Query normalization is used so that different queries can be compared. For any individual query, however, it uses the same score for every document (effectively negating its impact within an individual query)

Query normalization (queryNorm): This is typically the sum of squared weights for the terms in the query.

For field length normailization, a term match found in a field with a low number of total terms is going to be more important than a match found in a field with a large number of terms.

Field length normalization (norm): This is the inverse square root of the number of terms in the field:

Like term frequency, coordination can be turned off, but that is typically only done when the terms are synonymous with each other (and therefore, having more than one of them does not increase relevancy). A better way to handle that situation, though, is to populate a synonym file to handle synonyms automatically.

Coordination (coord): Counts the number of terms from the query that appear in the document.

Inverse document frequency (idf): This is one plus the natural log (as in "logarithm", not "log file") of the documents in the index divided by the number of documents that contain the term

Term frequency clearly assumes that the more times a term appears in a document, the higher its relevancy should be.

Term frequency (tf): This is the square root of the number of times the term appears in the field of a document:

it uses Lucene's Practical Scoring Function. This is a similarity model based on Term Frequency (tf) and Inverse Document Frequency (idf) that also uses the Vector Space Model (vsm) for multi-term queries.

For example, a user searching on "apple" could mean the company or the fruit, but matches may occur on documents for both the company and for the fruit.

Before Elasticsearch starts scoring documents, it first reduces the candidate documents down by applying a boolean test - does the document match the query?

assess violations of international norms

organization that chooses to subscribe to the principles and their outcome

anctioned IP addresses and domain nam

imilar in scale to NSP-Sec or Outages,

responsibility of the global Internet governance community to weigh the costs and risks of sanctions

Internet governance community may wish to consider in its deliberative processes

It is inappropriate and counterproductive for governments to attempt to compel Internet governance mechanisms to impose sanctions outside of the community’s multistakeholder decision-making process

currently does not easily lend itself to the imposition of sanctions in national conflicts

Military and propaganda agencies and their information infrastructure are potential targets of sanctions

The effectiveness of sanctions should be evaluated relative to predefined goals

Local loop

What are the most important points surrounding 5G?

shift of government sites to RusNet.

There's an expression: "You can fool people some of the time, but not all the people all of the time!"

hiding real interests

principle of net neutrality

The proposed model is expected to be subject to a multistakeholder review and eventually adopted through community-driven consensus.

Is net neutrality an issue in your region?

no written rules are in place for how the RSS is governed

telecommunications infrastructure (bottom) or the physical layer through which internet traffic flows.

What is an algorithm?

Some authors make reference to a potential third type of AI, an artificial super intelligence, which will not mimic human skills, but present ‘an intellect that is much smarter than the best human brains in practically every field, including scientific creativity, general wisdom and social skills’ (Bostrom, 2008). Some of the concerns about the future of humanity in relation to AI, such as those voiced by Tesla founder Elon Musk, are based on the idea of artificial super intelligence. Nevertheless, there is a lot of disagreement about how likely it is that current human intelligence can be surpassed or even matched.

What do you think about Cerf’s statement? Would you like to adopt the phrase ‘artificial idiot’ to describe AI?

Is there a definition of AI that you prefer? Are you aware of any definitions used by individuals or organisations that are very different from the ones we have mentioned?

Whichever definition you adopt, it is important to keep three things in mind. AI is (a) a moving target, (b) a suitcase or umbrella term for various aspects of computer science, and (c) a general-purpose technology.

AI is ‘the scientific study of the computational principles behind thought and intelligent behaviour’ (Skilton & Hovsepian, 2018, p. 80).

5.

in standards-intensive areas such as for AI, cybersecurity, data, portability and IoT.”

“A new High-Level Forum

Breton pointed to the example of Galileo, the EU-sponsored navigation system that applied to the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to access smartphone applications. However, the application was rejected “due to influence from other players.”

identifying strategic areas for the EU agenda on the green and digital transitions, with chips certification and data standards explicitly mentioned as cases in point.

that position has been challenged by American and Chinese companies, which have taken over the majority of votes even inside European standardisation organisations.

