- Apr 2022
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curator.diplomacy.edu curator.diplomacy.edu
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If you had a mechanism to control the attributes of the text that the model is generating, she explains, you could perhaps push it away from generating certain kinds of data, such as, personal details like names, social security numbers, and phone numbers, for instance.
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Synthetic data is useful to simulate conditions that may not (yet) exist. These datasets can also be edited, and potentially at scale.
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Synthetic data has some advantages over traditional datasets, the researchers note. For instance, not all research teams have the resources to access high-volume, high-quality data, especially when it could involve sensitive information, such as personal data.
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GANs are deep learning models that use two neural networks working against each other—a generator that creates synthetic data, and a discriminator that distinguishes between real and synthetic data—to generate synthetic images that are almost indistinguishable from real ones. GANs are popular for generating images and videos, including deepfakes.
Q: What are GANs
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A recent survey has revealed that 99 percent of computer vision engineers have had a machine learning project completely canceled due to insufficient training data.
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curator.diplomacy.edu curator.diplomacy.edu
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From 2010 to 2012, tension in Maritime Asia was rising fast. The US excluded China from a regional grouping, the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), and was seen as creating de facto geostrategic encirclement around China.
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“Deepening Mutual Connectivity and Realizing Sustainable Development,” stating that “infrastructure is the basis for economic development; connectivity is critical to trade integration; and Asian leaders need to promote communication and cooperation across borders.
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China’s domestic overcapacity intensified in 2010,
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It seems that the BRI follows the “infrastructure diplomacy” initiated by China in the 2000s. Afterwards, the BRI has succeeded in mobilizing every economic actor in China.
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curator.diplomacy.edu curator.diplomacy.edu
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Title: Elon Masks joins Twitter: the new battle for free speech
Mask's appointment to the Board of Twitter, as the biggest shareholder, is a more content policy than business news.
Musk has been a staunch supporter of free speech. He said 'Given that Twitter serves as the de facto public town square, failing to adhere to free speech principles fundamentally undermines democracy.' He also opposed cancelling of president Trump's Twitter account.
Musk's arrival to Twitter already triggered pushback from Twitter staff who is more interested in 'protecting people from hate speech and trolls' than 'freedom of expression'.
Given Twitter influence, this battle between two camps - content control vs freedom of expression - will have major impact on the future of the Internet.
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the work to protect people from “hate speech and trolls” is “bigger than any board member.”
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“Given that Twitter serves as the de facto public town square, failing to adhere to free speech principles fundamentally undermines democracy,” he tweeted.
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Musk could make moves to restore Trump’s account and to push the company to go softer on the right.
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”He has made his fortune largely on the manipulation of attention in the public interest, not making electric cars.“
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should take a more liberatarian approach to policing speech on its service, and many executives within the company who have championed stronger actions to reduce misinformation and harm.
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curator.diplomacy.edu curator.diplomacy.edu
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German authorities seized servers of Hydra, one of the biggest cybercrime forums. Hydra was parked of DarkNet operated by ToR software.
One of the strengths of Hydra was the Bitcoin Bank Mixer, a service to prevent access by law-enforcement agencies.
Hydra was used for transferring funds from the Colonial Pipeline ransomware.
The end of the Hydra platform will in particular affect the Russian cybercrime community.
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to have a significant impact on the Russian cybercrime community
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leaves a tremendous vacuum in the cybercrime world,
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Elliptic also said the darknet site helped launder money the Dark Side ransomware group extorted in a hack of Colonial Pipeline last year.
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was the Bitcoin Bank Mixer, a service for obfuscating digital transactions
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they confiscated Hydra’s server infrastructure and 543 bitcoins, worth about $25 million.
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had 17 million customers and more than 19,000 seller accounts registered.
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In 2020, it had annual revenue of more than $1.37 billion,
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Authorities in Germany have seized servers and other infrastructure used by the sprawling, billion-dollar enterprise along with a stash of about $25 million in bitcoin.
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jmt.scholasticahq.com jmt.scholasticahq.com
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Journal of Moral Theology dedicated special issue on 'artificial intelligence'.
An Introduction to the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence Matthew J. Gaudet
Artificial Intelligence and Moral Theology: A Conversation Brian Patrick Green, Matthew Gaudet, Levi Checketts, Brian Cutter, Noreen Herzfeld, Cory Labrecque, Anselm Ramelow, OP, Paul Scherz, Marga Vega, Andrea Vicini, SJ, Jordan Joseph Wales
Artificial Intelligence and Social Control: Ethical Issues and Theological Resources Andrea Vicini, SJ
Can Lethal Autonomous Weapons Be Just? Noreen Herzfeld
We Must Find a Stronger Theological Voice: A Copeland Dialectic to Address Racism, Bias, and Inequity in Technology John P. Slattery
Can a Robot Be a Person? De-Facing Personhood and Finding It Again with Levinas Roberto
Metaphysics, Meaning, and Morality: A Theological Reflection on A.I. Jordan Joseph Wales
The Vatican and Artificial Intelligence: An Interview with Bishop Paul Tighe by Brian Patrick Green
Epilogue on AI and Moral Theology: Weaving Threads and Entangling Them Further Brian Patrick Green
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www.un.org www.un.org
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$349 billion on peacekeeping, humanitarian relief and refugee support. And global military expenditures rose to nearly $2 trillion in 2020
These numbers/stats are very striking and a powerful way to demonstrate the amount of money spent to war.
However, while I don't want to come across as warmonger, I think it's worth pointing our for our internal discussions only how wars/destruction have a sort of evolutionary purpose in human society development, as they propel advancements not only in technology (war technology results of which are then transferred to other aspects) but also in the general outlook towards humanity and human development.
A typical example of this is the Warring States period in early Chinese history that was characterised by bloody (civil) wars (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warring_States_period) but also brought on unprecedented flourishing of philosophy, art, and social norms that determined the future development of not only China, but the entire eastern Asia for millennia to come (also knows as Hundred Schools of Though period: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Schools_of_Thought)
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and strategic data and analytics to address hate speech and detect and avoid looming crises.
||Jovan|| Jovan, is this perhaps something our AI team could work and/or collaborate with someone on? ||JovanNj||
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spilling across borders and causing skyrocketing food, fuel and fertilizer prices that spell disaster for developing countries
And this is exactly where nexus comes at play - complex issues demand comprehensive and holistic approach that crosses not just national/geographical borders, but also those between different sectors/areas.
||dominiquehATdiplomacy.edu|| Perhaps this is something we may include in the course/project description to make it a bit clearer to those who are new to the nexus concept/approach?
