Interesting observation: that current prohibitive norms of GGE/OEWG actually mis-shoot. Example on CERTs is a good one: while this norm is important - it doesn't reflect the reality (there were no documented cases. The one on CI, however, doesn't stay: this is the major issue between US and Russia - it is a valid norm.

Undersea cables carry Internet traffic across continents. They are part of the critical information infrastructure of the modern world.

Scientists started using these cables as a global network of sensors that monitor seismic and other changes at the seabed previously beyond the reach of the scientific community.

As Wired indicated in the recent coverage Where there's cable, there's potential data.

Geoscientist Philippe Jousset said 'You can interrogate any fibre under the sea, covering all of the Earth'.

Undersea cables could be also used as early-earning tools for tsunami as they can detect any tectonic shifts on the seabed.

Source: Undersea Cables are carrying scientific secrets.

Three layers structure

||VladaR|| Why they need this mix of cable and satellite? Is it about relying station to strenghten signals?

Three years ago, I launched the Extended Monaco program, to build the Monaco of tomorrow, which is greener and better connected. I didn't expect to be comforted in my decision so quickly. Better prepared, the Principality has been able to maintain economic activity, its social, educational and cultural services, even at the height of the crisis. To achieve this, we have equipped ourselves with an adequate legislative framework, efficient infrastructures and high data protection. But cyberspace calls for everyone's vigilance. With the health crisis, cyber-attacks against civilian infrastructure have multiplied, undermining the fundamental principles of international humanitarian law.

The report references humanitarian impacts of malicious cyber activities in several instances, but does not recognise the applicability of international humanitarian law.