Denouncing or outspoken --- Are there situations where MSF got back lash from governments for having spoken out on an issue ? MSF does belief in neutrality and quite diplomacy and that is why there are always outbursts from their side.

Source author: John Lobor john.lobor@ssdredcross.org

Public advocacy. --- Quite risky area . Activist end up behind jail, disappearance of people. Before going into public advocacy, you need to scan whether the Political, Social and cultural environment is suitable to engage in public advocacy.

Source author: John Lobor john.lobor@ssdredcross.org

Public advocacy action. --- the landscape for pubic advocacy is diminishing at tereffic speed especially free media, human rights and Political activist who call for change of status quo in governments, environmentalists. This more common where you have dictatorial regimes and particularly in the developing countries.

Source author: John Lobor john.lobor@ssdredcross.org

Community engagement --- Recognises and values community members as equal partners in programming. Ensures their opinions are heard in when designing projects as they know their priotise better. It is also a form of how NGOs are held accountable by receiving feed back. Good way of building trust with community.

Source author: John Lobor john.lobor@ssdredcross.org

Policy window --- The COVID 19 pandemic is also a good examaple that has presented health insurance policy review. The Pandemic has unearthed many gaps that need policy reforms/shifts.

Source author: Taban Sabir Alahai taban.sabir@ssdredcross.org

Demonstrate with Evidence --- The evidence to back advocacy comes from documentations, learning through different trends or contexts to deduce need for an action for change.

Source author: Taban Sabir Alahai taban.sabir@ssdredcross.org

MSF --- I sometimes feel we hide behind MSF and their stronger method for denouncing or just being outspoken ahead of the rest. I know it is contentious, and at times can actually do more harm, but there is sometimes a need for someone to say what is needed. Balance, nuance, etc etc, these words feature a lot in my comments, but I feel it really is the heart of humanitarian work, and especially in HD.

Source author: Shane Wilkes swilkes4129@gmail.com

Toyota --- This section has more than 5 whys, but the five why method was developed by Toyota and was integrated with a management technique called Kaizen (small incremental changes). It is an extraordinarily powerful technique and can help really define problems and break down issues into manageable pieces, as opposed to being overwhelmed.

But my personal Japanese philosophy is Wabi-sabi (acceptance of transience and imperfection). I also believe this may be relevant in HD and very relevant in advocacy (perhaps all humanitarian related actions)

Source author: Shane Wilkes swilkes4129@gmail.com

Mobilisation --- I believe in the modalities for ICRC action we call this mobilisation, and it can be just as valuable intervention as the other modalities, namely persuasion, denunciation, support, and substitution.

Source author: Shane Wilkes swilkes4129@gmail.com

A 'large leap' --- This was one of biggest changes i have experienced in life , when South Sudan became an Independent state. There were major changes in social, economic and political lives of the people. Changes in laws, policies and governance system. Such leaps may bring positive changes while others could have undesirable consequences.

Source author: John Lobor john.lobor@ssdredcross.org

Risk assessment or analysis --- The risk assessment or analysis is a very broad exercise used in different approaches as can be the security management. A good understanding of the threats or risks that we might face enables us to develop the appropiate mitigation measures to reduce the risks, knowing that "zero risk" doesn't exist. Moreover, it helps us to decide what we want to do according to our risk appetite.

Source author: María Romero Pardo sohi1z1@hotmail.com

risk --- many factor especially in a hostile environment may result in organization compromising their credibility.. i

Source author: Baboloki Tebatso baboloki20@gmail.com

landscape --- it is also determined by the political landscape for different countries. Even though the organization might be best one to step forward and lead the political landscape but not be conducive or accommodative.

Source author: Baboloki Tebatso baboloki20@gmail.com

Reducing risks_2 --- As an example, a gender issue: without equal opportunities and salaries in our organization, it will never be possible to implement a project with a gender perspective, nor to defend social demands or legal changes in this sense. No matter how much the organization reflects them in its bylaws.

Source author: Virginia Maria Callau Vidal vircavidal@hotmail.com

Organizational culture: reducing risks_1 --- The term organizational culture encompasses several aspects, but as pillars that support the structure of a building, there are the codes of conduct and values that are embodied in internal and external relations on a daily basis as a guarantee. It takes time to integrate new components in the construction of relationships, but it is the evidence of being able to show unity of criteria and commitment that will give the organization the credibility to defend them externally.

Source author: Virginia Maria Callau Vidal vircavidal@hotmail.com

Commitment level --- The level of effective commitment of States is subject to the existing internal power balances to change laws and, therefore, to change realities. However, the priorities of the governments' agenda with social causes are part of their obligations, where public social pressure is fundamental, helping to make existing realities visible.

Source author: Virginia Maria Callau Vidal vircavidal@hotmail.com

Contextualization --- The political situation of each country defines the degree of existing freedom of expression, as well as the degree of open participation and involvement of civil society in public initiatives. As a result, the capacity of civil society to exert pressure is diminished in many scenarios, making it difficult to carry out public advocacy actions.

Source author: Virginia Maria Callau Vidal vircavidal@hotmail.com

Vocal partners --- With it's more cautious approach to public comments, RCRC National Societies can benefit from having loose relationships with academics. When called on to speak to complex, political issues by the media, the National Society can refer them on to the academic who has the same area of interest, but more lee-way to talk. I image there are many versions of this relationship.

Source author: Joe Cropp joe.cropp@ifrc.org

Community input --- I'd be interested to hear about some examples where this input was genuinely sort and used. I'd image in makes for a very powerful voice, dealing with really needs. I image a reason not to do it is because of the complexity, which also leads to token efforts.

Source author: Joe Cropp joe.cropp@ifrc.org

Internal advocacy --- I've found "advocacy advisers" will actively promote specific campaigns or issues inside the organization, rather than reflecting on the organization's mission or the direction set by management. It can be quite common in Red Cross, which employs passionate advocates who often grow to feel the organization is too conservative and needs to be more political active.

Source author: Joe Cropp joe.cropp@ifrc.org

Mission creep --- This is an interesting question, and one that organisations often don't engage with. Sometimes humanitarian organisations feel a responsibility to tackle the large issues of the day, when that may not be the best use of their expertise and resources. Other times they are drawn to high profile campaigns, when similarly they could be better served focusing on their area of expertise and experience.

Source author: Joe Cropp joe.cropp@ifrc.org

promoting community ownership --- community engagement and accountability ensures that community take account and own the project. since they understand the community dynamics it becomes easy to ensure that all people are involved and benefit from the projects

Source author: Baboloki Tebatso baboloki20@gmail.com

Digital divide --- Another way to look at this figure: With only 43.2% of its population having access to internet, Africa is lagging behind. In North America this rate is 93.9% and 88.2% in Europe. (Source World Stats, 2021).

The digital divide has to be addressed and cyber security measures should be shared or developed together with developing countries.

My question: Are there specificities to be taken into account when addressing cyber protection in Africa? Weak infrastructures? Power cuts? Lack of e-knowledge?