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And third, we need Member States, the United Nations system, international financial institutions and all partners to do far more to join up our humanitarian, peace and development efforts. The flames of conflict are fuelled by inequality, deprivation, and underfunded systems.
This is the definition of nexus as a priority in the USA.
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Peacebuilding works — it is a proven investment. As you know, we’ve developed a series of mechanisms to expand and grow the resources required to deliver. And we’re making progress. For example, the Peacebuilding Fund has been steadily growing — investing $195 million last year.
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New Agenda for Peace
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one quarter of humanity lives in conflict-affected areas. Two billion people. Last year, 84 million were forcibly displaced because of conflict, violence and human rights violations. And this year, we estimate that at least 274 million will need humanitarian assistance. All of this is taking place at a moment of multiplying risks that are pushing peace further out of reach — inequalities, COVID-19, climate change and cyberthreats, to name just a few.
Statistics on humantitarian needs.
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Resources are being diverted away from badly needed support to address the sharp increases in hunger and poverty resulting from COVID-19.
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we are facing the highest number of violent conflicts since 1945.
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learn.diplomacy.edu learn.diplomacy.edu
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shameful surrender
Less than ideal results --- Thanks Adrienn. Reaching an agreement is often accompanied by some sort of press statement, or maybe an interview or more. How you describe the result in this context creates an opportunity to explain how the result achieved was the best obtainable and what that means for the future.
Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com
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Preparednes
HD preparedness --- Teresa, I guess I'd say that organisations should not start HD actions (including negotiations) from square one every time. There needs to be an understanding of HD inculcated in the minds and behaviours of our humanitarian organisations so that when it's time to start before you begin you have the necessary fundaments in place.
Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com
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interest-based’ approach
Defining interest --- Thanks Teresa. I often find that "interest" is defined so differently that it's not possible to set a universal definition. A good stakeholder analysis should, however, help you and your organisation match interest to the culture and economic and social (all of them) circumstances.
Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com
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cultural elements
Gender and Age --- Kylea, although there is still a great deal to be done the world has moved a long way since the time of my first exposure to multilateral diplomacy, in the 1960s. In those days there were hardly any women or young people at top UN tables but this is now very different. There's been more movement at this multilateral level than in many States, but this is changing too, albeit often too slowly.
Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com
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Convention on Cluster Munitions
Weapons debates in the RCRC --- Thanks Etienne, and just to add a date to JM's comment. The next opportunity for the RCRCM to consider these issues will be the meeting of the Movement's Council of Delegates, 22-23 June 2022, in Geneva. This is open only to National Societies and Movement institutions, so not to States, and it will be fascinating to see how these issues are addressed there.
Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com
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separate
Play the Ball, not the Person --- Thanks Sally. You're right but I am more and more disquieted by the tendency of politicians almost everywhere to play the person during election campaigns and the like. This builds ways of thinking and working which make it harder to play the ball.
Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com
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Emphasis on the second approach
Stating neutrality and independence not always enough --- Thanks Kylea. An example of this issue is the International Criminal Court, set up to act as a truly independent court. The nature of international crimes is that there will always be States whose interest is not in a neutral finding and they will find a way to stand aside from the findings of the prosecutor or the Court. The Ukraine debate interests me for many reasons, one of which is the relative absence of reference to the ICC, including by the USA which is not a party to the Rome Statute.
Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com
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promote respect for international law (
Respect for international law --- Thanks Kylea and Crys. While we speak of respect for international law, it's important to see this in the context of the way States - virtually all of them - like to speak of the importance of the "rules-based" international system. Law is at the heart of this, but as is the case in domestic legal situations there is often plenty of room for argument as to what these rules say and mean. HDiplomats will be watching this debate and finding meaning in rules which strengthen humanitarian solutions.
Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com
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public advocacy
Pressure on Russia --- Good curiosity, Kylea. There is an assumption that if you can get the whole world (minus a few) favouring action this will sooner or later have an impact on Putin's Russia. We'll see over time what this means.
Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com
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interest-based’ approach
Compromise not an option --- Crys, it depends on what you want. Some final texts, especially when the outcome is a non-binding resolution, are adopted by a vote and with the intention of making a definitive statement. Israel-Palestine resolutions often have this character.
Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com
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developing separate draft agreements
Wording of agreements 2 --- Drafting language - initial drafting can be in any language at all but it comes together at the multilateral level in a common language, usually but not always English. UN agreements eventually are adopted in the official languages of the UN.
Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com
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developing separate draft agreements
Wording of agreements 1 --- Thanks Teresa. It's also important to remember that many of the ideas which are considered when drafting agreements come from NGOs and others which are not party to the drafting process but which come from NGOs and other observers. Some are lodged with States by national NGOs contributing at their own national levels. Some of them come forward because NGOs have their own access to thinking because of consultative processes made possible by treaties - one such treaty is the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.
Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com
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clear language
clear language --- Clear language and written agreements must be even more important in intercultural settings, this way both parties can ensure that there is no/less misunderstanding.
Source author: Adrienn Nasz adrienn.nasz@gmail.com
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concentrate on listening
listening --- It is important to listen with the purpose of understanding and not just waiting for the other party to stop talking and to have a chance to say what I want to say. It's an important form of appreciation towards our partner. Just like Sally said.
Source author: Adrienn Nasz adrienn.nasz@gmail.com
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applying time pressure
time pressure --- Often used tactics in EU-negotiations (especially budget). At Council meetings, it often happens that the meeting isn't closed until a decision is made (with consensus). At 5 am the parties usually reach some kind of agreement (after a few days on intense negotiations).
Source author: Adrienn Nasz adrienn.nasz@gmail.com
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respected or legitimate
respected or legitimate --- Instead of "or" I would say "and". One can be a legitimate representative and still have little respect for various reasons (behavior, style, preparedness, past actions etc.)