Global Digital Foundation

to put standards at the heart of European economic success and societal progress,”

can entail prohibitive costs, regulators worldwide have increasingly looked at the strategic nature of the standard-setting process.

Industry standards allow companies to reduce the compliance costs with legislative requirements, for example, Wi-Fi frequencies, and enable the interoperability of products and services, such as the USB ports for laptops and charges.

policy controversies occur among ITU member states

liberalising telecommunications

digital policy issue

our time

news outlet

media

affect the lives

AI strategy and Policy

arely speaks about AI,

unemployment and inequalities.

sectors in which the introduction of AI is more palpable?

citizen privacy

political repression

big countries

Social Dilemma' Netflix

divisive figure

whole-of-government activity

geared towards Indian citizens

relationship building

There were many views as to how long the transition from IPv4 to IPv6 would take, from an optimistic six-month rapid cutover to a hopelessly pessimistic view of a protracted ten-year transition.

A.Knowledge reuse and retention

Figure1-Data, information, knowledge: conceptual differences

establish norms and procedures for the retention and transfer of knowledge

knowledge management skills and knowledge-sharingabilities in their respective staff performance appraisal systems

should develop knowledge management strategiesand policies

watching for

Severing ties with Russian network operators could still degrade data-intensive video services. Cogent generates a large share of its revenue by moving data for streaming-video customers like Netflix Inc.

Cogent commands a powerful position as a network operator and estimates that at times it carries up to a quarter of the data crossing the global internet. It is among a small group of operators that handle unusually high volumes of international traffic.

On the other hand, current AI systems are very sensitive to edge cases, situations that they haven’t encountered during training.

The division of labor between System 1 and System 2 is nature’s solution to creating a balance between speed and accuracy, learning and execution.

System 2, on the other hand, is the slow and meticulous type of decision-making that requires logic, rational thinking, and concentration, such as solving complex mathematical equations, playing chess, or walking on a narrow ledge.

System 1 is fast, implicit, intuitive, and imprecise.

specific

relied on real experience

what is vital is offering content that makes it easier for people to decide what product to buy.

gives this little blurb a ton of context

The page’s placement on the SERP highlights the demand for content that helps the user know how to go about buying something and what to look for. It’s the kind of intent that we’ve seen Google call for on review pages

a page that guides you through home theater systems, specifically wireless ones. Along the way, there are product recommendations and ultimately, offers for a series of systems they also recommend that you buy. 

only half of the page is entirely relevant to query. 

Intent. 

that speaks more closely to the user’s intent might be even better

you get the sense that the author has listened to the speaker personally and is basing the assessment off of real use.

Having all of the right elements on the page, from comparative charts to boxes listing pros and cons, is not beneficial unless the content within those elements is substantial and helpful.

it was one massive comprehensive blog post-like piece of content built on other massively informative and expertly created pieces of content. 

Google knows when you add page elements for the sake of some SEO checklist vs for the sake of the reader.

Instead of relying on foreign supply chains, let’s make it in America.

harms of social media. As Frances Haugen, who is here tonight with us, has shown, we must hold social media platforms accountable for the national experiment they’re conducting on our children for profit. Folks — thank you. Thank you for the courage you showed. It’s time to strengthen privacy protections; ban targeted advertising to children; demand tech companies stop collecting personal data on our children

third

fourth

Second

First

by shipping jobs and factories overseas

cut the cost of prescription drugs

Look, economists call this increasing the productive capacity of our economy.

I think I have a better idea to fight inflation: Lower your costs, not your wages. And, folks, that means make more cars and semiconductors in America, more infrastructure and innovation in America, more goods moving faster and cheaper in America, more jobs where you can earn a good living in America

GM is making the largest investment in its history — $7 billion to build electric vehicles, creating 4,000 jobs in Michigan.

