1. Apr 2022
    1. there is little evidence yet of a big hit to economic activity.
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  2. Mar 2022
    1. Title: Cyber-aggression on Russia will not go unpunished Content: The Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs warns those who have unleashed ‘cyber aggression’ against Russia would face severe consequences. There has been an increase in cyberattacks on Russian government institutions, mass media, and critical infrastructure and such actions will not go unpunished. ‘The sources of the attacks will be detected, the attackers will inevitably bear responsibility for their deeds, in accordance with the requirements of the law,’ the foreign ministry statement said, reported Tass. The ministry further accused the United States and other NATO countries of training Ukrainian IT forces to conduct cyber attacks and claimed that anonymous hackers are 'acting on orders from the Western curators of the Kyiv regime.' Highlighting that the 'army of cyber-mercenaries' operations are often on the point of 'all-out terrorism'. Tags: Ukraine conflict, Cyberconflict and warfare, Network security source: https://interfax.com/newsroom/top-stories/77552/

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    1. TITLE: Youtube and Russia CONTENT:xyxyxyxyxy

      TOPIC: information war

    2. Roskomnadzor, Russia’s official digital censor, said YouTube is “one of the key platforms participating in the information war against Russia” and accused it of harboring videos from far-right Ukrainian groups Right Sector and the Azov Battalion. Searches on YouTube for the two groups primarily showed news videos about the groups and the war.
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    1. o the extent that Russia’s military has embarrassed itself, it is more likely to lead to a well-aimed purge from above than a broad revolution from below. Russia’s new energy riches could eventually help it shake loose the grip of sanctions.
    2. territorial concessions and Ukrainian neutrality. The West will also look for any opportunity to de-escalate, especially as we convince ourselves that a mentally unstable Putin is prepared to use nuclear weapons.
    3. Suppose for a moment that Putin never intended to conquer all of Ukraine: that, from the beginning, his real targets were the energy riches of Ukraine’s east, which contain Europe’s second-largest known reserves of natural gas (after Norway’s).
    4. When Western military analysts argue that Putin can’t win militarily in Ukraine, what they really mean is that he can’t win clean.
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    1. TITLE: China's fast move to Metaverse

      CONTENT: The Chinese Academy of Governance, a key training school for government officials, started using Metaverse-based training for party officials.

      The platform is develped by Chinese virtual reality company Mengke VR. It has typical features of virtual reality faciltiating avatars' moving around and interacting with each other.

      It is definitely more interesting than as Megke VR stated 'rather boring' traditional buildings of the Party.

      There are a few interesting aspects of this move:

      • Chinese leadership is trying to connect via Metavrse to Chinese youth which is using online games a lot.
      • It is also sign of cutting edge tech approach by China.
      • A few security issues have been raised.

      TOPICS: metaverse diplomacy, metavrse

      SOURCE: https://www.scmp.com/tech/tech-trends/article/3172135/communist-party-school-china-taps-metaverse-concept-train-cadres?utm_source=rss_feed

    2. despite government and state media warnings of a market frenzy and scams related to the concept.

      where are these warnings?

    3. games like
    4. to virtual narrators explain “current hot topics and knowledge”, and raise their hands to ask questions.
    5. o move around and communicate with audio and their virtual bodies, the company said.
    6. digital avatars, and they can examine historical relics and assemble installations, all in 3D
    7. party conferences and party history lessons.
    8. an article posted on Tencent Holdings’ WeChat by Beijing-based virtual reality (VR) firm Mengke VR,
    9. The Chinese Academy of Governance,
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    1. ||AndrijanaG||||VladaR|| Ovo je zanimljiva vest faktuelno i zbog naglaska na koriscenju infrastrukture za vojne potrebe.

    2. and to continue providing services to Ukraine’s Armed Forces and other military formations as well as to the customers
    3. to continue providing services to Ukraine’s Armed Forces and other military formations as well as to the customers,
    4. confirming that connectivity collapse to 13% of pre-war levels
    5. used by the country's military

      ||VladaR||||AndrijanaG|| What is the status of dual use of infrastructure for civilian and military purposes?