Source author: Florence Tinguely Mattli florence.tinguely-mattli@eda.admin.ch

Legal instruments --- I think it is clear that new international legal instruments are needed for the fields of cybersecurity and more broadly for internet governance. However, the topic is so broad, complex and technical, that great efforts and not only political will , will be needed to address for example the interface between the work of politicians and jurists and IT experts. Probably one of the biggest challenges for diplomats nowadays, especially from developing countries

Source author: Eduardo Ruiz Mazon eruizm@sre.gob.mx

cybersecurity for people --- Interesting point to consider in the strategies that states or institutions develop to asses the risks for cybersecurity and identify if nowadays is the security of individuals of or governments (or states) which is at most risk

Source author: Eduardo Ruiz Mazon eruizm@sre.gob.mx

Online freedom --- “online freedom” is also a very broad term for a not so broad object, if you consider that “online” human activity is in principle limited to a technical framework and services provided by many but still limited number of companies or facilitators.

Source author: Eduardo Ruiz Mazon eruizm@sre.gob.mx

Safety and security --- In some technical international organizations, the term “security” is related to the risk associated to human intentionally performed actions with a malicious goal or purpose, while “safety” is related to the “proper” technological or technical performance of systems or devices. It would be interesting to know if there are parameters or criteria to make such a division in the field of information security.

Source author: Eduardo Ruiz Mazon eruizm@sre.gob.mx

Global challenge --- Indeed, a new dimension of warfare. Especially for developing countries which do not belong to military alliances and do not have the technological advantage to implement sophistacated defence systems

Source author: Eduardo Ruiz Mazon eruizm@sre.gob.mx

Risks for all and of different types --- In addition to the risks related to the security of operation of governments, companies and institutions, there is the risk for end users, not only in terms of privacy breach, spying of misuse of personal data, but also on the way people interact. There are several studies on the psicological impact ( effects on memory, on performance in school, etc.) and addiction risks for the excessive use of internet, specially for children.

Source author: Eduardo Ruiz Mazon eruizm@sre.gob.mx

Population with internet access --- It is true, but it will be also useful to know how many people in the world has not access to internet at all yet.

Source author: Eduardo Ruiz Mazon eruizm@sre.gob.mx

collaboration with Government --- @Vlad & Ambassador Asoke, Corporations and private sector companies usually have better technically-capable experts to develop the necessary tools to combat cybersecurity matters than government agencies. Should be there greater collaboration or even a designated technical team which can work alongside the government bureaucrats and diplomats to devise a way forward in this cyber era?

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

A practical suggestion, --- Scott. Would you feel that the best place to begin such an attempt to have a commonly agreed vocabulary is the UN General Assembly's Open Ended Working Group (OEWG), though that essentially looks at international peace and security issues (and not those related to cyber and development, for example).

Source author: Asoke Mukerji asokem@diplomacy.edu

Attacks --- have visible impact, Bentom. I found your HT comment very interesting. What would you do when faced by the impact of an attack on critical infrastructure? To respond, you would need to "fix" the damage, and "attribute" who caused it so that it does not recur. In the UN GGE, for example, in 2017 there was a gridlock over attribution for cyber attacks, because of the response (how to retribute). The problem in technical terms is to clearly attribute cyber attacks - even between the United States and Russia this is largely a grey area. What happens in the cases of developing countries whose critical infrastructure is either attacked directly or suffers "collateral" damage (given that a large amount of critical infrastructure in developing countries is owned by foreign corporates).

Source author: Asoke Mukerji asokem@diplomacy.edu

Securing cyber platforms --- @Asoke. Cybersecurity awareness should begin at kindergarten level if possible, not only at the Primary level; If we are in a new normal where online technology is the way of living, it would be counter-productive to start deliberating or introducing cyber issues from the employment level. School curriculum should be remodeled to meet existing needs; students should begin early adoption of basic digital skills in order to be able to develop leaders and experts in what is a very advanced age digitally

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

Terminology --- is important for international cooperation in cybersecurity as well, Phannarith. The exact scope of cybersecurity has been discussed in great detail and over a long time within the Governmental Group of Experts of the UNGA's First Committee. As you may have noted from the Reports of the GGE, it is for each member-state to volunteer what is Critical Infrastructure. That already opens up potential divergences for coordinated action to be taken to secure any vulnerability in Critical Infrastructure. In this HT chat, Bentom and Juan Feliciano have offered some discussion on how to apply the terminology. What would you think, if the objective is effective international cooperation for cybersecurity? Should there be an internatioally agreed (i.e. between states in the form of a legal document that is enforceable) terminology for cybersecurity?

Source author: Asoke Mukerji asokem@diplomacy.edu

Securing cyber platforms --- is a topical point, Carlos. Your exchange with Bentom goes into the granular areas of cybersecurity. One aspect that is increasingly important for securing cyber platforms is the human dimension, i.e. an awareness of the need to secure cyberspace, whether we use machines (algorithms) or people to do so. What would you feel about introducing cybersecurity awareness education from the primary school level onwards, instead of focusing on it (as we seem to do) only after a person is employed? Would welcome comments from others in the group as well.

Source author: Asoke Mukerji asokem@diplomacy.edu

Covid and Online Transition --- The COVID-19 pandemic has brought greater awareness to all stakeholders on the role of ICTs across all sectors of society and in the process has indeed invaded our personal and private spaces. While this has encouraged greater use of the Internet for daily living, it has correspondingly exposed our vulnerability to cybercrime threats and back actors.. Since this seems to be the way of life for the foreseeable future, how can we use technology, diplomacy and other means to protect users? What role should Governments, Private Corporations and UN Expert Groups, the OAS, OECD, OSCE and other well-minded authorities do to mitigate the threat poses against a safe online experience for billions of persons?

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

Reducing the gap --- I am afraid that, indeed, this will not only reduce the gap by the two sides in the political understanding of the terms, but even more, I foresee many more possibilities (for the 2 sides) for subjective assessments of what is information and what is disinformation. There are already many cases of questionable decisions for censorship by so called "fact checkers" and blocking of high profile persons' social media accounts. This "evolution" of meaning should not limit freedom of expression and other HRs.

Source author: Vladimir Nikolov vladimir984@yahoo.com

Broad definition --- From my stance, this is very broad definition...encompassing spiritual/moral/cultural environment in "information security" definition, in big states as Russia/China (huge territories and billions of citizens) only makes things more difficult (in sense of definition problems when discussing/negotiating policy on international level). Moreover, is there a state with only one so dominant spiritual/moral/cultural environment in today's world influenced by globalization, migration, multiculturalism and citizens with diverse backgrounds. Broad definitions can be fertile ground for censorship, human rights and freedom of expression infringement...Would be glad to read more course-participants' views. Thank you.

Source author: Vladimir Nikolov vladimir984@yahoo.com

COVID and new tech --- @Nikolov Usually when new technology is introduced on a mass scale by government it is usually for the common good after science has so determined its usefulness and efficacy; since science is not a silver bullet to cure all social ills, it is likely that some level of infringement on personal and private rights may be possible; should the inconvenience to a few hinder the deployment to the many?