Source author: Adrienn Nasz adrienn.nasz@gmail.com
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intergovernmental and inter-agency working groups
Focusing on Influence --- Thankyou for sharing Teresa, that is a great point!
Source author: Kylea Shropshire kylea.shropshire@gmail.com
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shameful surrender
root issues --- It's possible that a compromise is deemed something negative when the solution is unsatisfying and temporary because it doesn’t address the root issues. Does stating the obvious, eg. that the root issues are not addressed, help the parties feel themselves better about a compromise? Being clear about the fact that a less than ideal solution was agreed upon but it was the most the parties were able to reach at the moment.
Source author: Adrienn Nasz adrienn.nasz@gmail.com
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humanitarian negotiations do stand apart
war crimes --- exactly - and what happens? not much... Ukraine challenging the UN is on point - what's the point of calling out war crimes and witnessing genocides if accountability measures and tribunals and other platforms take so long? i mean i understand the nuclear sensitivity of this (nuclear /WW3/etc...) but just seeing people's reactions makes you take a step back and look at a system that has been failing and continues to fail to protect and do what it was meant to do
Source author: Crys Al Chamaa Crys.chamaa@gmail.com
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Attack the problem together
ego --- Such a nice way to say that sometimes we have to put aside our ego (what we want) and prioritize finding common ground having in mind what we need. Quite useful method for all walks of life.
Source author: Adrienn Nasz adrienn.nasz@gmail.com
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searching for one right solution
Creativity for a right solution is possible --- To get expected result (where there is no possibility) is possible if the matter is seen from different points of view. Here's a story on it. A shoe company sent its agent to one of African countries (couple of centuries years before) to explore possible market of shoes. He found all people there with bare feet and sent a telegram to company "Bad news! People here wear no shoes". But the company sent another agent instead to find any possibility to discover. The new agent sent the same telegram but with different result "Good news! People here wear no shoes". The company then invests there and earns profit.
Source author: M. Humayun Kabir hkabir1971@gmail.com
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perceptions of compromise
leadership & loyalty --- i really enjoyed the article and completely agree about the unconsciousness of cultures and societies because compromises can be understood as failure, lack of loyalty, and weak leadership that chose an easy way out.
Source author: Crys Al Chamaa Crys.chamaa@gmail.com
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context
NSAG context --- In the context of NSAG humanitarian negotiations must be conducted in a careful manner. Here perception matters- meaning the organization needs to understand the reality in the context but not just stick to look skill set of a good negotiator. Sometimes there are missed opportunities which can be built on the good level of knowledge at the context in which the humanitarian negotiations are taking places.
Source author: Mohamed Abdirashid keysar126@gmail.com
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interest-based’ approach
compromise isn't always an option --- what happens when neither parties can/want to compromise? e.g. Israel-Palestine. Compromise is more realistic when the parties are of equal treat to each other. When one is highly more armed or has resources and leverage, the likely-hood of a compromise becomes almost impossible. Why compromise when you can have it all?
Source author: Crys Al Chamaa Crys.chamaa@gmail.com
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regional
Regional --- Negotiation at regional level means to have HD who can influence the humanitarian negotiations from the higher diplomatic level but what is most important here is to play a neutral role and use strategies that does not go against the fundamental humanitarian principles.
Source author: Mohamed Abdirashid keysar126@gmail.com
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preserve humanitarian space;
Humanitarian exemptions in Counterterrorism laws --- In some countries, the legislative body legalize counter-terrorism bill without considering the humanitarian consequences. Therefore, HD using their negotiation skills are required to have a dialogue with the concerned government institutions and expected to secure humanitarian exemptions to be considered.
Source author: Mohamed Abdirashid keysar126@gmail.com
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why we must talk’
No legal definition of terrorism --- Indeed, this is a real issue. The fact that there is no internationally agreed definition of terrorism opens the door to political and opportunistic interpretations by states.
Source author: Chloe Sarthou chloe.sarthou@hotmail.fr
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promote respect for international law (
always relevant --- promotion for respect on international law and humanitarian principles should be constant regardless of the need because, and as seen in Ukraine crisis and reaction from the public when the ICRC negotiates with Russia, negotiation and HD is not understood clearly. Humanitarian principles can be understood and be misunderstood and with the highly politicised and identity-based conflicts require this promotion now more than ever
Source author: Crys Al Chamaa Crys.chamaa@gmail.com
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intergovernmental and inter-agency working groups
Focus for influence --- They also provide a place/focus for groups that are not part of the formal negotiation process to be able to input their perspectives, evidence etc. I'm thinking of the social movement that grew up around people living with aids that formed a powerful influence or lobby group in promotion of access to free ARTs- they could reach individuals as well as organise to present evidence at moments before inter-agency meetings.
Source author: Teresa Hanley thanley7@gmail.com
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developing separate draft agreements
Wording of agreements --- It seems in reality that it takes huge amounts of time to agree final wording of agreements eg for agreements such as the MDGs/SDGs and the inclusion (or exclusion) of women's rights for reproductive health including abortion. There seem (to an outside observer) that huge time goes into trying to find a form of wording that keeps everyone happy but not always found. But also I wonder how the language of documents is negotiated in the first place - is it a multi-language process and if so how many languages for multi-lateral agreements (only the UN official languages?).
Source author: Teresa Hanley thanley7@gmail.com
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Preparednes
HD preparedness --- Is there such a thing as "HD preparedness" - I know there are activities that really pay dividends when an opportunity presents it self such as relationship building, evidence building etc. But is it recognised as a valued use of time in reality in many organisations (beyond maybe ICRC?). I've seen the importance of activities like relationship building, profile building and maybe for Red Cross promotion of the Fundamental Principles awareness but that time for these activities often get cut when resources, especially senior people's time, is short.
Source author: Teresa Hanley thanley7@gmail.com
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interest-based’ approach
Defining interests --- I wonder if there is work or examples on how negotiators approach the subject of "interest" . In some international relations theory eg realist theory interest is often seen as being about power or economic interest- likewise political economy approaches. I'd be interested if there is work looking at how we can build shared understandings of "interest" which I think can be very culturally /context or even person-specific.