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    1. recognised as a self-standing

      Not directly related - but I also miss the internet access in the Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development ...

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    1. special groups a

      What I am missing in this chapter are "Rights of older persons". The reason probably lays in the fact that there is currently no international legally binding instrument addressing the rights of older persons exclusively, but in reality the online space brings an additional layer to the respect and protection of older persons, too.

      I see that this year's WSIS is trying to devote special attention to this particular topic.

    2. When talking about children’s rights in the digital age

      Adding a very valuable source on implementation of children's rights in the digital environment - Committee on the Rights of the Child last year published a general comment nr. 25 to the CRC on this topic:

      https://www.right-to-education.org/sites/right-to-education.org/files/resource-attachments/UN_CRC_General%20comment%20No.%2025%20%282021%29%20on%20children’s%20rights%20in%20relation%20to%20the%20digital%20environment_En.pdf

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    1. nforced in practice

      There are many legit arguments against, but this one is an excuse from the duty bearers (the states) for many human rights, not exclusively this one - it is not easy to fulfill and realize many of the rights that demand investments, strenghthened social policies and involvement of a number of actors, but that cannot be an argument against a certain right.

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    1. the interoperability of services
    2. may impose on a gatekeeper fines not less than 4% and not exceeding 20% of its totalfinesworldwide turnover in the preceding financial year where it finds that the gatekeeper, intentionally or negligently, fails to comply
    3. a European High-Level Group of Digital Regulators
    4. personal data ofminors should not be processed for commercial purposes, such as direct marketing, profiling and behaviourally targeted advertising
    5. refrain from combining personal data for the purpose of delivering targeted or micro-targeted advertising
    6. efrain from imposing unfair conditions on businesses and consumers
    7. Members also amended the Commissions proposal to increase the quantitative thresholds for a company to fall under the scope of the digitalmarkets act to (as opposed to EUR 6.5 billion) in annual turnover in the European Economic Area (EEA) and a marketEUR 8 billioncapitalisation of (as opposed to 65 billion as proposed by the Commission).EUR 80 billionTo qualify as a gatekeeper, companies would also need to provide a core platform service in at least three EU countries and have at least 45, as well as . A list of indicators to be used by the providers of core platformsmillion monthly end usersmore than 10 000 business usersservices when measuring monthly end users and yearly business users should be provided in an Annex to the proposed Regulation.

      Criterioon for gatekeepers.

    8. Theseinclude online intermediation services, social networks, search engines, operating systems, online advertising services, cloud computing, andvideo-sharing services, which meet the relevant criteria to be designated as gatekeepers.

      List of digital gatekeepers.

    9. should only apply to large companies that would be designated as gatekeepers.
    10. The proposed Digital Markets Act aims at preventing gatekeepers from imposing unfair conditions on businesses andconsumers and at ensuring the openness of important digital services
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    1. create products that are interoperable with smaller platforms.
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    1. “Technology and automation defined every piece of this museum, but the adjustments took human intervention,” Mr. Belhoul said. “In the actual installation, it was more about humans than cranes.”
    2. said Majed Ateeq Almansoori, deputy executive director at Dubai Future Foundation, which operates the museum.
    3. “We fed a computer what’s called a parametrically scripted growth algorithm,” he said. “You give it the rules. You say you want this many floors and this much height. You have to teach the algorithm to think, but then you go away on your weekend and see what it comes up with.”
    4. There is a children’s area, a 345-seat theater and a cavernous top-floor that could accommodate as many as 1,000 people for a meeting or event.
    5. a blend of human skill and digital power.
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    1. "Suspending Russia from the [UN] Human Rights Council, t
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    1. After the legislation is been approved by the Council and the Parliament, the Commission expects it to come into effect around October. Companies running complex messaging apps are likely to be given a grace period to ensure their interoperability.