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

brain control --- @Nikolov I am wondering whether we are actually moving into a "humanless society" with the proliferation of AI. I participated in an conference on AI recently and the ethical issues of AI and that of the need for continued human intervention was a major ethical discussion. When we couple AI with cybersecurity, what next?

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

inversion of the cybersecurity/information security diagram --- @Scott. I like the way you put the difference between Critical Information Infrastructure and Information Infrastructure. However, both were impacted in the 2016 Presidential Election in the USA following the cyberattack on the servers of DNC Headquarters (CIIP) coupled with the trove of misinformation (Information Infrastructure). There are overlaps but there can be both; Also do you believe that Information Security (misinformation/disinformation) is taking greater prominence in today's world CIIP?

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

similar dynamic in the biosecurity space --- @Scott - just a quick thought- with the danger posed by the use of biochemical pathogens as arsenal in biochemical warfare, do you see any similarities (and if so please indicate) between these pathogenic "warfare" and that AI botnets that bad state actors may use in cyberwarfare?

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

"Elevator pitch" ransomsare exercise --- @Nikolov. That's a great pitch and I wondered what would be the CEO's response- since the scenario has actually impacted the business and a decision has to be made, he may well tell you to pay because of the urgency and reputational impact and not take you serious thereafter since the company may have sufficient funds to do so; diplomacy will not work at this time since all business is at a standstill; he may then ask you whether there are any technical professionals who can fix it - answer comes back as not sufficiently trained for such a massive and complicated attack;; by then he might get the picture

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

"Elevator pitch" ransomware exercise --- As Vlada suggested - how to explain the importance of cybersecurity to a superior in a minute. Coming from the private sector (insurance/finance) I would simply ask the CEO, "Imagine, we come to work tomorrow, we exit the elevator, take our coffees, turn on our PCs and we realize we don't have access to our software systems; all client data - encrypted or deleted; we can't issue a single insurance policy; nor pay a single claim. E-banking and finance not functioning too. We are asked to pay several million EUR ransom to receive all our data back..and you are getting sacked by the Board of directors for sure !? What do you think? Shall we invest a few bucks in upgrading our cybersecurity or just go with the flow and wait for the cyber-lottery doom :)

Source author: Vladimir Nikolov vladimir984@yahoo.com

COVID & new tech --- Thank you Scott for mentioning this positive experience of how secure technologies are applied during the pandemics. I have read several media articles for Covid/quarantine related apps used in Russia, where mass surveillance via mobile phones was used (GPS, geo-location data) in order to automatically alarm authorities if a person left their home (several persons were penalized when tried to throw domestic waste or recieve food delivery in front of the house/building). Technology can be applied in different ways. I believe that human rights and privacy aspects must also be considered always when governments implement new tech on a mass scale.

Source author: Vladimir Nikolov vladimir984@yahoo.com

I'm not sure this is the right way to position the question --- I'd suggest that as long as there have been humans (and humanoid species) there has been crime, conflict and war. Cyber adds another dimension to aspects of human beings and societies going back millennia that we muddle through and correct over time.

Source author: Scott Spence scott.a.spence@gmail.com

similar dynamic in the biosecurity space --- A commonly agreed vocabulary would be helpful. I'm reminded of the various ways in which the term biosecurity is used. In the Biological Weapons Convention community it refers to keeping highly pathogenic agents out of the hands of non-State actors with malevolent intentions (guards and guns, for example). Whereas in some countries, such as New Zealand, biosecurity refers to measures to protect the country from invasive plant and animal species.

Source author: Scott Spence scott.a.spence@gmail.com

inversion of the cybersecurity/information security diagram --- It would seem to me that the US' new approach in the aftermath of the 2016 election process (interference, disinformation, etc.) is leading to a rethink of information security being contained within cybersecurity (as in the diagram). Rather, it's more like two bubbles (information security and cybersecurity) with an overlap in the middle. So critical infrastructure wasn't endangered for example (if I understand one view of cybersecurity correctly) but there was a threat to the election system through misinformation (if I understand information security correctly).

Source author: Scott Spence scott.a.spence@gmail.com

chip implants in our brains that get hacked --- Chip implants in our brains that then get hacked and turn us into whatever the evildoer wants to do. I believe there was some film based on this premise.

Source author: Scott Spence scott.a.spence@gmail.com

interestingly? or rather unsurprisingly! --- I'd argue that rather than this being an interesting statistic it's actually unsurprising. People are discovering that doing even more online is actually quite efficient (for example, instead of waiting forever on the phone to get through to someone to make an appointment I just send an email or fill out an online form). I suppose what's interesting to me is that these percentages aren't higher!

Source author: Scott Spence scott.a.spence@gmail.com

DLT and its application during COVID --- My spouse recently travelled to Spain. I was interested to see on his COVID clearance certificate for entry a long string of letters and numbers and immediately recognised this as a product of DLT. Clearly, the Government of Spain has decided to use DLT to generate a pretty secure platform for allowing passengers to fly into Spain and enter the country. Yet another example of how cyber is entering every aspect of our lives.

Source author: Scott Spence scott.a.spence@gmail.com

Acronyms: CSI, CII, CI --- Phannarith - I must admit we haven't even thought of this when writing this introduction :) 'Societal' emerged rather as a way to explain better what we might mean by 'critical infrastructure'.

Bennette's suggestion makes sense: CII is about information infrastructure - thus telecommunications, digital service providers, maybe cloud operators, etc (though this will also be an interesting issue for discussion, latter in module 5).

CI, as critical infrastructure, is much broader - includes energy, water and sewage, health, maybe finances, etc - and also CII these days.

CSI - as critical societal infrastructure - is not really a common term (at least I haven't seen it much in the context of cyber), but what we meant by this here is rather same as CI.

Does it make sense?

Source author: Vladimir Radunovic vladar@diplomacy.edu

Human aspect --- Juan, a very important point that you raise: human dimension.

In context of information security, operational professionals (CISOs etc) consider process and policies for handing an IT system by users of great relevance - together with technical means for cybersecurity protection; many international standards like ISO 27001 on certification for information security put lots of focus on policies and processes. But what you (or this CISCO definition) suggest is that we can probably understand information security and IT security as being the same?

Source author: Vladimir Radunovic vladar@diplomacy.edu

Science and diplomacy in the view of UNESCO --- I work as a Programme Specialist for Natural Sciences at UNESCO, and thus I am very interested in science and diplomacy, and in the links among and beyond them, also because I consider myself as a "diplomentalist" - a diplomatic environmentalist, who enjoys to work on fostering international cooperation and diplomatic relations among countries, for the benefit of the local and global environment, natural resources and climate. In this regard, as stated some time ago by UNESCO (to know more, read the full webpage referenced in the link below), note that: <<UNESCO plays an important role in the field of science diplomacy, built on three comparative advantages:

Legitimacy; UNESCO’s universal mandate for science for peace and development ever since its inception in 1946, has made the Organization the cradle of modern science diplomacy. One of its first success stories was the creation of CERN in the early 1950s.

Credibility; UNESCO has extensive institutional expertise and a longstanding history of launching and implementing ground-breaking initiatives and projects that have gained international recognition. One of the most high-profile initiatives of this century concerns the SESAME (Synchrotron-light for Experimental Science and Applications in the Middle East).

