tiered approach shifting to General Purpose AI

Essentially what this means is, you can test a smaller model and accurately predict how a model 106 x larger will perform.

the only differentiating factor between any two LLMs is the dataset.

to create a model with the ability to solve math problems without having previously seen them.

certain criteria

On the banks of Hallstätter See and surrounded by soaring Alpine peaks, the town of Hallstatt and its stunning landscape enjoy UNESCO protection.

Given its dual-use nature, CAI could make it easier to train pernicious systems

AI alignment, which incentivizes developers to adopt this method

CAI increases model transparency.

dependence on a specific AI technology will diminish, so that end-users can avoid ‘lock-in’ effects and benefit from reduced switching costs

Interoperability of pre-trained models across platforms should also drastically reduce the need to retrain large models.

rompt templates and standardized prompt optimizers

have assembled to develop an LLM called BLOOM10, should be valuable.

public institutions can actively incentivize data-sharing partnerships, which, in combination with federated learning, may promote AI across institutional boundaries while ensuring data privacy.

under a trustworthy and responsible governance model.

the development of a LLM is estimated to cost between 300 and 400 million euros.

source codes for formalizing the training task

AI is programmed to learn to perform a task.