      Timeline for DMA

    2. The DMA sets out a definition of gatekeepers as companies with a market capitalization of at least 75 billion euro (about $83 million) or an annual turnover of 7.5 billion euros, and additionally must provide certain services such as browsers, messengers or social media, which have at least 45 million monthly users in the EU and 10,000 annual business users. This extends to companies largely based in the US, including Apple, Meta, Amazon and Google.

      Definition of gatekeeper companies according to DMA

      ||StephanieBP||||Pavlina||||MariliaM||

    3. gatekeeper companies must follow additional rules because they are "most prone to unfair business practices,"
    4. "What we want is simple: Fair markets also in digital," European Competition Commissioner Margethe Vestager said in a statement. "We are now taking a huge step forward to get there -- that markets are fair, open and contestable."
    5. The DMA will require companies with messaging apps to make them interoperable.

      Key aspect of DMA

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    1. ||ArvinKamberi|| Here is an interesting text on creating 'digital cash' which should preserve privacy like paper cash.

    2. “subject to existing anti-money laundering, counterterrorism, Know Your Customer, and financial transaction reporting requirements and regulations.”

      ||ArvinKamberi|| Key financial regulation principles.

    3. The realistic goal is to make it so expensive and time consuming to hack the chip that no one would bother.
    4. The bill, which Grey consulted on, would direct the US Treasury Department to conduct a pilot program for a version of digital dollars that work just like cash.
    5. As the economy shifts inexorably toward all-digital transactions, a future where our only options are payment apps, banks, crypto, or CBDCs means a future in which every financial transaction is potentially subject to surveillance by the government or private companies.
    6. true digital cash doesn’t exist.
    7. When you send a payment using Venmo, or a bank, on the other hand, you’re just directing them to update your account by moving some numbers around in their books. The same thing is true of cryptocurrencies; the only meaningful difference is that the network as a whole, rather than a financial institution, approves the transactions.

      ||ArvinKamberi|| Nice distinction between centralised and distributed ledger technology

    8. the early faith in crypto anonymity was misplaced. The thing about blockchains is that while your transactions might be hidden behind a crypto wallet address, they are also permanently stored on a public database. It didn’t take law enforcement agencies too long to figure out how to connect those transactions and wallets to the real-world identities behind them.
    9. The ECASH Act would direct the US government to experiment with issuing digital dollars that are stored on hardware, not in bank accounts, and can be used without an internet connection.
    10. A bill introduced in Congress on Monday seeks to re-create the virtues of cash, privacy and all, in digital form.
    11. The only kind of money that leaves no paper trail is paper.
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    1. Hi Alex, here is an interesting article of 'revolving door' in the US Science diplomacy

    2. For instance, 5G and quantum computing are poised to enable new growth in AI capabilities, while AI stands to transform the biological sciences, producing significant technological breakthroughs and turning the biotechnology sector into one of the primary drivers of overall economic competitiveness.”
    3. 5G technology and artificial intelligence
    4. Schmidt maintained a close relationship with the president’s former science adviser, Eric Lander, and other Biden appointees.
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    1. New Google Calendar feature takes the back-and-forth out of scheduling

      New booking meeting feature in Google Calendar

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    1. Predicting the future of technology is impossible – it will happen when it happens. One can try to draw an analogy with the past. It took the airline industry more than 60 years to go from the Wright brothers to jumbo jets carrying hundreds of passengers thousands of miles.
    2. There are proposals to use small-scale quantum computers for drug design, as a way to quickly calculate molecular structures, which is a confusing application because quantum chemistry is a small part of the whole. process. Equally disconcerting are claims that quantum computers will soon help finance. There is no technical literature that conclusively demonstrates that small quantum computers, let alone NISQ machines, can lead to significant optimizations in algorithmic trading or risk assessment or arbitrage. or hedging or targeting and predicting or trading assets or profiling risk. However, this hasn’t stopped some investment banks from jumping into the quantum computing wars.
    3. But despite the continued hype of NISQ coming from various quantum computer startups, the potential for commercialization remains unclear.
    4. The qubit systems we have today are a huge scientific achievement, but they don’t bring us any closer to having a quantum computer that can solve a problem anyone is interested in.
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    1. in the globalized and competitive world the use of selfie diplomacy helps the country to expose its potentialities that attracts the FDIs.