Universality; UNESCO can promote science diplomacy based on its universal mandate and, through its vast network of partners, bring diverse stakeholders, scientists, decision makers, and diplomats, from around the world together.

http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/science-technology/science-policy-and-society/science-diplomacy/

Source author: Massimiliano Lombardo m.lombardo@unesco.org

I believe so... --- for one of the two authors is a lecturer for this course! :)

Source author: Vid Nukala Vid.Nukala@gmail.com

And policy makers --- I agree. We have to include policy makers. It's very usal that diplomats have to work with statements made without scientific criteria

Source author: Carlos Arturo Garcia Bonilla carlos.garcia@cancilleria.gov.co

Make a balance --- Sometimes renewable energy perhaps cost more with recycle

Source author: YingChu Chen jungheng@gmail.com

Linkedin Group --- you asked about CVs of participants. It would be enough to set a Linkedin Group. I think everybody is on linkedin, where we are building our background experience day by day. No need to rebuild a dedicated page, then

Source author: Vojko Bratina vbratina@katamail.com

SDG on education --- I think cases studies are worth experimenting, especially with SDG. I am interested personally in the SDG on education.

Source author: Patrick Furrer Patrick.furrer@smartfree.ch

.. --- Pleasure e-meeting you too😊

Source author: Kiconco Patricia kictricia@gmail.com

Non-state actors --- This is a great point, Tereza! I agree with you and I's sure we'll discuss that during the course. Non-state actors can and should play an important role in science diplomacy. Non-governmental organizations can take advantage of their status to connect with scientists and diplomats of other countries, regardless of the country's foreign policy. Not without challenges though! in many countries, universities and scientific associations are not fully independent from their national governments due to funding or the way they're structured in general.

Source author: Brenda Estefania Ortiz Calva eortizcalva@aaas.org

Cases studies --- I would say that it's important to emphasize on cases studies rather than theorical courses.

Source author: Désiré NEBOUA dneboua@yahoo.fr

Google is not internet --- This is already a new interesting trend. Shouldn't we point out that Google is just one of the available tools in internet and not just internet? How many of you are regularly using Chrome, Gmail, Whatsapp? Do you know you can survive without all of them? Or not?

Source author: Vojko Bratina vbratina@katamail.com

and no need... --- ...to cross borders - start at home ;-)

Source author: Katharina Beyer katharina.beyer@etu.unige.ch

Agree and also --- And I hope we will be able to apply the knowledge from these case studies on other cases as well.

Source author: Efrat Daskal efrat.daskal@mail.huji.ac.il

Re: Scientific thinking --- I totally agree with this. Same goes reciprocal, Scientists cannot be in the decision making body unless they learned how to become diplomats.

Source author: Muna Zaqsaw zaqsaw.muna89@gmail.com

SDGs are a roadmap --- Hi Tereza, I guess one could argue that SDGs include most, if not all, current global issues. It could be seen as a general roadmap for all international, national, and local actors who try to make the world a better place for all!

Source author: Samir Yeddes samir.yeddes@eda.admin.ch

Thank you --- I will use another browser, safari

Source author: YingChu Chen jungheng@gmail.com

Test HT --- live

Source author: Katharina Beyer katharina.beyer@etu.unige.ch

Good health --- Does this module include the issue of food insecurity?

Source author: Désiré NEBOUA dneboua@yahoo.fr

S4D4C --- this is indeed a great project and informative course work

Source author: George Thomas georgethomasdesk@gmail.com

sample comment --- all are interesting, looking forward to the modules

Source author: Sovanndanit Roath sovanndanitroath@gmail.com

Whose health? --- Good health seems rather general. Whose health to we refer to?

Source author: Efrat Daskal efrat.daskal@mail.huji.ac.il

Testing HTs --- Test

Source author: Aura Fossati aura.fossati@gmail.com

what is the # Digital diplomacy ? --- I agree with you Efrat , the first question is to understand what is included in the Science Diplomacy ? and if digital related issues are considered as science as well ?

Source author: Souhila Amazouz souhila_amazouz@yahoo.fr

why only SDGs? --- I would hope and presume the skills we will learn will not only be valid for the SDG realm :-)

Source author: Tereza Horejsova terezah@diplomacy.edu

Not only diplomats and scientists --- Maybe we should not limit the involvement of actors to diplomats and scientists, especially on the national level. I am convinced a serious buy-in from the national authorities requires involvement of many more actors, beyond diplomats - examples could include educational authorities (universities for example), philantropic sector, private sector, etc.

Source author: Tereza Horejsova terezah@diplomacy.edu

Response to Efrat Daskal --- I think part of the question will be answered in the course anyway. But I guess 'science diplomacy' specifically means 1. facilitating international science collaborations via diplomacy (reaching agreements on joint funding, the use of data, mobility etc.), 2. using international scientific collaboration as a form of substitute diplomacy (e.g. when countries are in a tensioned relation), and 3. using scientific advice for decision-making that is of cross-border reach.

This does not necessarily mean tackling the SDGs. For example a scientist can simply have the interest to collaborate with another one for the sake of knowledge production, or just because the two like each other. But can you simply take data from the other scientist who is bound to her/his national data protection law? This is where e.g. science diplomacy must come into play, i.e. to find a solution and reach agreements.

Source author: Tim Flink tim.flink@hu-berlin.de

Zoom Meeting --- Hello Kat, Are we going to interact directly with you in class? unmute our mics and talk? or it is gonna be in the chat room?

Source author: Zainab Adel zainabadel95@gmail.com

Case Studies --- The case studies are very important for me as I hope this will help me to give me a better picture of SDGs and Science Diplomacy outside my field.

Source author: George Thomas georgethomasdesk@gmail.com

I am learning about this --- Short and focused comment is important and good to read. I am learning how to make it.

Source author: YingChu Chen jungheng@gmail.com

Scientific thinking --- I think that one of the biggest challenges for achieving SDGs in developing countries is precisely that diplomats don't know how to think like scientists

Source author: Carlos Arturo Garcia Bonilla carlos.garcia@cancilleria.gov.co

Bringing more science in diplomacy and more diplomacy in science --- Promoting scientific collaboration across borders will stimulate innovation in order to tackle important and common challenges. This means establishing and strengthening constructive relations between nations based on scientific data.

Source author: Mouloud Khelif mouloud.khelif@gmail.com

British courtesy or contempt? --- I really hope that this Anglo-EU translation guide is just a humorous exaggeration, not a real translation of the meaning of those formulas, which I have always taken as a proof of the English courtesy and gentleman’s polite behaviour.

Otherwise, I should re-interpret all my diplomatic career with the inevitable denouement of falling into depression.

Source author: Petru Dumitriu PetruD@diplomacy.edu

@Eric: Predica con el ejemplo --- Muchas gracias!

Source author: Petru Dumitriu PetruD@diplomacy.edu

Speaking about priests --- There is a Romanian proverb which says "Do what the priest say, not what the priest does". Probably, the English closest equivalent is "Do what you preach!", but that is less witty than the Romanian version. Are there similar expression in other languages? In Spanish, maybe?