Companies are choosing to build new factories here when just a few years ago, they would have gone overseas. That’s what is happening. Ford is investing $11 billion in electric vehicle

Some of the most sophisticated manufacturing in the world to make computer chips the size of a fingertip that power the world and everyday lives, from smartphones, technology that — the Internet — technology that’s yet to be invented.

That’s where Intel, the American company that helped build Silicon Valley, is going to build a $20 billion semiconductor “mega site.” Up to eight state-of-the-art factories in one place. Ten thousand new jobs. And in those factories, the average job — about $135 — $135,000 a year.

But, folks, to compete for the jobs of the future, we also need to level the playing field with China and other competitors. That’s why it’s so important to pass the bipartisan Innovation Act sitting in Congress that will make record investments in emerging technologies and American manufacturing.

And look, it’s going to — it’s going to transform America to put us on a path to win the economic competition of the 21st century that we face with the rest of the world, particularly China.

digital governance

governance

governed

Is the old-real vs new-cyber debate still relevant?

in addition to land, water, and air (NATO, 2016).

Discussions

organisation

approach

fragmentation of its underlying infrastructure and services

centralisation or decentralisation

fourth military operational domain

Balance

liability

broader approach

advanced

without specific indications on how a rule should apply, the implementation of such rules can create additional challenges.

compatible with the global nature of the internet

14:00

he numerous grievances Russia’s l

It all comes down to human choices.

A brief attempt at independence was quickly crushed by the Red Army that re-established Russian rule.

Maybe the law of the jungle is a choice rather than an inevitability?

The first and most obvious result of a return to the law of the jungle would be a sharp increase in military spending at the expense of everything else.

the fact that it stems from human choice also means that it is reversible.

It resulted from humans making better choices. It is arguably the greatest political and moral achievement of modern civilisation.

In recent decades governments around the world have felt safe enough to spend an average of only about 6.5% of their budgets on their armed forces, while spending far more on education, health care and welfare.

meant only “the temporary absence of war”.

in the first two decades of the 21st century human violence has killed fewer people than suicide, car accidents or obesity-related diseases. Gunpowder has become less lethal than sugar.

In the past few generations, however, for the first time in history the world became dominated by elites who see war as both evil and avoidable.

wheat fields and oil wells, today the main source of wealth is knowledge.

the so-called law of the jungle isn’t a natural law at all.

One school

ven fought a brief border war. By contrast, Mr Putin has enlisted Beijing in the effort to oppose NATO enlargement.

offered one another s

He likes to demonstrate

Embody a European digital sovereignty, that is to say a real strategic autonomy based on a capacity for action and choice:

Build a digital regulatory framework based on multilateral and multi-stakeholder dialogue

to become a Common

to transform their practices and values into de facto standards

The Foreign Policy Strategy 2020–23 defines the basic principles for digital foreign policy and sets out the vision of a free, open and secure digital space.

prioritise novel drug

Below are the 9 indicators and requirements that determine if nominated software, data, AI models, standards and/or content can be considered a DPG.

open-source software, open data, open AI models, open standards, and open content that adhere to privacy and other applicable best practices

Glad to

35 sec. agoPriyanthi1 min. agoIs it when you try to enable textus annotations from the top right corner arrow?exactlyIvan17 sec. agoRune50 sec. agoi had some issues with that, too. it eventually worked when i logged into the textus tool from this page https://study.diplomacy.edu/?ssoLogin=true i.e. the course overviewthis worked for me too!Roberto:SendCustomize

confidential.

ice to meet you!

epicting left-pointed arrow

Stories represent training data to teach your assistant what it should do next.

customer support logs, assuming data collection & re-use is covered in your privacy policy, or user conversations with your assistant.

user generated text as well as conversational patterns.

domain.yml is the configuration file of everything that your assistant "knows". It contains:

The data folder contains data that your assistant will learn from.

The config.yml file contains the configuration for your machine learning models.

The domain.yml file is the file where everything comes together.

This can be rule based, in which case we may be using a Regex or it can be based on a neural network. Rasa comes with a neural network architecture, called DIET, that sorts texts into intents and entities based on examples it's been provided.

governance frameworks

Elon Musk responds to Russia’s International Space Station threat

The fact that Putin has invaded Ukraine emphasises the limitations of cyber weapons.