    2. The use of PD is more essential especially for countries branding. Sometimes we know the countries' image through the use of soft diplomacy.

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    1. This text explains deeper roots of the ideology behind Russia's war against Ukraine. The key points are:

      • Russia's shift from modernisation towards conservative priorities.
      • Ideology is build around idea of 'Russian World' building on shared ethnicity, religion and heritage.
      • 'Russian world' ideology is implemented by people from security aparatus who came from Putin's circle in intelegence and military communities.
      • Putin's 'contract with Russian people' is built around idea of better life. It is not clear how strong will be national feelings in medium and long run.
      • COVID-19 pandemics harden ideological stakes in Russia and most likely worldwide. It is an interesting topic for research on deeper cultural and societal impacts of pandemics.
      • Putin is reverting to conservative thinkers from Russian history including Konstantin Leontyev.
    2. the war is intended to wipe out the possibility of any future that looks towards Europe and some form of liberating modernity.
    3. Yuri Kovalchuk, a close friend who controls a vast media group
    4. like Konstantin Leontyev, an ultra-reactionary 19th-century visionary who admired hierarchy and monarchy,
    5. the onset of the covid-19 pandemic two years ago brought a raising of the ideological stakes.

      Interesting notion on impact of COVID-19 crisis

    6. he told a press conference in Moscow that nuclear weapons and Orthodox Christianity were the two pillars of Russian society, the one guaranteeing the country’s external security, the other its moral health.
    7. Mr Putin formally rejected the idea of Russia’s integration into the West
    8. the new ideology of isolationism
    9. His contract with the Russian people was based not on religion or ideology, but on improving incomes.
    10. an anonymous book called “Project Russia”
    11. Anti-Westernism and a siege mentality are central to their beliefs. Mr Putin relies on the briefs with which they supply him, always contained in distinctive red folders, for his information about the world
    12. the priests are the siloviki of the security services, from whose ranks Mr Putin himself emerged.
    13. Elizbar Orlov, a priest in Rostov, a city close to the border with Ukraine, said the Russian army “was cleaning the world of a diabolic infection”.
    14. The cathedral is a Byzantine monstrosity in khaki, its floor made from melted-down German tanks. But it is not devoted solely to the wars of the previous century. A mosaic commemorates the invasion of Georgia in 2008, the annexation of Crimea in 2014 and the country’s role in Syria’s civil war: angels smile down on the soldiers going about their holy work.
    15. Links between the church and the security forces, first fostered under Stalin, grew stronger after the fall of Communism.
    16. “He once said that the storms of war would glorify Russia,” Mr Putin told the crowd. “That is how it was in his time; that is how it is today and will always be!”
    17. open octagonal structure
    18. The legitimacy of the state is now grounded not in its public good, but in a quasi-religious cult.
    19. “the Russian world”, a previously obscure historical term for a Slavic civilisation based on shared ethnicity, religion and heritage.
    20. “If Russia wins, there will be no Ukraine; if Ukraine wins, there will be a new Russia.”

      slogan of Ukraine

    21. The Ukrainians want to embrace many, if not all, the values held dear by other European nations.
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    1. TITLE: West does not understand how Russia funciton

      CONTENT: Former head of the CNN bureaue in Moscow summarises the following misunderstandings about Russia and current crisis:

      • lack of property rights and legal certainty makes the political power the main power in Russian society;
      • oligarhs are much less important for Russia than it looks form outside.
      • siloviki hold the most of power in Russia. They are part of Putin's inner circle originating from KGB and Military. They keep their money in Russia.