Source author: Petru Dumitriu PetruD@diplomacy.edu

Diplomacy beyond words (1) --- It is not easy to fight against prejudices and unfair accusations.

I believe that we should make a clearer distinction between diplomacy in the literal, concrete sense (“the profession, activity, or skill of managing international relations, typically by a country's representatives abroad”) and diplomacy in the figurative, more abstract sense (“the art of dealing with people in a sensitive and tactful way”).

Obviously, the misconceptions, the prejudices, the clichés come from ignorance. There are no in-built features of diplomacy or inadequacy of diplomats that make the language used in diplomacy empty. The language used in diplomacy is a tool for the diplomats, is not diplomacy per se.

Source author: Petru Dumitriu PetruD@diplomacy.edu

Silence is potentially action too --- Looking forward to your HTs on this lecture! This exploration on how we perform actions with words applies to silence too. If you don't post any HTs before next week I shall spend my entire time worrying about what you are communicating with your silence. Please don't do that to me ;)

Source author: Biljana Scott biscott@diplomacy.edu

of course :) --- You are right. All strategies should involve the factor of "localization" or "culture/religin". And also, even the same media campaign can have different response just because the contents was translated into the local language (cultural context in communication).

Source author: Justyna Roguska justyna.roguska@msz.gov.pl

cultural diplomacy --- In my opinion PD in the field of culture might be common to all.

Source author: Justyna Roguska justyna.roguska@msz.gov.pl

I think so --- Yes, I think I feel less busy during the COVID situation, simply because my job is to organize cultural events, which now they are all postponed. All the events became website based events, which are less time consuming in the preparation process.

Source author: Justyna Roguska justyna.roguska@msz.gov.pl

yes --- Yes, I think soft power is still relevant and is gaining more and more areas for PD - culture, sport, tourism, ecology, heritage, science, education, art, craftsmanship, and so on and on...

Source author: Justyna Roguska justyna.roguska@msz.gov.pl

stretched resources --- I would say not many countries are prepared for the post-COVID PD. In fact, the resources that were supposed to use for PD campaign have been channeled towards the economic recovery

Source author: Wan Faizatul Afzan Ismayatim faizatul@kln.gov.my

different outcomes of soft power strategy --- I guess in choosing which strategy to follow, it would depends on the relations of that particular country with the other country. Soft power which is worked for Malaysia-China relations might not work with US-China relations and vice versa.

Source author: Wan Faizatul Afzan Ismayatim faizatul@kln.gov.my

soft and hard powers diplomacy --- Yeah I agree with panika's statement. and I believe any approaches that the MFA would have to decide depends on many factors. other than goals of the MFA's foreign policy, other factors that the diplomats need to look at is the assessments on the potential outcomes of certain policies (from govt to foreign audience) and how hard the issues might be (for instance, pressing political issues)

Source author: Wan Faizatul Afzan Ismayatim faizatul@kln.gov.my

true --- I agree. In the era of the Internet and SNS it is important for diplomats to be up to date with technological possibilities that they can use in PD, therefor a training is a must.

Source author: Justyna Roguska justyna.roguska@msz.gov.pl

sport celebrities --- I think celebrities/icons can perform as CB ambassadors if they want to, but they shouln’t be obliged to it. Some celebrities do not have a strong connection with their home coutry (especially people with parent from different countries) or people with no national consciousness, who feel more cosmopolitan.

Source author: Justyna Roguska justyna.roguska@msz.gov.pl

easy mistakes --- It's easy to make a mistake in digital diplomacy, especially if someone is unfamiliar with the technology they have to use (e.g. press "like it" to a post by accident).

Source author: Justyna Roguska justyna.roguska@msz.gov.pl

anyone can be a journalist --- On the one hand, it gives the possibility of a big number of unverified information however, on the other hand, the fake-news are easy and quickly disclosed.

Source author: Justyna Roguska justyna.roguska@msz.gov.pl

content to to attention --- yeah I agree with this statement. Today, we have crafted a content to grab people's attention and to ensure that our voice is heard. I believe this is more powerful than the ordinary feedback form

Source author: Wan Faizatul Afzan Ismayatim faizatul@kln.gov.my

efforts to counter misinformation --- I agree. at some points, ordinary internet users could provide good information to MFA/ media broadcasters. But on the other hand, it could be harmful. Noting that this issue has posed a challenge to both MFA and media broadcasters in shaping the people's perception on certain issues, ASEM is working on countering the issue of misinformation with the medias.

Source author: Wan Faizatul Afzan Ismayatim faizatul@kln.gov.my

digital diplomacy to reach wider audience --- I would say the use of technology and social media seem to be the most effective way to reach wider audience, including the diplomats of that particular country themselves. I observed this with the former Malaysian FM. He was active in posting interesting content about his work and MFA's public diplomacy campaign on social media - and the messages has increased public's awareness on the work of MFA and the Malaysian Foreign Policy

Source author: Wan Faizatul Afzan Ismayatim faizatul@kln.gov.my

English is a requirement in FB posts of official pages --- All the posts in FB on the official pages of the government institutions should have both in the local language and English in order to gain wide range of audiences from around the world.

Source author: Thida Sreng thidasreng@gmail.com

degree of descretion is needed --- I agree that transparency in diplomacy has its limits. There are issues that cannot be solved on a public stage and need a certain degree of discretion. So making everything public might even be harmful.

Source author: Elisabeth Jaklitsch Elisabeth.JAKLITSCH@bmeia.gv.at

Ireland --- For Ireland, our most senior political leaders, our Embassies and Government Ministries have very active twitter profiles.

Source author: Faran Foley faran.foley@dfa.ie

Agreed --- Absolutely, the more channels, the more responsibility we will have. There is nothing worse than an inactive platform, and therefore it will be important when establishing a platform channel for your Embassy/MFA, that you have the dedicated resources to ensure that it doesn't fall off.

Source author: Faran Foley faran.foley@dfa.ie

Strategy/Policies --- I can imagine that similar policies will become more and more crucial for all MFAs as it becomes part of a significant feature of diplomacy...

Source author: Faran Foley faran.foley@dfa.ie

MFA --- The length of the outage I would argue would not have caused a significant issue for MFAs etc, however perhaps goes to show how reliant we are on the platforms. If this lasted for a longer period, then of course this would be a significant challenge as we have become reliant on the platforms for communicating with the general public.

Source author: Faran Foley faran.foley@dfa.ie

VKontakte --- VKontakte is truly very popular in Russia and the CIS countries - top of the rating (48%). Other top 5 include Instagram (39%), YouTube (34%), Odnoklassniki (32%) and TikTok (17%).

Source author: Irina Iutiaeva twitter.mfa@yandex.ru

Fighting fake news about COVID-19 --- In response to the overwhelming fake news about COVID-19, many social platforms began to pessimize content mentioning the infection. This created additional difficulties for the official departments, because it became more difficult to convey verified information as well.