Source author: Teresa Hanley thanley7@gmail.com
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intergovernmental and inter-agency working groups
Working Groups --- I agree Sally, working groups can be extremely useful in preparing such grand programs, agreements, and so on. I think it is very important that all parties are engaged and remain motivated throughout the discussions. This way, knowledge and progress is not lost on a high turnover of individuals - which may be disruptive as you then need to rebuild trust and explain everything again.
Source author: Kylea Shropshire kylea.shropshire@gmail.com
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A collaborative approach
Working with other Humanitarian Actors --- I am curious Mohamed if your organization has worked with other humanitarian organizations? Even so, in what ways do you see that other NGOs do not adhere to the same principles? Generally, I like to think we have more strength when working together, especially in such a difficult context, but of course this is not always possible.
Source author: Kylea Shropshire kylea.shropshire@gmail.com
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neutrality
Misinformation --- My first thought that it would be Russia targeting the ICRC in Ukraine. If they enrage Ukrainians to kick out the ICRC from the country, it would mean less aid for Ukrainian citizens, which would further weaken the Ukrainian government's position and thereby aid in Russia's invasion. There would also be less eyes on the ground to witness what is happening.
Source author: Kylea Shropshire kylea.shropshire@gmail.com
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cultural elements
Gender and Age --- Another important aspect is gender. Perhaps the gender of the person negotiating may not be acceptable to the other party and also age may play a role in the respect you are given.
Source author: Kylea Shropshire kylea.shropshire@gmail.com
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right venue
Venue and Equipment --- For mediation, there are different approaches to the kind of table choice made (or not to use one), is this similar in humanitarian negotiations? For example using a round table instead of a rectangular one.
Source author: Kylea Shropshire kylea.shropshire@gmail.com
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s.
Building prisons --- Of course Etienne, but here again there is room for negotiation. In 2011 in Tunisia during the so called Jasmin Revolution, detainees set fire to their places of detention (and many died as a result). ICRC offered to rebuild kitchens, infirmaries, sport facilities, but not cells or interrogation rooms!! And it worked just fine.
Source author: Jean-Michel Monod jmmonod@yahoo.com
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Convention on Cluster Munitions
Weapons Conventions --- I think it is quite simple Etienne: on the one hand, ICRC is the gardian of International Humanitarian Law, on the other, as these weapons (mines, cluster munitions, potentially laser weapons) are killing people in numerous regions of the world, the RCRCM offers an opportunity for a global Humanitarian Diplomacy effort.
Source author: Jean-Michel Monod jmmonod@yahoo.com
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listening,
Silence and empathy --- Indeed Sally, active listening, empathy and using silence when appropriate, which can convey so many (positive) things!
Source author: Jean-Michel Monod jmmonod@yahoo.com
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egotiation in crisis situations
All auxiliaries? --- The Palau example below is especially interesting -I understand that there are several NS that are in this negotiation process, including the Russian RC, with a bill on its auxiliary position set to go to parliament next year. In that case, do we think that the current crisis will facilitate or hinder that bill?
Source author: Etienne Berges etienneberges@redcross.org.uk
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entry
More impartial access negotiations in Myanmar --- A relatively successful example has been in Rakhine, Myanmar; where several agencies where able to access majority Muslim camps and villages in the centre and the north of the state; as a result of the spread a more 'generalised' conflict between the Arakan Army and the Tatmadaw which meant nearby Buddhist majority villages were also affected.
Source author: Etienne Berges etienneberges@redcross.org.uk
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Convention on Cluster Munitions
Succesful RCRC HD always = weapons? --- Negotiations on bans of certain types of weapons are often cited as best practices of HD, especially as led by the RCRCM. Why is this? Does it have to do with the ICRC's specific mandate, or is there something else to it?
Source author: Etienne Berges etienneberges@redcross.org.uk
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negotiations often ‘start before they begin’
Most felt in multilat negotiations --- This 'starting before it begins' (and its FOMO corollary i.e. 'fear of missing out' ) is especially felt in large multilateral negotiations where states seem to have the most power. For example during the COP26, the RCRCM was extremely well represented and the RC Climate Centre did a stellar job; however there was still a feeling that we did not do enough upstream negotiation and agenda setting
Source author: Etienne Berges etienneberges@redcross.org.uk
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s.
Principles v. pragmatism --- An interesting example where the 'principled based negotiation takes on a different meaning - it's not necessarily the neutrality principle that matters here, but the much more pragmatic one of getting access. However in negotiating access to prisons we also shouldn't be naive -the relevant authority may then ask for support that the ICRC can't provide, for e.g. infrastructure with military use (renovating a particular road etc.)
Source author: Etienne Berges etienneberges@redcross.org.uk
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generate a variety of possible outcomes
options are diverse --- utilising the abilities of group/ partners to explore options broadly - appears to assist in exploring thinking , build generosity of contributions, and gain trust that we are open to exploring all possible solutions together
Source author: Sally Mckay sallyjmckay@gmail.com
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separate
play the ball - not the person --- It really seems to help - to divide it in your mind. It is the issue - interests - possible positive outcomes to focus upon. Not the person. This may also prevent unintended tiny negative reactions to people - which may be hard to disguise - and affect how you see people and how they see you .
Source author: Sally Mckay sallyjmckay@gmail.com
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listening,
active, reflective and respectful listening --- This has to be one of the most highly beneficial skills - to really hear what people are saying - what they are verbally and physically telling you - to gain an in-depth understanding. To reflect back what is said - in a meaningful manner. To also not be fearful of silences. To hold a silent space - not feel a need to bounce in and respond - or add other info. .
