- Feb 2022
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curator.diplomacy.edu curator.diplomacy.edu
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Israel and the U.A.E. had, in fact, been growing closer together for years.
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In May of that year, European Union foreign ministers tried to reach unanimity when calling for a cease-fire between Israel and the Palestinian Islamic group Hamas, as well as for increased humanitarian aid for Gaza. Hungary declined to join the other 26 countries.
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After the installation of NSO systems in Panama City in 2012, Martinelli’s government voted in Israel’s favor on numerous occasions, including to oppose the United Nations decision to upgrade the status of the Palestinian delegation — 138 countries voted in favor of the resolution, with just Israel, Panama and seven other countries opposing it.
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In early 2010, Panama was one of only six countries at the U.N. General Assembly to back Israel against a resolution to keep the Goldstone Commission report on war crimes committed during the 2008-9 Israeli assault on Gaza on the international agenda.
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After a long tradition of voting against Israel at United Nations conferences, Mexico slowly began to shift “no” votes to abstentions.
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“With our Defense Ministry sitting at the controls of how these systems move around,” he said, “we will be able to exploit them and reap diplomatic profits.”
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NSO would not operate the system itself. It would sell only to governments, not to individuals or companies. It would be selective about which governments it allowed to use the software. And it would cooperate with Israel’s Defense Export Controls Agency, or DECA, to license every sale.
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to find “zero days,” i.e., new vulnerabilities in phone software that could be exploited to install Pegasus.
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The company’s most valuable employees are all graduates of elite training courses, including a secretive and prestigious Unit 8200 program called ARAM that accepts only a handful of the most brilliant recruits and trains them in the most advanced methods of cyberweapons programming
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Nearly every member of NSO’s research team is a veteran of the intelligence services; most of them served with AMAN, the Israeli Military Intelligence Directorate, the largest agency in the Israeli espionage community — and many of them in AMAN’s Unit 8200.
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If they could control the device itself, though, they could collect the data before it was encrypted. CommuniTake had already figured out how to control the devices. All the partners needed was a way to do so without permission.
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to obtain export licenses from Israel’s Ministry of Defense to sell their tools abroad, providing a crucial lever for the government to influence the firms and, in some cases, the countries that buy from them.
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Veterans of Unit 8200 — Israel’s equivalent of the National Security Agency — poured into secretive start-ups in the private sector, giving rise to a multibillion-dollar cybersecurity industry.
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an estimated one in 10 of the nation’s workers employed by the industry in some way.
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For Israel, the weapons trade has always been central to the country’s sense of national survival. It was a major driver of economic growth, which in turn funded further military research and development.
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Cyberweapons have changed international relations more profoundly than any advance since the advent of the atomic bomb.
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Times reporting also reveals how sales of Pegasus played an unseen but critical role in securing the support of Arab nations in Israel’s campaign against Iran and even in negotiating the Abraham Accords, the 2020 diplomatic agreements that normalized relations between Israel and some of its longtime Arab adversaries.
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shows how Israel’s ability to approve or deny access to NSO’s cyberweapons has become entangled with its diplomacy
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Israel, through its internal export-licensing process, has ultimate say over who NSO can sell its spyware to.
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no cooperation from AT&T, Verizon, Apple or Google.
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the company demonstrated a new system, called Phantom, that could hack any number in the United States that the F.B.I. decided to target. Israel had granted a special license to NSO, one that permitted its Phantom system to attack U.S. numbers. The license allowed for only one type of client: U.S. government agencies
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he danger is that these methods will be copied by other countries or strong, malevolent non-state actors. New ideas and tools are needed to deal with this. Such is the purpose of this paper.
It is major problem. The roots are much deeper than just current practice of Russia. Relativity of truth, misuse of human rights agenda for economic gains, etc. made global population very sceptical and cynical about 'official truth'. Thus, relativisation of truth created space in which actors like Russia can trive. Now, West is trying to introduce almost Orwelian 'ministry of truth' by censoring even former president (Trump). Unfortunately, I think that the battle for core principle is almost lost. For me , it was lost when Trump was banned from social media for life-time. It was very Orwelian. I do not to say how much I disagree with him. But, this act was for me 'Sarajevo 1914' for Western democracy. It is wider context which is very dangerous and risky. It remains to see if Western societies will find stamina and energy to come back.