Source author: Irina Iutiaeva twitter.mfa@yandex.ru

Digital fight for truth --- This is an important circumstance that forces foreign ministries around the world to be present on the Internet today. If the digital space is not filled with objective information, others will fill it. Sometimes it feels like a competition, and the sooner you enter it, the better your chances of success.

Source author: Irina Iutiaeva twitter.mfa@yandex.ru

Digital inequality --- It is worth noting that this is not true for all countries. People in African states often do not have all these digital opportunities due to a lower penetration rate of the Internet.

Source author: Irina Iutiaeva twitter.mfa@yandex.ru

time --- The problem with preparing a media campaign is often related to time. Sometimes campaigns are not up to date or just too late.

Source author: Justyna Roguska justyna.roguska@msz.gov.pl

plans --- Each year Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs in consultation with other government agencies plans a set of tasks for public diplomacy, which are supposed to be implemented by Embassies and Institutes.

Source author: Justyna Roguska justyna.roguska@msz.gov.pl

no connection --- Finding a connecting topic between the countries is a good start for a campaign, however sometimes it is difficult to determine what connects countries especially very distant countries.

Source author: Justyna Roguska justyna.roguska@msz.gov.pl

Possible risks --- The possible risks in many campaigns could come from the large number of the targeted audiences and the non-engagement or oppose by the general public.

Source author: Thida Sreng thidasreng@gmail.com

Country's logo? --- In Poland, there is no single symbol (national logotype) that would represent the country. The development of a single, universal national logo could therefore contribute to a more coherent and expressive image of Poland on the international arena. Polish flag is not very distinct in comparison to, for example, the American flag, on the other hand, Polish flag is an inversion of the flag of Indonesia and also Monaco, so it is difficult to distinguish or remember it.

Source author: Justyna Roguska justyna.roguska@msz.gov.pl

country image shaped by products? --- Polish Chamber of Commerce and Polish Promotion Foundation established Polish Brand Institute - a research and development center of national branding which promotes regional and national brands.

Source author: Justyna Roguska justyna.roguska@msz.gov.pl

national branding --- National branding activities have gained special importance in recent years, especially in the economic, social, and cultural field.

Source author: Justyna Roguska justyna.roguska@msz.gov.pl

Local advisers --- I agree. In order to recognise subtleties in language and moods or tensions in a society, the involvement of local employees is of great importance. Almost all German embassies draw on the knowledge of local employees in this area.

Source author: Engin Gürpinar Engin.Guerpinar@gmail.com

Certainly not... --- However, one has to admit that the willingness to invest money for the country brand shows that the importance of the issue has been recognised. The fact that the measures did not improve the reputation will be noted and taken into account in future measures.

Source author: Engin Gürpinar Engin.Guerpinar@gmail.com

Hard V. soft power --- I think soft power is still effective today and in a way that effective than hard power such as military or economic coercion tends to result in an immediate but short-duration outcome. Soft power induce voluntary actions of changes which last long. For example: at the regional level, the EU is a leading institution in using soft power in human rights diplomacy through its human rights dialogues, inclusion of human rights clauses to its agreements and linkage of human rights to their trade policy with the external countries.

Source author: Thida Sreng thidasreng@gmail.com

A whole team approach --- We were very keen that everyone in our Embassy has some form of a role when it comes to social media and identifying public diplomacy efforts. This has been important in ensuring our platform is well rounded, and also ensures we are not reliant on one individual at all times.

Source author: Faran Foley faran.foley@dfa.ie

Impact of Covid19 --- Absolutely, when we are discussing tourism and travel, the impact of Covid19 on how we feel about travel in the future is significantly different pre-2020. Individuals are incredibly cautious, and for countries which have had severe border controls this has seen a significant damage to the industry and image of the country.

On the other hand, how countries have responded to the pandemic has very much influenced international public image.

Source author: Faran Foley faran.foley@dfa.ie

Local Advisers- Crucial --- Understanding the context of which you are operating in is very important in ensuring that your message continues to meet the mark and doesn't negatively, inadvertently damage the relationship. Several Embassies here in New Zealand have hired Maori advisors to assist with engagement and public diplomacy efforts with the Maori community.

Source author: Faran Foley faran.foley@dfa.ie

Positive branding --- Absolutely, positive country image can be so important for so many different areas. For example, for Ireland being conveyed as a hard working, educated country has been incredibly powerful for securing Foreign Direct Investment

Source author: Faran Foley faran.foley@dfa.ie

different CB of country --- I think that the CB depends on the target country in which public diplomacy is conducted. eg. developed countries perceive us differently than developing countries.

Source author: Justyna Roguska justyna.roguska@msz.gov.pl

Difficult task --- Building a positive, recognizable image of a country on the international level is not an easy task to do. The process needs a long period of time to have the outcome. Also the PD actions needs to be conducted at many fields at the same time, for the image to be consistent.

Source author: Justyna Roguska justyna.roguska@msz.gov.pl

In Poland --- In Poland, the Department of Public and Cultural Diplomacy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland is in charge of public diplomacy tasks. Public diplomacy conducted by Polish MFA is a set of strategic activities, which shape social attitudes and public opinion abroad, in order to implement important Polish interests in the world, using tools and methods outside the area of traditional diplomacy. The goal of public diplomacy is to gain understanding and support abroad for the Poland. The target of public diplomacy are foreign institutions, organizations and societies.

Source author: Justyna Roguska justyna.roguska@msz.gov.pl

The connections between PD and CB --- The PD is like one of the tools to build CB in many ways which the effective implementation of PD will produce positive CB and vise versa.

Source author: Thida Sreng thidasreng@gmail.com

Orientation session --- Thanks Andre. Understood perfectly.

Source author: Cecilia Treemonisha Barros Ruiz cbarros@sre.gob.mx

Diplo assignments --- Thanks Andre. I think Diplofoundation has created a very well organized system that allow all students around the world a better communication, useful tools for a good learning experience and an effective interaction between the participants. I am delighted about being part of this experience.

Source author: Cecilia Treemonisha Barros Ruiz cbarros@sre.gob.mx

Question for Ambassador Rana --- Dear Ambassador Rana,

My name is Cecilia Treemonisha Barros Ruiz, I am a diplomat from Mexico. I found very interesting your October 7 message. You kindly shared with the participants that India was pushed towards economic diplomacy after the ‘first oil price shock’ in 1973 and that your first ambassadorship was in Algeria in 1975. I would like to know if we can learn more about your experience in that country and if you think that nowadays Algeria must push forward to a major openness in business, commerce and economic issues. Also, your point of view about an Algerian pending task: show to the world, its rich cultural background almost unknown e.g. Berber heritage of Numidian kings Masinissa, Juba II, St. Augustine and Albert Camus.

I couldn’t open the link to your Chapter 6 from my book Diplomacy at the Cutting Edge, (2016). Available at: https://www.diplomacy.edu/diplomacy-cutting-edge Is it possible to review this technical issue? Kind regards.

Source author: Cecilia Treemonisha Barros Ruiz cbarros@sre.gob.mx

Today's online course introduction --- Thank you Andre. I apologize. For me, there was a problem between different time zones since I live in Mexico City. I will read the transcript to catch up on the session.