Source author: Sally Mckay sallyjmckay@gmail.com
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reciprocity’
words are very powerful --- totally agree - words are very powerful - the term compromise - has connotations of giving and taking . Reciprocity- is such a generous word - it connects us as humans - and we both give and receive
Source author: Sally Mckay sallyjmckay@gmail.com
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compromise
2D or 3D --- I enjoyed that metaphor of the cake. Thank you It is often how we look at an issue- if we see a limited amount of solutions - and that a win for one - may be viewed as loss - lack of options - for another . It is really is a deficit model. If we have the mindset - that there are positive outcomes for all - may change how we approach a negotiation? Humans tend to be territorial beings - and perhaps understanding that basic driver - may help us as negotiators
Source author: Sally Mckay sallyjmckay@gmail.com
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intergovernmental and inter-agency working groups
working together --- working groups - can be really valuable - in taking the time - to repeatedly sit around a table - listen to each other - share their accounts/ needs - and work towards common goals
Source author: Sally Mckay sallyjmckay@gmail.com
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normative framework
progressing the awareness of gender violence, and discrimination during disasters --- During Cyclone Pam - Vanuatu - gender violence was known to be high within communities, participation of women in relief / recovery decision making low , and there was no history of collecting or analyzing disaggregated data . Raising the awareness of Govt and local partners, about these issues, opportunities to achieve outcomes for women in recovery -and how collecting disaggregated data could benefit all recovery partners. Training then provided to NS , and all partners, then for monitoring relief and recovery assessment - disaggregated data achieved, resulting in specific locally led livelihoods recovery projects for women.
Source author: Sally Mckay sallyjmckay@gmail.com
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rom your own experience
Marshall Islands RC - development during drought --- There had been a handful of locals working with Govt - and advocating for the development of a NS. There were many concerns and barriers this group faced from Govt members . During an extreme drought - this group persuaded Govt to invite IFRC to assist in drought relief . I was appointed as Ops Manager- a team bought in for WASH , desalination plants installed , locals trained . During this period- regular meetings with govt - re reporting on actions and advocating for the role of a NS - and the support available from IFRC . This drought provided the impetus for these issues to be discussed, negotiations to be explored, outcomes of support proved the value of NS role to isolated communities and Govt . NS formed soon after and grew from this beginning
Source author: Sally Mckay sallyjmckay@gmail.com
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proficiency
Language barriers --- Interesting, Phoebe. I've been in situations where the parties with which I was working said they would rather work in English than in a language which was the first language of one of them. Equality of disadvantage, one of them said.
Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com
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right venue
Virtual negotiations venue --- Funny question Chloe. Not. I'm engaged in a silly correspondence with an academic in a European country who is trying to say that a webinar in which I'm involved is located in Melbourne despite the fact that the participants are from Myanmar and many other countries, including his. I don't yet know what he thinks he will gain from asserting that Melbourne is the venue.
Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com
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fair external standards
Mediator --- Thanks Chloe. Sometimes there is resort to a mediator for the whole issue on the table, sometimes the resort is to an expert on a technical issue. Sometimes it is to a group - I gave an example in response to a point about negotiating texts earlier in this module text of a very small group tasked with the production of a single negotiating text for the drafting of what is now the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. Mediators can take many forms and if they're unsuccessful they can be replaced.
Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com
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why we must talk’
Negotiating with terrorist groups --- Thanks Chloe. Without going into the merits of the Mali case, my worry - increasing every day - is that governments the world over label almost any form of activist opposition as terrorists. How should we define terrorists in future? The reality probably lies in your last sentence.
Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com
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public advocacy
The Zelenskyy factor --- Eefjie, I very much agree with JM and would say (after watching his address to the Australian Parliament) that his applauding parliament audience was a bit like a prop supporting his request for war materials from the Australian Government. It succeeded very well.
Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com
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promote respect for international law (
Respect for International Law --- Isn't it always relevant and important to promote respect for international law as this then can foster a culture of understanding and respect for it? I mean, if people live it and embody it, it would be more difficult to breach.
Source author: Kylea Shropshire kylea.shropshire@gmail.com
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the counterparts’ interests
All interests included? --- Thanks Eefjie, Emmanuel and Jaime. As Jaime says, a good stakeholder analysis will reveal who should/must take part. A task for the HDiplomat is to watch carefully and ensure that all those who should take part are invited to do so and given a role of some sort. That role doesn't have to be on the negotiating floor, but will depend on the format of the negotiation.
Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com
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illustrative example
Complicating the example --- Although I agree with your point, Fritz, the trouble with your sentences is that you introduced the complication by varying the scenario. I hope you aren't doing this in Assignment 6-7!
Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com
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social norms and the cultural setting
First impressions --- Thanks for opening this Mohamed. I agree with Emmanuel too, especially as good stakeholder mapping will help you avoid rash first impressions.
Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com
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developing separate draft agreements
Single texts or separate drafts --- Thanks Kabir. Sometimes the issue surrounds a document so long and complex that competing texts on various subjects creates a monster which can't be discussed sensibly. I saw an example of this when I was in the Australian Mission to the UN in New York in the 1970s. The treaty in question was the draft UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, a document well over 100 pages long. A small group, which included Australia, produced the Single Negotiating Text from all the proposals on the table and it was from this document that the eventual Convention emerged.
Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com
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compromise
The components of compromise --- Thanks Sepideh and Fritz This underlines well another point - there needs to be good buy-in in your organisation so that there is sufficient discipline to hold your own positions together through the processes of negotiation and possible compromise.
Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com
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negotiating in crisis situations
Contract crises --- Thanks for this interesting contribution Lessur, Sepideh and Mohamed. Any contributions from others on this will be most welcome.
Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com
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write a letter to the other party
Written document of oral agreement --- Thanks Kabir. What you say might be ideal but it will be more common these days for the "written document" to be not much more than a thank you letter, and sometimes done as an e-mail. I know this might raise veracity issues in the future, but the cases of which I know haven't reached that level of disputation. The letter should, of course, be written very carefully.
Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com
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negotiation team
Team Vs Individual --- There are times where joining the negotiating table as an individual works i.e. might take a short time, less influence from different parties which might complicate the efforts etc.
Negotiating as a team brings with it power to the table, as people are able to bring in different perspectives which at the end of the day will enrich the discussion. Downside it tends to take longer. A good team will ensure both teams win at the end of the negotiation.
Source author: Phoebe Shikuku Pheobeshikuku@gmail.com
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important to be well-informed
Knowing the Other Party --- In addition, knowing the other party ensures that your credibility as an organization is not compromised in any way.
It might be easy to lose credibility with the respective government for example when seen negotiating with an armed groups that the governent is against.