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curator.diplomacy.edu curator.diplomacy.edu
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The proportion of global chips sold by China is rising (see chart 1)
Tech development of developing countries is crucial for China - export demands there are increasing
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America’s own semiconductor toolmakers still count China as one of their biggest markets
This is the key: US markets want China in!
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focus on protecting trade secrets
Is that not even less possible today? Innovation and production is not only in the IPR, but also in human capacities and labour - and this is where the West (still) dominates
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“Many are sceptical because they’re not sure whether or not Biden will be around,” says Richard Thurston, once the top lawyer at the Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC)
Taiwan is in an interesting situation. Probably the only thing that ties the US support to it is semiconductors. If they give it away to US or others, they have no safeguards any more; at the same time, they are forced to give bits away by developing TSMC factories in US (though not the key technology), to avoid Intel and others catching up... It is a be or not to be for Taiwan.
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Likewise SMIC can get older chipmaking tools but not the latest versions that can be used for chips that go into iPhones and self-driving cars
This depends on manufacturing equipment, where US, Japan and NL dominate
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access to chips and chipmaking tools above a certain level of sophistication
This is the key, but not just for China - there is a global bottleneck with only Samsung and TSMC being able to produce them
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prospect of American-Chinese chip trade ever reviving
I think this Rubicon has been crossed already, and not just in US-China relations: states understand they can't rely on the global supply chain any more (due to both China and the US). Is there a way back for this trust anyhow? ||JovanK|| ||MariliaM||
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The Europeans and the Japanese both want a more formal multilateral approach
Could this be the next rift in the western positions - on where chip export rules should be drafted? ||JovanK|| ||MariliaM||
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had been poised to sell its most sophisticated tools to SMIC, China’s biggest and beefiest chipmaker. Japanese and American officials rounded on the Dutch government, which duly refused to give ASML a licence to export its cutting-edge machines to SMIC
What is the NL and EU position on this?! ASML is Dutch ||JovanK||
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Quad, a club of countries that embraces America, Australia, India and Japan
Yet Quad has no producers of high-end semiconductors - Taiwan or S Korea
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EU-US Trade and Technology Council,
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Wassenaar so that it might help control the trade in semiconductors. But few expect it to play that role, not least because Russia is a member
Understanding chips as 'dual use technology' may be an overstretch. It is rather a commodity, though scarce (and not for natural reasons like oil, but for purely political and investment reasons related to know-how and production)
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Organisation of the Semiconductor Exporting Countries: OSEC
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policy over the trade in chips and the equipment and material
Does this trade and export of semiconductors generally fall under the existing WTO rules? If so, were WTO rules broken by the US policy? ||JovanK|| ||MariliaM||
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in 25 years he has never seen semiconductors so consistently top the diplomatic agenda
Is it only in US, or the EU and others have it high on the agenda? While EU is making steps for independence on this grounds as well, is it actually still hoping (and pushing) for a global supply chain and the end of US export policy/foreign affairs push?
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hinese firms, spurred on by billions of dollars of investment by the state, have redoubled their efforts to develop their own versions of chip technologies they had previously imported along supply chains linked to firms in America
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Japanese firms, among others, have started quietly marketing their products in such a way as to evade America’s Export Administration Regulations, qualifying them as “ EAR-free”
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neutral territory from which they might continue to export supplies. Singapore and Malaysia led the way
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It might be a smart gamble—a new variant, the climate crisis, or a nuclear apocalypse might force us all indoors again—but it is, to put it dramatically, a bet against humankind
Nicely put: metaverse as 'a bet against humankind'.
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The question is whether we—the intended users—will go along with it.
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footprint.diplomacy.edu footprint.diplomacy.edu
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Digital Geneva Footp
||JovanNj||||anjadjATdiplomacy.edu|| Promenite nazive i ovde i compare two actors u
Digital Footprint of International Geneva
(kao na naslovnoj strani). Thanks!
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curator.diplomacy.edu curator.diplomacy.edu
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The prolonged pandemic has forced the government, including the Foreign Ministry, to readjust its targets and goals. But these difficulties are not an excuse to allow progress to be arrested. It is natural for the public to ask more of the government during trying times, and the RCEP is incomplete without Indonesia’s ratification.