Source author: Cecilia Treemonisha Barros Ruiz cbarros@sre.gob.mx

Diplomacy & Statecraft --- After the Vietnam war & Oil crisis in 1970s, did USA manage to 'successfully'pursue Diplomacy & Statecraft?

Source author: Waqas Mahmood waqasmdogar90@gmail.com

Sanctions --- Sanctions can include travel bans, asset freezes, arms embargoes, and trade restrictions.

Source author: Mavis Tungulu mtungulu@gmail.com

coordinated Economic Diplomacy --- collaboration with between the State and relevant entities such as chambers of commerce in promoting Trade and Investment is crucial to achieve success and tangible results

Source author: Lapologang Judah lapoduna@gmail.com

Asia-Pacific Economy Relevance --- I agree with you Emily that Asian-Pacific countries are having a major weight in the international economy and I believe this situation will increase in the upcoming years.

Source author: Ricardo Daniel Delgado Muñoz rdelgado@sre.gob.mx

Well put --- HT reply test.

Source author: Malefetsane Dominic Mosala mosalalaw@gmail.com

FTAs --- like AfCFTA..

Source author: Omphile Sethunya Sedimo sedimosethunya44@gmail.com

Interaction messages --- Thank you Andre

Source author: Matshedisa Emily Mokoena mokoenamati@gmail.com

Shift of economic weight --- True, a number of of developments in many countries particularly in Africa have been achieved through cooperation with China

Source author: Lapologang Judah lapoduna@gmail.com

HT test.. --- ...Totally

Source author: Omphile Sethunya Sedimo sedimosethunya44@gmail.com

Economic Diplomacy --- Orientation

Source author: Frank John Mhina frankmhina01@gmail.com

Clear --- Thank you for your response Andre.

Source author: Malefetsane Dominic Mosala mosalalaw@gmail.com

HT --- Agree

Source author: Mavis Tungulu mtungulu@gmail.com

WTO --- testing

Source author: Lapologang Judah lapoduna@gmail.com

HT test --- Thanks Andre

Source author: Waqas Mahmood waqasmdogar90@gmail.com

chat format --- Will all the online class meetings be conducted in a chat format?

Source author: Ricardo Daniel Delgado Muñoz rdelgado@sre.gob.mx

HT test!!! --- I think we are getting somewhere.

Source author: Malefetsane Dominic Mosala mosalalaw@gmail.com

Shift in economic weight --- The United States is no longer seen as the main engine of economic growth. The growth of China and other Asian emerging economies are largely responsible for the shift in economic weight.

Source author: Matshedisa Emily Mokoena mokoenamati@gmail.com

HT test.. --- Noted with thanks Andre..

Source author: Omphile Sethunya Sedimo sedimosethunya44@gmail.com

paricularly...... --- those of the developing countries in the era of the 4th industrial revolution..

Source author: Omphile Sethunya Sedimo sedimosethunya44@gmail.com

Yes, there is... --- ...and it's uploaded now. It takes some time to process the video after recording which is why it can't be uploaded in the classroom as quickly as the chat transcript.

Source author: Andrej Skrinjaric andrejs@diplomacy.edu

Zoom meeting --- Is there a recording/transcript of the zoom meeting?

Source author: Mamta Reid liveandsmile@hotmail.com

Experiences --- It will be very interesting to learn about everyone else's experiences. I believe this will keep the discussions dynamic. Looking forward to this.

Source author: Mamta Reid liveandsmile@hotmail.com

UTC Clock --- Well noted on UTC time, class structure and guidelines.

Source author: Mamta Reid liveandsmile@hotmail.com

Constructive (or not) --- Petru, we shall certainly be discussing constructive ambiguity. I consider it an application of ambiguity rather than a linguistic type of ambiguity. I also think it is important to note that the attribute 'constructive' needs to be questioned, since an intentional ambiguity may not be equally constructive to all parties or across all time.

Source author: Biljana Scott biscott@diplomacy.edu

@Bi: what about constructive ambiguity? --- For us, the diplomats, constructive ambiguity is bread and butter!

Source author: Petru Dumitriu PetruD@diplomacy.edu

Telling the truth vs. not telling a lie --- I do not think that the two pronouncements are equal. By all means, not telling a lie is easier that telling the truth.

One the one hand, "truth has a scratched face" (as the proverbs says, and proverbs are credited with telling the truth).

On the other hand, there are collateral advantages, as Mark Twain put it: "If you tell the truth, you don't have to remember anything.”

Source author: Petru Dumitriu PetruD@diplomacy.edu

Effective textual messages --- Look forward to improving on this

Source author: Akua Sekyiwa Ahenkora sekyiwaa@yahoo.co.uk

Replies to HT --- Trying and managing to reply HT entries!

Source author: Liliana Oliva Bernal loliva@sre.gob.mx

Clarifying --- Thanks for clarifying (and yes, the replies to HTs work well!).

Source author: Liliana Oliva Bernal loliva@sre.gob.mx

Unsaid, non-dit and implicit communication --- An alternative term is 'implicit communication' but that is too long, so I use the 'unsaid' as a more convenient equivalent. The French 'non-dit' works better as a Noun than 'not-said' in English, though I agree, there may be some ambiguity with the term 'unsaid' as it may suggest that we try to unsay what we have said.

Source author: Biljana Scott biscott@diplomacy.edu

This is useful guidance --- Thank you for all the clear sistematic sharing of information. Makes me feel at ease...

Source author: Eric Suzán Reed esuzan@sre.gob.mx

Practice --- This is a practice response :-)

Source author: Christian Peter Clay Mendoza cclay@sre.gob.mx

Blunders --- The theme of cultural awareness has been mentioned by several of you which makes me look forward to the various examples that you will all be contributing of blunders you have encountered or experienced personally

Source author: Biljana Scott biscott@diplomacy.edu

L&D misses Trump! --- You are definitely invited to link to tweets or any other material you deem relevant. Trump's presidency offered a great deal of interesting material for this course and I shall miss my daily trump feed!

Source author: Biljana Scott biscott@diplomacy.edu

why is unsaid --- not said?

Source author: MacOswald Jumali macjumali@yahoo.com

To frame an argument --- is a core of securing an a agreement in diplomatic conversations. This requires among others things cultural awareness to avoid offending your interlocutor.

Source author: MacOswald Jumali macjumali@yahoo.com

Hypertext --- They work perfectly well!

Source author: Liliana Oliva Bernal loliva@sre.gob.mx

Cultivating Relationship --- Developing personal relationships, but also one that is grounded in motivation and common goals, is a fundamental aspect for smaller countries. Soft power and personal good will and values allows small countries the opportunity to deliver effectively.

Source author: Faran Foley faran.foley@dfa.ie

Networks --- For Ireland, our diaspora have been an incredibly powerful resource for our Embassy network. In establishing Irelands first Embassy in New Zealand, engaging with our diaspora and building our network has been a significant opportunity for us in understanding the context we are working, but also in delivering on our strategic goals.

Source author: Faran Foley faran.foley@dfa.ie

NAM - raison d'être (Emily) ---

Thank you Emily for that question, which is totally valid.