Source author: Phoebe Shikuku Pheobeshikuku@gmail.com
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patient humanitarian diplomacy.
Patience as a Virtue --- This is very important for HDiplomats especially when you are in a conflict setting with armed groups, the proposal on the table is against the government stand or has not been endorsed by the government or their is mistrust betwen the parties. Should the other parties feel they are being hurreid to get into the negotiation table, the mistrust further builds up.
Source author: Phoebe Shikuku Pheobeshikuku@gmail.com
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proficiency
Language Barriers --- Language barriers can hinder the understanding of the main objectives of each parties including their interest. It also sometimes causes mistrust especially where the parties involved in negotiation resort to their local langauges to agree on something before reverting to the main group. It is useful to understand which language will be comfortable for the parties coming to negotiation for proper understanding, trust building and peaceful consensus building
Source author: Phoebe Shikuku Pheobeshikuku@gmail.com
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humanitarian negotiations do stand apart
Humanitarian Negotiations do Stand Apart --- In agrement with you Terez. HDiplomats should at all times ensure that the 7 fundamental principles are respected and abided to and at all times, the humanitarian objective will should be the main objective.
Source author: Phoebe Shikuku Pheobeshikuku@gmail.com
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interest-based’ approach
Interest based Approach --- Each party has thier own interest that they bring to the table. It is therefore of importance to clearly and in a trusted manner understand the interest of both parties before during and after the negotiations to ensure that both parties are satisfied. Being congnisant that some interest may be layered and one discussion will lead to an interest being unveiled.
Source author: Phoebe Shikuku Pheobeshikuku@gmail.com
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Annotators
URL
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learn.diplomacy.edu learn.diplomacy.edu
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serious situation
Interesting Perspective --- Thank you for sharing this Humayun, this is an interesting take on partnerships. Was there concern that a serious situation may destroy your reputation by partnering with them?
Source author: Kylea Shropshire kylea.shropshire@gmail.com
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pillars
Alignment of Values --- One of the most important aspects is definitely having aligned values and attaching the same meaning to humanitarian principles. In addition, risk to reputation is a salient point and must always be at the forefront of our minds when entering in to a potential partnership with other humanitarian actors in order to achieve HD objectives.
Source author: Kylea Shropshire kylea.shropshire@gmail.com
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assessing a partnership
Professionalism at the Local Level --- I am a bit unsure of what was meant in the last line Fritz. Do you mean that local NGOs are not always professional? I understand what you mean I think, but from my professional experience, I have also seen larger organizations also lacking in professionalism at times. It is important that we do not go into a local context assuming that the local NGOs are not professional or cannot be. Their local influence and expertise can provide valuable access and influence that would otherwise be impossible or negligible without them.
Source author: Kylea Shropshire kylea.shropshire@gmail.com
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hrough stakeholder analysis
Stakeholder Analysis --- I absolutely agree with Eefje on this. Researching the stakeholders and analyzing them, including their influence and dynamics - all curucial for understanding how to manage them, engage with them, and/or involve them in your HD activities.
Source author: Kylea Shropshire kylea.shropshire@gmail.com
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local risks/aspects?
Research --- From my experience in mediation and working in the field, researching your counterpart(s) and also those at the periphery is crucial. It may become apparent that those who are seemingly not directly involved are still important for the success of a humanitarian operation or for HD.
Source author: Kylea Shropshire kylea.shropshire@gmail.com
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private versus public advocacy
Transparency --- I think this is a good point. Public advocacy definitely has it's risks and there will likely always be someone who is unhappy with it. On the other hand, if the advocacy is fully conducted by closed doors, some stakeholders may feel that they were left out or even cheated. This may lead to further mistrust and jeopardize humanitarian activities.
Source author: Kylea Shropshire kylea.shropshire@gmail.com
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goals
Goals --- I think that the goals can be similar, but not necessarily the same. Negotiation and advocacy are two different ways to achieve goals, but it may not be possible to completely achieve the same goal using one or the other. For example, during the Troubles, advocating for an agreement was not enough. It became apparent that formal negotiations would need to take place to try to come to a formal agreement. This eventually lead to the Belfast Agreement/Good Friday Agreement 1998.
Source author: Kylea Shropshire kylea.shropshire@gmail.com
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private advocacy
Private Advocacy vs Negotiation --- They serve different purposes. Advocacy is a way to influence or try to influence what someone is thinking regarding an issue or topic. HD's can advocate private individuals or entities to try to influence their perception of a humanitarian challenge. Negotiations can also be done privately, but they are generally well planned and may include all parties involved coming together to find or attempt to find a solution to a humanitarian challenge.
Source author: Kylea Shropshire kylea.shropshire@gmail.com
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assignment 4-5
group assignment --- It was such a nice experience. Great group members, interesting topic and despite the different time zones we managed to organize various Zoom sessions to work on our assignement. Thank you for the opportunity!
Source author: Adrienn Nasz adrienn.nasz@gmail.com
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funding pattern
funding --- It's important to know the funding background of the organization we plan to partner with. Donor funding requirements and steps taken by the other organization to meet these requirements could have an important influence on our decision to cooperate or not. No partnership is worth to risk our organization's reputation.
Source author: Adrienn Nasz adrienn.nasz@gmail.com
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reputational risk
credibility checklist --- Using the credibility checklist can be of great help. The pillars mentined there could be used as pillars for assessment: relationship with affected populations, organisational reputation, position in the sector. And then, the risk checklist of course.
Source author: Adrienn Nasz adrienn.nasz@gmail.com
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study.diplomacy.edu study.diplomacy.edu
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Do you think this is how a fifth industrial revolution could/should look? Why, or why not?
I see a digital, economic, environmental revolution and a unification of the species. I do not mention it as the fifth, that is already there and it is after the pandemic, I see a sixth revolution in which everything adapts and beyond seeing machines and humans dance, I see the reconstruction of everything.
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Do you think this is how a fifth industrial revolution could/should look? Why, or why not?
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Should we start thinking about the fifth industrial revolution?
We should already be in the sixth revolution, and it is not the industrial one, it is the one of technology.
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Should we start thinking about the fifth industrial revolution?