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- Jan 2022
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dev-ai.diplomacy.edu:8504 dev-ai.diplomacy.edu:8504
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Digital Geneva Footprint ofInternational Geneva
Ide samo Digital Footprint of International Geneva
Ne treba Digital Geneva Footprint
||JovanNj||
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www.fmprc.gov.cn www.fmprc.gov.cn
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Year of the Tiger
Test
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China has yet to grant regulatory approval for the sale of cultivated meat (so far, Singapore is the only country in the world that has), but that could soon change as pressure mounts to achieve the five-year plan. Market approval would see increased private investment in local cultivated meat start-ups, like Joes Future Food, which has already raised nearly $11 million to start lab-grown pork production. Meanwhile, the sheer size of China’s potential market could spark additional investment in global brands that are already scaling up
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By promoting cultivated meat alternatives, China could reduce greenhouse gas emissions from raising livestock (or importing meat), while ensuring that it maintains food security
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www.quantamagazine.org www.quantamagazine.org
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A graph hypernetwork starts with any architecture that needs optimizing (let’s call it the candidate). It then does its best to predict the ideal parameters for the candidate. The team then sets the parameters of an actual neural network to the predicted values and tests it on a given task.
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Given a new, untrained deep neural network designed for some task, the hypernetwork predicts the parameters for the new network in fractions of a second, and in theory could make training unnecessary. Because the hypernetwork learns the extremely complex patterns in the designs of deep neural networks
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Boris Knyazev of the University of Guelph in Ontario and his colleagues have designed and trained a “hypernetwork” — a kind of overlord of other neural networks — that could speed up the training process.
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curator.diplomacy.edu curator.diplomacy.edu
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MUDs, or multi-user domains.
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curator.diplomacy.edu curator.diplomacy.edu
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New Zealand, Singapore, and Chile have signed the Digital Economy Partnership Agreement, which represents a new type of trade agreement to promote the digital economy.
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Wellington’s participation in international and regional organizations, the diversification of its foreign relations, and its subtle adjustments to its policy toward China, particularly concerning some political and international issues such as the South China Sea.
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curator.diplomacy.edu curator.diplomacy.edu
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the Greater Bay Area strategy
another Bay Area in china.
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curator.diplomacy.edu curator.diplomacy.edu
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, digital diplomacy should primarily be understood as the use of digital information, communication and technologies to achieve diplomatic objectives. In this case, we mainly focus on the usage of digital diplomacy to help pursue foreign policy goals.
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curator.diplomacy.edu curator.diplomacy.edu
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It shows Chiinese dominance of AR and VR, which are underlying technology behind metaverse.
It also shows importance of IPR - mainly patents but also trademarks on metaverse
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rejecting various metaverse-related trademark applications
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Alibaba, which owns the , plans to launch new AR glasses for users to conduct virtual meetings over DingTalk, the company’s enterprise communication and collaboration platform, in its latest move to stake out a claim in the metaverse.
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helping them gain first-mover advantage in the metaverse arena
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VR immerses a user in an imagined world, like in a film or video game, with the aid of an opaque headset such as those from Oculus, a division of Facebook parent Meta Platforms. AR provides an overlay of digital imagery onto the real world with the use of a clear headset, like Microsoft’s HoloLens, or with newer smartphones and tablets.
Simple definition of two technologies.
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Chinese Big Tech companies, led by internet giants Tencent Holdings and Baidu, comprised more than half of the world’s top 10 filers of patent applications for virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) technologies over the past two years, showing a strong effort to establish a foothold in the emerging metaverse market.
Behind Metaverse is virtual and augmented reality technology where Chine leads.
||AndrijanaG||||VladaR||||ArvinKamberi||
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curator.diplomacy.edu curator.diplomacy.edu
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South African President Cyril Ramaphosa, who has accused the EU of ‘vaccine apartheid’, is expected to only attend online, while other countries may want to make a stand by boycotting the summit.
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the EU’s handling of the Omicron variant will be raised by the African side as an example of how trust can be undermined if the EU does not consult before measures are taken.
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curator.diplomacy.edu curator.diplomacy.edu
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America’s militarized approach is struggling to compete with extensive Chinese economic and infrastructure assistance.
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trade engagements with Africa center around extractive industries such as oil and minerals; and selling high-priced technologies such as aircraft.
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Africom epitomizes the militarization of US policy towards Africa.
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personal connections that key people in the Biden foreign policy and national security establishment have with Tigrian leaders who ruled Ethiopia for almost three decades.
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curator.diplomacy.edu curator.diplomacy.edu
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to use both global resources to solve local problems and turn local experiences and expertise into shareable global resources.