Microsoft’s Digital Defense Report, published last October, attributed 58 per cent of all known nation state cyber attacks to Russia over the previous year.

Elliptic’s Robinson, however, noted creative uses of crypto countries under sanction. He said Iran has been able to put its oil reserves to use by repurposing it to mine energy-intensive crypto, potentially salvaging hundreds of millions of dollars. “Cryptocurrency mining provides a way for Russia to monetize its oil and gas reserves on the global market even if it isn’t able to physically export them,” he said.

Some Russian figures are also urging more internal oversight of cryptocurrency. In a televised meeting with Putin on Thursday, Alexander Shokhin, the head of the business group the Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs, made the case to the Russian leader that for the sake of “minimization of external financial risks,” the government should “institute effective regulation of digital financial assets and cryptocurrency."

The Biden administration has been leaning on the crypto industry to take its own steps to block and report sanctioned entities. The Treasury Department in October published guidance reminding crypto companies that they are responsible for policing their own platforms and that slip-ups could lead to “enforcement actions … and negative impacts on a company’s reputation and business.”

And U.S. authorities have demonstrated a growing sophistication in tracking and seizing illicit crypto funds, a fact that could further deter Russian interests looking for ways to evade the wave of new sanctions.

Crowdfunding for global causes is not new, but crypto makes it easier to transfer the funds, which are not subject to the same hurdles as traditional bank transfers.

Chainalysis ranks Ukraine as the top European adopter of cryptocurrency and the fourth biggest in the world.

“Because there is no central controller who can impose their morals on its user, crypto can be used to crowdfund for the Ukrainian army or help Russia evade sanctions,”

But the world in which such a war is possible has been forged jointly by Russia and the United States, starting twenty-three years ago.

International law allows military action under two scenarios: if a nation or nations are acting in self-defense, or if they have the sanction of the U.N. Security Council. Yet some scholars have argued that the Kosovo air war was legal. A paper published in Parameters, the quarterly publication of the U.S. Army War College, in 2000 proposed a sort of “natural law” justification for the war; a memo submitted to the British Parliament by a law professor at the London School of Economics argued, in effect, that the war was legitimate even in the absence of Security Council approval. “You will still find a substantial number of legal scholars who will say, ‘We should recognize that international law is not a straitjacket,’ ” Douglas told me. “But if the law is only a recommendation, then it’s not law. ‘Laws apply to them but not to us’ is not the way a legal regime works. The air war in Kosovo made international law look like a farce. It applies only to the weak.”

“There was no way Carla Del Ponte was going to bring charges against the very nations that were funding the I.C.T.Y.,” Douglas said. “If she did, the U.S. and Great Britain could have just pulled the plug on the tribunal.”

 ‘War of humanitarian intervention’ is such a bizarre term that it can be used to justify any kind of aggression,” he said.)

Primakov had his plane turned around over the Atlantic and returned to Moscow.

“It’s impossible to imagine air raids in Kyiv.” Before I could catch myself, I blurted out, “Like it was once impossible to imagine air raids of Belgrade.”

it’s always hard to imagine war.

The test of policy is how it ends, not how it begins.

Understanding U.S. values and psychology are not his strong suits. Nor has understanding Russian history and psychology been a strong point of U.S. policymakers.

They represent the two wings of Ukraine and have not been willing to share power. A wise U.S. policy toward Ukraine would seek a way for the two parts of the country to cooperate with each other. We should seek reconciliation, not the domination of a faction.

Even such famed dissidents as Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and Joseph Brodsky insisted that Ukraine was an integral part of Russian history and, indeed, of Russia.

But if Ukraine is to survive and thrive, it must not be either side’s outpost against the other — it should function as a bridge between them.

annotations

3-4 textus annotations.

cmaundu@gmail.com

This playlist contains a series of videos that will help you get started with NLP. It was originally hosted on Youtube but we've since also moved it to our learning center.