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The application of advanced technologies in the field of industrial production has been called ‘Industry 4.0’, ‘smart manufacturing’ or ‘smart production’. Industry 4.0 combines hardware (advanced robots and 3D printers), software (big data analytics, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence), and connectivity (the Internet of Things) (UNIDO, 2020).
It is the stage of creating super knowledge, super economy, super education and that of super humans.
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The application of advanced technologies in the field of industrial production has been called ‘Industry 4.0’, ‘smart manufacturing’ or ‘smart production’. Industry 4.0 combines hardware (advanced robots and 3D printers), software (big data analytics, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence), and connectivity (the Internet of Things) (UNIDO, 2020).
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the revolutionary nature of the current transformations in the economy and society stems from (a) the unprecedented speed of economic and social change; (b) the fact that technological convergence is disrupting almost every industry; and (c) the systemic impact of the changes, which touch upon systems of production, management, and governance.
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convergence of technologies
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The impact that AI is expected to have on economic growth and gross domestic product (GDP) is similar to the impact of other general-purpose technologies that underpinned previous industrial revolutions
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‘fourth industrial revolution’.
The revolution of data-driven knowledge.
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‘fourth industrial revolution’.
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curator.diplomacy.edu curator.diplomacy.edu
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The U.N. report notes that the path to a noncatastrophic future is technologically feasible. “Climate AI” could be a key part of that equation. It’s up to us to make the most of it.
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rest on broad-based input as an empirical foundation that motivates, validates and diversifies.
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The program is designed throughout to minimize barriers to participation and make sure that anyone interested in environmental data can pitch in, turning this platform into a vehicle for on-the-ground vigilance and inventiveness.
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The cloud-based AI platform then integrates the data analytically to make it sharable for everyone.
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the job for AI is to combine these heterogeneous data sets and make them “interoperable.”
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The “planetary computer is incredibly complex,” he stated, “and we cannot build it alone” without “the work and demands of our grantees.” To make a difference to at-risk ecosystems, AI needs engaged communities as much as multinational datasets.
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Toward that end, it aggregates data from NASA, NOAA and the European Space Agency, as well as data collected through the partnership between the U.K. Met Office, the Chinese Meteorological Administration and the Institute of Atmospheric Physics in the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
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Microsoft is building a planetary computer as the centerpiece of its AI for Earth program.
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Two other initiatives, from Microsoft and NASA, make clear that to fulfill ambitious climate goals, AI needs a participatory democracy, networks of on-site innovators deeply knowledgeable about their locales and acting urgently for just that reason.
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Using the same machine learning algorithm that swaps visual and audio data to produce fabricated, hyperrealistic videos called deepfakes, it generates similarly real-looking views of floods or wildfires for any street address.
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this “climate AI” could be a game changer in the tech ecosystem, as in the physical ecosystems now facing their worst risks.
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There’s every chance that global temperatures will soar by 3 degrees Celsius, twice as much as the agreed-upon 1.5 C limit. Unless we take drastic steps and cut down emissions by 43 percent within this decade, the full force of this existential threat will be upon us.
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study.diplomacy.edu study.diplomacy.edu
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directly to mobile technology
I can confirm this is the Kenya story. Landline infrastructure and use is quite low at the moment but mobile tech adoption is quite high countrywide with a mobile penetration rate of 114% as at 2021: https://www.statista.com/statistics/509516/mobile-cellular-subscriptions-per-100-inhabitants-in-kenya/
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Reflection point
Yes, there is an IXP in Kenya. In fact, as a result of the IXP, there has been significant growth in local exchanged internet traffic from 30% to 70%.
The IXP helped improve Internet access by keeping local Internet traffic localized and, because of that, faster and more affordable.
This was detailed in the report which can be found on this link here: https://www.internetsociety.org/issues/ixps/ixpreport2020/ . The report summarises a success story of two countries - Kenya and Nigeria and impact of the IXP on internet.
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it unimportant, even annoying
I find this information useful as it allows for a balanced perspective when looking at Internet Governance and will hopefully allow us all look at the global challenges as our problem collectively rather than a problem that affects only a few regions globally.
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oes it seem contradictory to highlight divides in the USA when there are more significant divides in less privileged regions?
No it does not seem contradictory. It actually paints a true picture and a fair view that the divide is NOT ONLY in developing countries, rather it is a global issue. We often see alot of focus or misguided belief that the developed countries are not in any way impacted by internet governance issues or digital divide issues.
The cost of internet I note is lower in a number of developing countries compared to developed countries - any idea why this is the case?
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www.npr.org www.npr.org
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An estimated 84 million people were "forcibly displaced because of conflict, violence and human rights violations," and an estimated 274 million people will need humanitarian assistance due to conflict,
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Two billion people, or a quarter of the world's population, now lives in conflict-affected areas,
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curator.diplomacy.edu curator.diplomacy.edu
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peace-building is a bargain and a prerequisite for development and a better future for all."
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his plan "places prevention and peace-building at the heart of our efforts."
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An estimated 84 million people were "forcibly displaced because of conflict, violence and human rights violations," and an estimated 274 million people will need humanitarian assistance due to conflict,
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Two billion people, or a quarter of the world's population, now lives in conflict-affected areas
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curator.diplomacy.edu curator.diplomacy.edu
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TITLE: ECASH - solution for cash and anonymity in the digital era
CONTENT: Many governments are experimenting with digital currency issued by the central monetary authority. Digital currency won't have anonymity one of the important aspects of traditional cash.
The lack of anonymity of emerging digital currency is problem that inspired US Congress Representative Stephen Lynch to propose the establishment of ECASH (Electronic Currency and Secure Hardware).
ECASH will be based on the peace of hardware or card issued by the U.S. Treasury that could be used strictly peer to peer, like cash. Funds could also be uploaded onto phones or other hardware. It does not require the internet and it does not use blockchain.
TOPIC: crtypto currency URL: https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/30/opinion/digital-money-privacy.html
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Lynch’s bill also appeals to believers in modern monetary theory, or M.M.T., which contends that government spending is constrained only by the threat of inflation, because the bill would provide for the Treasury Department to issue money directly. The department would do so under an authority similar to the one that allows it to mint coins, subject to congressional approval, said Rohan Grey, an assistant professor at Willamette University College of Law in Salem, Ore.