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global advocacy and a myriad of activities that help to maintain the city’s global identity.
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Sister-cities flourished following the Second World War as a way to improve people-to-people relationships across country borders in order to make war less likely.
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as Kitakyushu’s Initiative for a Clean Environment, Sendai’s Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, and Minamata’s Convention on Mercury.
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peace tourism, research on nuclear abolition
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the Mayors for Peace organisation
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moral authority on nuclear abolition and non-proliferation.
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Japan’s Nagasaki is an important example of a city engaged in global activism and activity.
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curator.diplomacy.edu curator.diplomacy.edu
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||AndrijanaG|| We can include these summits in our calendar.
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promoting digital transformations
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an evaluation of Secretary-General Guterres’s Our Common Agenda report,
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cyberspace
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Diplomacy Reset: Ten Global Summits to Watch in 2022
Less focus on cyber/digital in summits in 2022 according to this summary.
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expanding commitments to climate mitigation, strengthening multilateralism, and increasing the resiliency of democracies.
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in the form of plurilateral agreements in areas such as e-commerce, investment facilitation, and services regulation.
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to waive intellectual property rights for COVID-19 vaccines and treatments—and on fisheries subsidies by the end of February 2022.
||MariliaM|| Priorities for the WTO Ministerial meeting.
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Ministerials generally occur every two years, but by March it will have been five years since the last conference, leaving Director General Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala’s first ministerial with a long list of agenda items.
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curator.diplomacy.edu curator.diplomacy.edu
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The sharing of data—and their use—may now be getting easier.
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The use of PETs offers not only a means of bringing together data sets that cannot currently interact because of worries about privacy, but also a way for all sorts of organisations to collaborate securely across borders.
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although American and Canadian records of the value of wood pulp traded between the two countries were basically the same, their data on the value of the clock trade differed by 80%.
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The output is likewise statistically blurred, using differential privacy, before being sent back to the original inquirer.
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For extra security, cryptographic hashes and digital signatures are applied, to prove that only authorised operations have taken place
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a so-called “privacy budget”,
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they cannot be reverse-engineered to reveal individual records
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differential privacy.
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That inquirer thus receives its answers, but never has access to the information on which those answers are based.
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secure multiparty computation (SMPC)
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The UN PETs Lab, which opened for business officially on January 25th, enables national statistics offices, academic researchers and companies to collaborate to carry out projects which will test various PETs, permitting technical and administrative hiccups to be identified and overcome.
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privacy-enhancing technologies (PETs)
New terminology.
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Reasons of confidentiality mean that many medical, financial, educational and other personal records, from the analysis of which much public good could be derived, are in practice unavailable.
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DATA ARE valuable. But not all of them are as valuable as they could be.
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curator.diplomacy.edu curator.diplomacy.edu
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“Pioneers” are the people on a mission to change the world; “artisans” are interested in mastering a specific skill; “operators” derive a sense of meaning from life outside work; “strivers” are more focused on pay and status; “givers” want to do work that directly improves the lives of others; and “explorers” seek out new experiences.
How to combine the following type of characters in one team: “Pioneers” are the people on a mission to change the world; “artisans” are interested in mastering a specific skill; “operators” derive a sense of meaning from life outside work; “strivers” are more focused on pay and status; “givers” want to do work that directly improves the lives of others; and “explorers” seek out new experiences.
The success of one team is to have right blend of different characters.
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And teams are likelier to perform well if they blend types of employees: visionaries to inspire, specialists to deliver and all those people who want to do a job well but not think about it at weekends. Like mayonnaise, the secret is in the mixture.
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they felt their roles had less meaning when they no longer had direct responsibility for the well-being of passengers.
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Having a purpose does not necessarily mean a desire to found a startup, head up the career ladder or log into virtual Davos. Some people are fired up by the prospect of learning new skills or of deepening their expertise.
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“Pioneers” are the people on a mission to change the world; “artisans” are interested in mastering a specific skill; “operators” derive a sense of meaning from life outside work; “strivers” are more focused on pay and status; “givers” want to do work that directly improves the lives of others; and “explorers” seek out new experiences.
Archetypes of people.
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curator.diplomacy.edu curator.diplomacy.edu
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Last year Amazon Web Services (AWS), the online giant’s cloud-computing arm, introduced Amazon SageMaker Canvas, a set of tools that lets people deploy machine-learning models without writing code.