      Pressure on Putin's regime can work via sanctions

      • on oil as the main source of wealth in Russia;
      • on high tech which is used by Russian military industry.

      These sanctions can become effective only with support of China and Indi.

      Source: New York Times

    2. they must encourage India and China to do the same.
    3. the Russian military lacks the vital hardware and software used by other modern forces to gather real-time field intelligence,
    4. by limiting access to technology.
    5. If European countries were serious about affecting Mr. Putin’s thinking, they would spend less time seizing oligarchs’ yachts and more lessening their dependence on Russian energy.
    6. they believe give Russia its superpower status: its oil and its military.
    7. he word literally means people with force — the power that comes from being in the security forces or military.
    8. saying “they can’t get by without oysters or foie gras” and that they do not mentally exist “here, with our people, with Russia.”
    9. But the lack of properly defined property rights and a legal and institutional framework to protect them meant these oligarchs still depended on the Kremlin, occupied since 2000 by Mr. Putin.
    10. These oligarchs may hold wealth that connects them to power and can be used by Mr. Putin, but in Russia, that does not mean that they wield any power over him or those in the Kremlin.
    11. In Western capitalist democracies, wealth often equates to access and influence.
    12. Russian scholars have long noted that the absence of private property rights and impartial legal authority lead to state actors holding the power that determines the lives of Russians in every way.
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    1. CEO of Black Rock, one of the biggest global investment fund, declared the end of globalisation we know as an impact of the Ukraine war.

      On 24 March, Larry Fink wrote in his letter

      'companies and governments will also be looking more broadly at their dependencies on other nations. This may lead companies to onshore or nearshore more of their operations, resulting in a faster pull back from some countries.'

      He said that

      “Mexico, Brazil, the United States, or manufacturing hubs in Southeast Asia could stand to benefit”

      Black Rock will be focusing on digital currencies in the rapidly changing global economic environment.

    2. Digital currencies can also help bring down costs of cross-border payments, for example when expatriate workers send earnings back to their families.
    3. on accelerating digital currencies. T
    4. But the Russian invasion of Ukraine has put an end to the globalization we have experienced over the last three decades.
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    1. Initially, the search for alternatives to Russian oil and natural gas “will inevitably slow the world’s progress toward net zero [emissions] in the near term”, he wrote.
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    1. ||Pavlina||||StephanieBP||||sorina|| Trans-Atlantic Data Security Framework is an interesting development that we should follow.

    2. After long negotiations, U.S. & EU agreed to establish Trans-Atlantic Data Security Framework. This framework is designed to facilitate data transfers across the Atlantic.

      This Framework addresses EU concerns about surveillance of EU citizens' data by

      • introducing principles of necessary and proportionate measures of surveillance.
      • companies will have to adhere to the Privacy Shield Principles including 'the requirement to self-certify their adherence to the Principles through the U.S. Department of Commerce.
      • oversight of signals intelligence activities (mainly NSA)
      • an independent Data Protection Review Court that 'would consist of individuals chosen from outside the U.S. Government who would have full authority to adjudicate claims and direct remedial measures as needed;'

      Next is the adoption of the Framework via legal mechanisms in U.S.A. or EU of the Framework. It will be done in the U.S. through an Executive Order.

    3. will be included in an Executive Order that will form the basis of the Commission’s assessment in its future adequacy decision.
    4. o translate this arrangement into legal documents that will need to be adopted on both sides to put in place this new Trans-Atlantic Data Privacy Framework.
    5. including through alternative dispute resolution and binding arbitration.
    6. he requirement to self-certify their adherence to the Principles through the U.S. Department of Commerce.

      Not here

    7. an independent Data Protection Review Court
    8. oversight of signals intelligence activities.
    9. a new redress mechanism with independent and binding authority;
    10. a new mechanism for EU individuals to seek redress if they believe they are unlawfully targeted by signals intelligence activities.

      New element in EU-USa data relations.