What may have sparked your question is the name of the NAM, which would give the impression of a specific if not limited purpose for it.

However, the scope of work and even the set of objectives and principles extend well beyond the its name and presumed only purpose of 'non alignment'.

In fact, the NAM is one of the important negotiating blocks on several issues on the agenda of the UN. One only needs to cite disarmament issues particularly when it comes to the NPT Review Conferences. Add to that the NAM’s collective positions on conceptual peacekeeping issues on the agenda of UNGA.

Source author: Amr Aljowaily amra@diplomacy.edu

The voice of the state --- Besides, they are becoming more and more influential in the digital space, where they come up with their own narratives. In these conditions, it is important that the voice of the state is also heard in this polyphony.

Source author: Irina Iutiaeva twitter.mfa@yandex.ru

Digital diplomacy and crisis management --- This is a great example. Digital technologies can be especially useful in the field of collecting and processing information, for carrying out communications during emergencies and natural disasters. The pandemic has clearly demonstrated that social media can be of great service to consular officers.

Source author: Irina Iutiaeva twitter.mfa@yandex.ru

A tool to reach wider audience --- I would add one more point here. Digital diplomacy and work on the Internet in general can seriously intensify efforts to explain the foreign policy positions of the state to domestic and foreign audiences. Colorful posts and infographics attract the attention of the widest audience, while the keynote speeches of diplomats are mainly studied by journalists and experts.

Source author: Irina Iutiaeva twitter.mfa@yandex.ru

Mitigating the risks --- Risks can be mitigated by having clear rules that must be adhered to by organizations with a presence on the network and their specialists working with the Internet audience. It is also important to try to predict the reaction to a message that appears on the network before posting it.

Source author: Irina Iutiaeva twitter.mfa@yandex.ru

An attack on a virology or vaccine lab? --- Scott, I must admit I had similar thoughts/worries when COVID broke through. Virology research labs are also digitalised - imagine an attack which would tweak some research data and remove the alert about how viral or dangerous a studied sample is?

Or: as our vaccines are produced through a digitalised process (a machine which mixes substances based on some code), could a hack of the vaccine production process alter its content (for some production series even) to make them ineffective - without us even knowing about this?

This come close to conspiracy theories, but from the technical perspective all this is rather possible (though not easy). How do we make sure that those are way beyond any red lines of ethical behaviour, particularly among states?

Source author: Vladimir Radunovic vladar@diplomacy.edu

Holidays --- Scott, Devita - no worries if you have to miss that session. As Nadja explained, there will be an option to read through the transcript/review the recording, and provide comments/reflections.

And no worries for the Christmas - we will end much before that :)

Source author: Vladimir Radunovic vladar@diplomacy.edu

Enforcement of rules --- Florence, good point on international law on digital use. There are many open questions there that we will discuss later - one of them being what Guillaume raised above: if we can't (reliably) determine who is behind the attack, how do we enforce the rules?

Source author: Vladimir Radunovic vladar@diplomacy.edu

Ethics of war and crime --- Bennette, a thought-provoking topic.

It was in 1859, after the bloody battle of Solferino in northern Italy, that the civilisation turned to 'humanitarianism' related to warfare - it took long to codify some of the ethics of war (as you say: if there is such thing) into the international humanitarian law. It is certain that the mindset of the civilisation has advanced to understand humanitarianism as well - but I suppose interests and imposing costs on those that break the rules was the main driver for this advance?

Now, how do these rules look (and apply) to this new field of cyberspace? We will certainly touch upon this many times in the next weeks, but particularly in module 6 on cyber-conflict.

PS Not so sure about the ethics of the dark web and the criminals, though :) This is where the law enforcement should play the role?

Source author: Vladimir Radunovic vladar@diplomacy.edu

Experiences on critical infrastructure protection --- Vladimir, thanks for raising this. We will have an entire module dedicated to critical infrastructure and resources - let's make sure that we come back to this idea: to hear from those that might have more direct experiences with real cases; but also on policy environments that are in place and can serve as a lesson-learned (if any!).

Source author: Vladimir Radunovic vladar@diplomacy.edu

So glad! --- One of the most convenient thing i could gain for this course is the fact that I will have the Thursday class on 7pm when my office hour has finished. Happy for this.

Source author: Mira Fajriyah halo@mirafajri.id

Natural Law to be prevails in deep web --- I think they also have diverse philosophical background. I don't know, actually, at least there are so many motivation people can have and once they know law cant ever reach them, they will just do what they want. Therefore the problem is the ecosystem that enable natural law to be prevails, i think.

This realization makes me remember Lawrence Lessig’s “Code is Law” (not sure if i type the exact title), he said that digital ecosystem actually has their own regulator and regulation, which is the coder and their codes.

Source author: Mira Fajriyah halo@mirafajri.id

Reflection --- Hopefully I am able to use my knowledge of this course to meaningfully participate in intergovernmental negotiations on this issue in future.

Source author: Devita Abraham abrahamd@foreign.gov.tt

Hi Mustafa, --- Looking forward to have the interaction with the classmates, I share your way to think.

Source author: Alan Kaheri Chavez Castro itsupportirl@sre.gob.mx

Digital Humanitarian Law --- In the spirit of the Geneva Conventions on Humanitarian Law, international law on digital use is needed as basic international principles.

Source author: Florence Tinguely Mattli florence.tinguely-mattli@eda.admin.ch

Lag/gap between countries --- Looking forward to know more about this topic, how are developed countries contributing to help the development and implementation of cibersecurity of developing countries

Source author: Diego Alberto Estrada Ramos destrada@sre.gob.mx

Holidays --- Same for me in respect of Thanksgiving! Would this course also be ending on Christmas Eve?

Source author: Devita Abraham abrahamd@foreign.gov.tt

Testing HTs --- @Pavita Yes indeed

Source author: Bennette Thomas thomasb@dominica.gov.dm

Interaction --- HTs are a way to discuss with colleagues and share knowledge

Source author: Juan Feliciano Ascencio Moctezuma jascencio@sre.gob.mx

goals --- Definitely think this course would bring value

Source author: Shabanah Mustapha shabanah.mustapha@igovtt.tt

This is just a test --- This is just a test

Source author: Eduardo Ruiz Mazon eruizm@sre.gob.mx

Vast range of Challenges --- Very relevant in today's context. These challenges stems from a country's resources and capacity to ensure that cyberspace is secure and not used for harmful practices.

Source author: Devita Abraham abrahamd@foreign.gov.tt

practice --- hello!

Source author: Valerii Paziuk paziukvalerii@gmail.com

Testing response HT's --- Here´s a test to make a response o comment in a HT's all ready made it.

Source author: Iván Arnulfo Fernández Hernández administracionini01@sre.gob.mx

test-response --- This is a test response message :)

Source author: Vladimir Nikolov vladimir984@yahoo.com

Security identification formula --- What kind of concept the “security” in “cybersecurity” specifically referring to? As for IT security it have CIA, do we have a universal identification formula to this “security” as a terms?

Source author: Mira Fajriyah halo@mirafajri.id