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low code/no code (LC/NC) tools
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Power Apps platform
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Just 25m people around the world are fluent in standard programming languages
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They allow anyone to write software using drag-and-drop visual interfaces alone (no code) or with a bit of code creeping in (low code).
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“the future of coding is no coding at all”
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curator.diplomacy.edu curator.diplomacy.edu
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Now its neighbours’ instability looks like a risk to the solemnly invoked peace that underpins the whole European project.
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By contrast, France’s President Emmanuel Macron relentlessly pushes the idea that Europe must develop its own “strategic autonomy”.
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Bits of eastern Europe see NATO, and specifically America, as the bedrock of their security.
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The way Europe deals with its neighbourhood is an extension of how it was built.
Should it apply to 'digital'.
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Europe sends money, and recently vaccines, as part of its “neighbourhood policy”, which extends to bits of the Middle East. But the task is low on its list of priorities.
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In the western Balkans, pound-shop demagogues rant and loot. Across the Mediterranean, a mere people-smuggling dinghy ride from the EU, North Africa now mixes a drift away from democracy (Tunisia) with civil war (Libya).
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But peace stops at the EU’s borders.
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the crucial thing about the European project is that it has delivered peace.
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curator.diplomacy.edu curator.diplomacy.edu
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China has long nurtured ambitions—invigorated by American sanctions but so far unsuccessful—to build a fully fledged chip industry.
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It aspires to double Europe’s share of chipmaking, currently around 10%.
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The shortages, and America’s tech-flavoured trade war with China, have reminded politicians how vital chips are to the modern economy—and how over-reliant their supply is on a few giant firms.
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TSMC’s boss, C.C. Wei, said this month that a correction could be “less volatile” for his firm thanks to its position at the technological cutting-edge.
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The chip business has swung between over- and undercapacity since it emerged in the 1950s, observes Malcolm Penn of Future Horizons, a firm of analysts (see chart). If history is a guide, then, a glut is in on the way. The only question is when.
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curator.diplomacy.edu curator.diplomacy.edu
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on January 20th both Meta and Twitter integrated NFTs into their platforms.
How?
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the creator economy
another buzz concept to be followed
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web3 will not dislodge web2.
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the future may belong to a mix of the two, with web3 occupying certain niches.
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One is that the ownership of the computing power that keeps many blockchains up to date is often very concentrated, which gives these “miners”, as they are called, undue influence.
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at recently launched web3 projects, between 30% and 40% is owned by the people who launched them.
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Despite being a relatively recent phenomenon, web3 is exhibiting signs of centralisation. Because of the complexity of the technology, most people cannot interact directly with blockchains—or find it too tedious. Rather they rely on middlemen, such as OpenSea for consumers and Alchemy for developers.
Parallel with TCP/IP. promise of decentralised communication has not realised because of practical usability.
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“If something is truly decentralised, it becomes very difficult to change, and often remains stuck in time,” he writes. That creates opportunities: “A sure recipe for success has been to take a 1990’s protocol that was stuck in time, centralise it, and iterate quickly.”
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Lock-in, reckons Mr Marlinspike, tends to emerge almost automatically.
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That was the problem of early web3 offerings (then called “peer-to-peer” or “the decentralised web”).
Previous Web 3.0 attempts
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Unlike Google and Meta they do not control their users’ data. OpenSea (in which a16z also has a stake) and Alchemy are just pipes to the blockchain. If their customers are unhappy, they can move to a competing service.
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Syndicate helps investment clubs organise themselves into “decentralised autonomous organisations” governed by “smart contracts”, which are rules encoded in software and baked into a blockchain.
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This is possible thanks to blockchains, which turn the centralised databases to which big tech owes its power into a common good that can be used by anybody without permission. Blockchains are a special type of ledger that is not maintained centrally by a single entity (as a bank controls all its customers accounts) but collectively by its users. Blockchains have outgrown cryptocurrencies, their earliest application, and spread into NFTs and other sorts of “decentralised finance” (DeFi). Now they are increasingly underpinning non-financial services.
about evolution of blockchain
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Web3, in Mr Dixon’s telling, “combines the decentralised, community-governed ethos of web1 with the advanced, modern functionality of web2”.
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More recently, open-source software, which users can download for nothing and adapt to their needs, took over from proprietary programs in parts of the industry—only to be reappropriated by the tech giants to run their mobile operating systems (as Google does with Android) or cloud-computing data centres (including those owned by Amazon, Microsoft and Google).