    11. signals intelligence activities are necessary and proportionate in the pursuit of defined national security objectives

      three elements for surveilance:

      • necessary
      • proportionate
      • in the pursuit of defined national security objectives
    12. struck down in 2020 the Commission’s adequacy decision underlying the EU-U.S. Privacy Shield framework.  
    13. Trans-Atlantic Data Privacy Framework
    14. to implement new safeguards
    1. Then on Thursday, the Department of Justice unsealed indictments against four Russians accused of mounting state-sponsored cyberattacks against the US, publicly releasing details of a highly sophisticated hacking campaign involving supply-chain software compromises and spear-phishing campaigns against thousands of employees of companies and US government agencies.
    2. CISA and the FBI issued a joint cybersecurity advisory to satellite communications providers
    3. was conducted through a compromise of the system that manages customer satellite terminals, and only affected customers of the KA-SAT network,
    4. The hack affected the KA-SAT satellite broadband network, owned by Viasat, an American satellite communications company.
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    1. ware code. The idea itself is not protected by copyright. In practice, however, it is sometimes difficult to make a clear distinction between an idea and its expression.

      Agreed, this is often a challenge for small scale entrepreneurs especially in the tech world e.g developers and innovation specialists who ideate quite a lot. The failure to appreciate the methods available to protect IP have made it difficult for thought leaders to benefit from their innovative ideas and in some cases bigger organisations that have better ability to commercialise ideas and proceed to copyright the said expressions of an idea

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    1. the Online Dispute Resolution platform, i

      A main barrier for private citizens to have their rights enforced is the cost and certainly the complexity of Internet related cases where the defendant could be on the other side of the world. Such low cost, fast procedures are helpful to create confidence and protect citizens’ rights.

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    1. The centrality of agency in human security strategies in the Anthropocene context

      ||aldo.matteucciATgmail.com|| Aldo, following our telephone chat, here is a link to the section of the recent UNDP report which puts AGENCY in the center of the human security.

      It echoes concepts that you refer to from the book of Thomas Snyder 'The Road to Unfreedom'.

      Let us dive deeper on this interplay between human agency and security from different perspectives: political theory, human psychology, historical dynamics, etc. We can identify some crucial questions. I will annotate this report around the question of human agency and security.

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    1. main remaining question is how to implement existing rules

      The current OEWG has to further understanding on applicability of existing IL, but RUS sees this as platform for advancing new legal concepts.

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    1. China and the others need not lift a finger, one by one the fruits of history will fall into its basket, and the US system will crumble.
    2. All this – all this – will be made impossible by the West’s destructive energy, cold war philosophy, conversion to a kind of war economy, and total lack of positive Realpolitik vision in even a 20-year horizon.
    3. So the future ice-cold war in the world could be between the declining Occident and the rising Orient, to simplify.
    4. More hatred brings satisfaction, inward solidarity and strengthen the sense of shared values. And so who will be the next object of hate?
    5. it is futile to try to have a reasonably trusting relationship with the US, NATO and the EU after this
    6. Terrorist groups of various kinds will undoubtedly feel drawn; I imagine that the terrorist groups that Russia has helped to defeat in Syria will see Ukraine as a golden territory for revenge against Russians.
    7. a de facto war between NATO/EU and Russia.
    8. is to ensure that a war with Russia is fought on European soil, not US soil.
    9. It is called over-extension, and the economy, as in the old Soviet Union, will collapse under this burden.
    10. The US will impose itself militarily and politically on Europe to a perhaps unprecedented extent.
    11. the EU will blame the US for demanding that the EU impose these suffocating sanctions whose human consequences will only affect Europe, not the US.
    12. the focus is now 100% on strangling the Russian economy and effectively collapsing the country like the old Soviet Union.
    13. These poor, innocent people are victims of Western sanctions that were imposed without a time limit.
    14. Nazism could spread precisely because its supporters were seen as heroes in the fight against Russia.
    15. That way this hellishly complex conflict over decades with at least 50 parties can be reduced to issues of one person’s mental health.
    16. What kind of suffocating, very hard, broad, unconditional and unlimited sanctions like those the US and EU – not the UN – have decided can possibly be compatible with international law?
    17. It has broken the promises not to expand NATO an inch, made to Gorbachev in 1989-90. It has set up The Ballistic Missile Defence that deliberately undermines Russia’s ability to respond to a nuclear attack. It has waged war in Yugoslavia, treating both Russia and the UN and international law as inferior.
    18. The boomerangs will come back to us.
    19. “We are coming to get you!” – President Biden said in his State of the Union address.
    20. an orgiastic heat of self-righteousness.
    21. when this collective psychosis, this mass hysteria with a single focus, will end generations from now?
    22. they are being punished because they are Russian.
    23. Germany decides – again without analysis – to immediately rearm up to US$ 112 billion per year. Russia’s is US$ 66 billion!
    24. entirely at the mercy of emotion.
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    1. For example, Switzerland and China are working to create favourable conditions for smaller private-sector actors to access the digital market in order to avoid excessive market concentration