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Ecash would not be a central bank digital currency of the kind being tested around the world.
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To curb crime, there would be a low limit on the value that could be stored on any one card,
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There’s no cryptocurrency blockchain or distributed ledger technology involved in the proposed Ecash system
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Transactions on the proposed new Treasury cards would be strictly peer to peer, like cash. Funds could also be uploaded onto phones or other hardware.
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the Electronic Currency and Secure Hardware Act, or Ecash.
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with issuing digital dollar technologies “that replicate the privacy-respecting features of physical cash.
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“We’re trying to preserve some element of anonymity and not have full-spectrum surveillance of every aspect of people’s lives,”
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any digital currency it issued “would differ materially from cash, which enables anonymous transactions.”
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As cash disappears from the modern economy, privacy disappears with it.
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www.wired.com www.wired.com
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the implementation of censorship would be much more total and much more efficient,”
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Such a move suggests Russia could be moving toward a centralized, Chinese-style approach to online censorship.
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TSPU (“technical solution for threat countermeasures”), was implemented.
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y December 24, 2019, Russia claimed it had successfully tested uncoupling itself from the global internet, without needing to be connected to the rest of the world through Russia’s 10 known public internet exchange points—though the effectiveness and legitimacy of the tests are both disputed.
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The national DNS system maintains a localized copy of the global internet within Russia,
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reates a national DNS system
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gives authorities powers to centralize control of the internet
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packet-snooping hardware on company networks
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In May 2019, Putin announced the RuNet, a sovereign internet disconnected from the rest of the world, as part of a domestic internet law that came into force in November 2019
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Russia is still reliant on international companies to power large parts of its internet, though it did cope relatively well with Cogent’s departure. It simply ported traffic onto other internet backbones, which handled the disruption.
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“We see a lot of foreign companies involved in running their infrastructure, from telecommunications to data delivery networks.”
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Russia has made some steps toward trying to rectify that, but in recent history it has struggled to implement nationwide blocks or bars on websites deemed unsavory. That’s because of the way Russian internet infrastructure works.
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Russian ISPs reset user connections as they try to access websites, leaving them trapped in a frustrating loop of unfulfilled requests.
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Russia has more than 3,000 ISPs, which implement diktats at different speeds.
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both are harder for Russia than China because it’s starting from a comparatively open internet,
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By 2001, the International Center for Human Rights and Democratic Development estimated, China spent $20 billion on censorious telecom equipment every year. The famed Great Firewall is just that: a firewall that inspects every bit of traffic entering Chinese cyberspace and checks it against a block list. Most internet traffic into China passes through three choke points, which block any untoward content.
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it demonstrated Russia’s progress in creating a “splinternet,” a move that would effectively detach the country from the rest of the world’s internet infrastructure.
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www.sciencediplomacy.org www.sciencediplomacy.org
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One of the cardinal principles of science is that issues are settled through reasoned discussion, by adhering to strict standards of conduct, and by documenting assertions—never by violence.
Why war is against scientific approach?
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learn.diplomacy.edu learn.diplomacy.edu
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Senior managers
Is risk appetite at the senior level? --- I find this statement interesting -from limited experience, risk appetite is usually at the field, and therefore less 'senior' -do we not spend a lot of time trying to convince HQ's to take on more risk appetite, or is that a naive approach?
Source author: Etienne Berges etienneberges@redcross.org.uk
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niqu
But why always = same result? --- Is there a risk that the But why approach always yields the same issues, i.e. that of course we are looking at structural underliers such as the regional or the national gov? Can this not then cause frustration with local communities, when more immediate solutions may also be needed?
Source author: Etienne Berges etienneberges@redcross.org.uk
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curator.diplomacy.edu curator.diplomacy.edu
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SESAME in Jordan, the first synchrotron light source
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And perhaps this might also help to improve relations between Switzerland and the EU.”
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While only one country can host the accelerator, the aim is to have a number of hubs in different countries covering activities such as medical data collection, medical physics, and imaging. Another hub will be a solar power station, generating enough green energy to balance the accelerator’s consumption.
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Two options were on the table: a synchrotron radiation light source, or an accelerator for biomedical research and cancer treatment.
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the South East European International Institute for Sustainable Technologies (SEEIIST)
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“I think SESAME is the only organisation where government representatives from Israel, Iran, Palestine and Pakistan all sit together,” Schopper says, “and it works very well.”
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“If you have a common project, with scientists working together, that transfers to the politicians and you can build up confidence, which is a benefit for everybody,”
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It was through CERN, for example, that German and Israeli scientists first started to work together, and during the Cold War the research centre was one of the few open channels of communication between East and West.
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curator.diplomacy.edu curator.diplomacy.edu
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The divide between Russian sciences and global sciences is happening.
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A lot of collaborations are finished. The collaboration between Russian medics and COVID researchers is finished. Collaboration projects with foreign scientists are finished and I fear they will not come here any more.
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curator.diplomacy.edu curator.diplomacy.edu
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a potential “secondary sanction risk” that many Chinese businesses are trying to manage.
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curator.diplomacy.edu curator.diplomacy.edu
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the use of digital sequence information (DSI) of genetic biodiversity, known as biopiracy.
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the spectre of a biodiversity “Copenhagen moment” – a reference to when 2009 climate talks in the Danish capital collapsed – in Kunming is lurking.
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While delegates left Geneva with much of the text in brackets, governments have agreed a stable negotiating text. It will include targets on subsidies, protected areas and invasive species. The ambition is now up to negotiators.
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The final plenary session also saw a lengthy standoff over biopiracy, which some fear could scupper the entire agreement, as developing countries demand they are paid for drug discoveries and other commercial products based on their biodiversity.
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called for developed countries to commit to providing $100bn (£76bn) a year of biodiversity finance from public and provide sources, which would rise to $700bn by 2030, closing the “nature funding gap”.
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But rich countries’ failure to provide at least $100bn a year of climate finance to the developing world at Cop26 in Glasgow has undermined trust and that is spilling over into the biodiversity process.
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not being followed through with resources
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little progress was made on the targets and goals that are meant to herald nature’s “Paris moment”.
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