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since November some $1trn of the value of cryptocurrencies, the most mature province of web3, has gone up in flames.
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“You don’t own ‘web3’. VCs and their [limited partners] do,”
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Pitted against them are the sceptics.
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On one side sit techno-Utopians, firms offering assorted web3 services and their VC backers.
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His token showed that NFTs are not as non-fungible as advertised. And OpenSea’s reaction illustrated that the supposedly decentralised web3 has its own gatekeepers.
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NFTs are the most visible instantiation of “web3”—an idea that its advocates and their venture-capital (VC) backers hail as a better, more decentralised version of the internet, built atop distributed ledgers known as blockchains.
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NFTs are the most visible instantiation of “web3”—an idea that its advocates and their venture-capital (VC) backers hail as a better, more decentralised version of the internet,
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curator.diplomacy.edu curator.diplomacy.edu
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The remedy for the failures of competition policy is not to abandon the consumer welfare standard but to bring it up to date.
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The large and fluid tech ecosystems offered by Alphabet, Amazon, Apple and others show the complexity of the task: they are in an innovative phase with new services being created that are highly popular and they increasingly compete with each other. It would be easy to erode the quality of their products with ill-judged rules.
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Regulators and governments, especially in Europe, must be realistic about their ability to anticipate consumers’ needs and should not pursue firms purely because they have grown big by being useful
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Before the consumer welfare standard emerged in legal judgments in the 1970s and 1980s, America’s trustbusting was capricious.
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a bill that would ban tech giants from using their platforms to favour their own services.
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Since the 1990s the EU has tended to put consumers’ interests first, but now its commissioner wants to apply a “broader notion” of harm.
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One school, named after Louis Brandeis, a judge, holds that big companies must be tamed because they corrupt politics and damage customers, competitors and staff. The other says the goal of antitrust is to protect the welfare of consumers, which can be enhanced by big, efficient firms. For decades the consumer approach has been ascendant, but now the consensus has frayed and trustbusters are heading in a Brandeisian direction.
Two schools of thought in competition policy.
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curator.diplomacy.edu curator.diplomacy.edu
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Interoperability often requires a level of commercial and technical finesse rarely seen in the management of government contracts.
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In 2017 thousands of Google employees signed a letter outlining their unhappiness with the company’s role in the Maven project. Microsoft’s bid for the JEDI contract faced internal opposition on similar grounds. Many others will also have concerns about data fusion on such a scale, for military or any other purposes.
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to build “a continuous pipeline of all-source intelligence analysis” into “continually learning analytic engines”.
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“data fusion”—combining different pieces of information to reveal things that one source cannot capture, including things no human would think to look for.
Data fusion - a new concept that we may use in our 'lingo' (to sound 'cool')
||JovanNj||||anjadjATdiplomacy.edu||
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In 2019 the Pentagon awarded Microsoft a $10bn contract for its Joint Enterprise Defence Infrastructure (JEDI). Last year Amazon, which has been supplying the CIA with such services since 2013, got the contract annulled. A new tender issued in November will probably see the work shared among a number of firms. There will be more than enough to go around.
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an increasing amount of processing be done “on the edge”—that is, on the platform carrying the sensor.
Chance also for human-driven AI systems.
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an narrow down a huge range of potential targets and pass information about them freely to where it is most needed.
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But radar’s capabilities had to be built into systems that made use of them.
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you need ways to combine their data into information that can be acted on at speed.
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curator.diplomacy.edu curator.diplomacy.edu
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For Diplo-team I will provide access to data with statistics. There are a few reasons why this display is useful for us:
Infographics and presentation: it presents data in an effective way ||JovanNj|| ||anjadjATdiplomacy.edu||
For our language and diplomacy courses, this text provides useful analysis ||Andrej|| ||Dragana||
It is a good update for our DW on multilingaulism ||AndrijanaG||
||MarcoLotti|| It could be a good input for Francophonie course to see how French language is featuring in these changes identified by spotify. It can bring an intersesting language angle to the course (with impact on governance, e-comemrce, etc.). ||MariliaM|| ||Cecile||
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We labelled each of the roughly 1,700 songs with the lyrics language using an automated technique.
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Many of the K-pop bands popular in South Korea manage to achieve global success by mixing in some English.
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we plotted the most-streamed song for countries in each group weekly for the full five-year period, revealing precisely when and where these leaps happen.
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the hegemony of English is in decline.