      This could be an interesting 'entry point' as China is keen on supporting SMEs in digital realm. Last few years Chinese authorities were reducing power of big tech platforms (Alibaba, etc.). Thus, digital economy and SMEs including work of Geneva-based organisations (ITC, WTO, UNCTAD) could be an interesting angle for practical and impactful cooperation between China and Switzerland.

    2. International Geneva:

      The main challenge is how to keep China interested in Geneva. Will Geneva remain global hub or mainly European or Euro-atlantic.

      China can be vital partner in ensuring global coverage of Geneva as compared to other competitors (Singapore, Doha, Dubai).

    3. The inclusion of all stakeholders in their respective roles is essential for the development of this digital space.

      This year China plans to run IGF China which is the major shift in Chinese digital policy. So far, China has ignored IGF as multistakeholder space.

    4. Security:The security and protection of digital networks are of utmost importance for Switzerland and its interna-tional standing. Switzerland is paying close attention to data security and protection with regard to the emergence of 5G technology and the Internet of Things

      China is digital 'status quo' power. They managed to get, for them, ideal interplay between filtered local Internet (censorship via local tech giants) and participation in global Internet for economic and societal reasons (supply chains, link with big Chinese diaspora).

      Apart from cyber-attacks targeting USA mainly for economic gains (economic espionage), China tends to play constructively on cybersecurity issues as 'status quo player'.

    5. for example to what extent the use of technology provided by Chinese firms could endanger Swiss companies’ proprietary knowledge or competitive advantage

      It is important but bit 'retro' argument as China is now the biggest generator of IPR, including patents and trademarks. It is especially the case in the field of AI, quantum and other advanced technologies.

      Thus, the framing will be less on China's previous practice of taking others' intellectual property but on 'others' gaining from Chinese intellectual property in AI and other related fields.

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    1. Who Makes Foreign Policy in China?Author: Tristan Kenderdine  Date: Fri, 04 Feb 2022
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    1. fallback? how?

    2. Haystack can also be useful for fallback situations. In cases where the chatbot cannot easily classify the user's utterance into any of its predefined intents, Haystack can be called to help respond to the utterance which the chatbot would otherwise not know how to deal with.
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    1. If the West not only thwarts Moscow on Ukraine’s battlefields, but also does serious, lasting damage to Russia’s economy, it is in effect pushing a great power to the brink. Mr Putin might then turn to nuclear weapons.

      The main challenge is to develop exit or face-saving options for Russia (not necessary for Putin). If it is not possible, use of nuclear weapons is becoming more realistic.

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    1. The article provide analysis of linkages between the IMF policy and the Ukraine crisis.

      It frames the current war in the wider context of the IMF policy of economic conditionality.

    2. There’s a close intermingling of US foreign policy interests with the IMF.
    3. But capital must come in also to take control of the sources of raw materials. And in the case of Ukraine also take control over the land area. Capital would like to own the entire land of the planet. 
    4. So, I think these countries are going to remain highly indebted and in that sense they would be like Greece. And forever there would be these measures of austerity which will be imposed on the people. That means they will be excluded from the benefits of these loans or whatever. 
    5. Eastern Europe is a part of the latter.
    6. But there are other places where globalization takes the form not of supporting and sustaining and promoting the productive apparatus but rather the productive apparatus gets completely destroyed and of course people then start migrating. 
    7. these are the countries to which a lot of the activities are shifting from the metropolis.
    8. Firstly, it slashed the gas subsidy by half. Therefore gas prices went up for the consumers. Secondly, you know there was a ban on the sale of land area in Ukraine to Big Capital, to foreigners and so on under Yanukovych. And that had been one of the things demanded by the IMF that the ban should go. And immediately when the government came in that ban went. So, you had the opening up of Ukraine, not just Ukrainian resources, but even land area to the penetration of foreign capital, foreign Big Capital.

      New info.

    9. Prominently, the unwillingness of Yanukovych to cut government subsidies on Ukrainian gas provided to domestic consumers, so the Ukrainian people.
    10. And that is when Yanukovych, who was the President of Ukraine at that time said that, no, this is something which is not possible. So, at that point therefore, IMF ended up deciding that if the conditions are not being met in that case, it’s not going to provide any more loans to Ukraine. That’s when Yanukovych started negotiating with Russia. 

      This is new info.

    11. They cannot really pay back that kind of debt particularly when their productive apparatus is not really generating much. 
    12. And that is something where again, you have the emergence of these oligarchs who simply appropriated state property as their own. Now, to some extent in Russia itself there was some check on it that was introduced after Boris Yeltsin left the scene. 

      End of Soviet economy was the biggest transfer of the wealth in the history.

    13. And as far as Russia is concerned, it was for a very long time during the Yeltsin period, virtually run by a group of persons from the United States. In fact, they surrounded Yeltsin and they were the main economic architects of that kind of collapse of the Soviet Union and of Russia. 
    14. So this is really very different from the role that was originally envisaged for it under the Bretton Woods Agreement.
    15. So, so it actually started suggesting an alternative economic regime quite different from the economic regime that either Keynes or Harry Dexter White would have approved of.
    16. But all that was still within the regime.
    17. OK you may have balance of payments problems. A country can get into balance of payments problems. And some of these problems may not be easily solved. In such a case you would have to borrow from an organization and the IMF was meant to be such an organization.
    18. the government’s role in providing education, in providing healthcare, in providing employment, all this must actually be wound up.

      As governments are loosing their role in health, education and other areas, it remains to be seen how responsibility of other actors will be introduced since we are speaking about 'social contract' functions.

    19. the government’s role in the economy on behalf of the people: that means the government’s role in providing subsidies and essential goods whose prices remain low;

      this is longer tendency initiated by Von Misse, Austrian economist. Sometimes, this approach is framed as 'Geneva consensus' as it was developed between two wars in Geneva. It received full applications after the end of the Cold War. For details of the origins of the current approach to governance of economy you can see https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674979529

    20. to create these enormous cleavages inside the society through its so-called investor-friendly policies.
    21. But what has happened in Russia is the growth of tremendous inequality.
    22. these oligarchic structures that blocked any path to a functioning democracy from the outset,

      It is common for almost all transition economies. In transition states that joined EU, it was slightly corrected by the rule of law imposed by Brussels. But structurally speaking, role of oligarchs remains the same.

    23. This and absurd privatization attempts orchestrated by the West paved the way for an oligarchy that was initially hailed by the West as a “private solution” to the structural problem, but which proved fatal for the countries’ development chances.
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    1. Probability in Medieval and Renaissance Philosophy

      Origins of modern theory of probability that has been influencing modern AI.

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    1. Clarity seems to be a very good tool

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    1. This digital experience tool wants to show you why people leave your site.
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