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The Economist trawled through the top 100 tracks in 70 countries according to Spotify.
Is this research by Spotify available?
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curator.diplomacy.edu curator.diplomacy.edu
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that price will be paid from the wallet rather than through physical suffering.
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the amount of gas held in storage.
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he thinks extra LNG could fill 15% of the shortfall that would result from a complete Russian cut-off.
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to retire coal-fired power stations and its rash decision, taken in the wake of Japan’s Fukushima disaster, to shut down its nuclear plants, it remains more reliant on natural gas than it need be.
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Germany is the most vulnerable.
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This would be felt most acutely in Slovakia, Austria and parts of Italy (see chart), reckons David Victor of the University of California, San Diego
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Without a war, JPMorgan Chase, a bank, forecasts that higher prices will lead to Gazprom making over $90bn in gross operating profit this year, up from $20bn in 2019.
Interesting survey of gas-dependence
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curator.diplomacy.edu curator.diplomacy.edu
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Does the USA policy towards China on microchips suply chains work? Most likely not, according to the Economist latest coverage.
But 'chip diplomacy' is taking top of many diplomatic meetings worldwide as the US tries to keep focus on this important strategic issue.
Biden administration has been shifting from Trump's approach of banning export microchips to Chinese companies such as Huawei towards more multilateral solutions that will 'secure supply chains' as it is terminologically framed.
The USA, according to the Economist, faces the following dilema:
America is caught between choosing a softer set of controls which may work better in the long run, or a harsher set that could hurt Chinese technology more in the short run but might harm American industry overall.
In search for opitmal approach for the US interest, it has to take into consideraiton the following elements:
- unilateral control does not work since there are ways to bypass export bans. In short run, some companies may be hurt as it was the case with Huawei, but in medium and long term it will fail.
- Asian and European countries are not willing to go with harsh sanctions towards China. They also prefer multilateral solution why USA prefers fast solution among group of 'like-minded countries'.
In the search for a compromise solution, they are experimenting with the development of, what the Economist, calls 'The Organisation of the Semiconductor Exporting Countries' (analogous to OPEC for Petroleum). But, more immediate solution are searched, including the cooperation in the context of the EU-US Trade and Technology Council, QUAD cooperation, etc.
You can access the Economist article here.
The GIP Digital Watch will follow these developments closely.
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may yet agree on how to contain China’s semiconductor ambitions. But it may prove impossible for one state to control such a complex industry.
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despite Mr Trump’s campaign to snuff out China’s indigenous industries and Mr Biden’s more multilateral attempts to achieve the same end.
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American semiconductor companies and those in friendly countries could sell their most advanced chipmaking services to the Chinese market, yet still be able to prevent Chinese firms from developing the most sophisticated manufacturing capacity themselves.
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should focus on protecting trade secrets.
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controlling exports of specific machines and components is unwise anyway, because no net of controls can be drawn tightly enough to stop a determined,
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a compromise by cutting off Chinese access to chips and chipmaking tools above a certain level of sophistication.
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America is caught between choosing a softer set of controls which may work better in the long run, or a harsher set that could hurt Chinese technology more in the short run but might harm American industry overall.
Key dilemma
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Without America’s friends on board America’s hard line on exports threatens to weaken its own companies.
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The Europeans and the Japanese both want a more formal multilateral approach. But America reckons its ability to react fast to a Chinese threat would inevitably be curbed.
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narrower coalition-of-the-willing approach to diplomacy.
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the leading countries in the chip supply chain—America, Japan and the Netherlands
Where is Taiwan?
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the Semiconductor Industry Association
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of meetings to discuss sanctions that might be put on Russia
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the Quad, a club of countries that embraces America, Australia, India and Japan.
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global chip diplomacy is still weak.
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to co-operate in “rebalancing” global chip supply chains. That was diplomatic language for keeping them away from China.
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he EU-US Trade and Technology Council,
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Officials pay lip service to the idea of updating Wassenaar so that it might help control the trade in semiconductors.
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the Organisation of the Semiconductor Exporting Countries: OSEC.
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he has never seen semiconductors so consistently top the diplomatic agenda.
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must build a consensus with friendly countries.
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lose its grip over the chip supply chain.
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to develop their own versions of chip technologies they had previously imported along supply chains linked to firms in America.
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beyond the reach of American law.
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to evade America’s Export Administration Regulations, qualifying them as “ EAR-free”
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