Their disinformation is spreading from the internet to the halls of our universities.

The United States has historically separated cyber and information security, but American adversaries have traditionally not distinguished between the two. In their view, the confidentiality, integrity, and assurance of computer networks are integral—and in some sense subordinate—to the battle over information spaces, and cyberattacks enabled significant capabilities in information operations. Numerous Russian documents and strategies describe cyber operations as integral to information security. After the creation of U.S. Cyber Command (CYBERCOM), at a meeting of Russian and U.S. defense officials, one Russian officer reportedly derided the lack of information warfare in Cyber Command’s mission. General Nikolai Makarov told his counterparts, “One uses information to destroy nations, not networks.”

The United States can no longer treat cyber and information opera-tions as two separate domains

The complexity of modern conflicts and crises continues to grow with the marriage of emergingfactors, such as climate change, cyber threats anddisinformation,and the old foesof authoritarianism andtyranny.

Les fausses informations //véhiculées çà et là, par les réseaux sociaux et à travers des canaux fiables et non officiels, //n’ont d’autre objectif que de nuire à un climat serein au sein de nos iles //et saper les efforts engagés pour l’émergence de l’Union des Comores

Deliberate spreading of disinformationhas a direct impact on health and safety of our citizens and their trust in institutions. Using disinformation as a means of aggression against other states is utterly unacceptable

Lesréseauxsociauxontégalementétélethéâtredecampagnesdedésinformation.Unsubtiléquilibreresteàtrouverentre,d’unepart,ladésinformation,lediscoursdehaine,lesthéoriescomplotisteset,d’autrepart,lerespectdeslibertésfondamentales.Ilfautaussinouspenchersurl’impactenvironnementaldecesnouvellestechnologies,fortementconsommatricesd’énergie.

Democracy is threatened by several factors. One of them is the spread of disinformation.While new social media platforms have been an important tool to mobilize and spreaddemocratic practices in many regions of the world, they are also enhancing disinformation,which, in worst case scenarios, may seriously disrupt key democratic processes such aselections. We need a global conversation and to jointly look for concrete solutions to thedangers that disinformation poses to the rules-based international order

At the global level, combating disinformation effectively requires even closer understanding and cooperation in international organizations. Latvia was one of the initiators of the UN General Assembly resolution on the promotion ofmedia and information literacy at the global level adopted this year

This crisis has highlighted the need to continuously strengthen the resilience of countries and societies.COVID-19 highlighted the vulnerability of our societies to all kinds of disinformation. 7.Latvia's response to combating disinformation is based on strengthening public resilience-by raising awarenessof disinformation; strengthening independent and pluralistic media; the involvement of civil society; and teaching media literacy.

Recently we have also witnessed the potential and the challenges of digital technologies. We must ensure meaningful and safe access to the Internet, strengthen cybersecurity and promote responsible behavior in the cyberspace, while addressing the digital spread of hatred and disinformation.

Right now,millions of people are also being overwhelmed by a dangerous infodemic. It toocausesmuch suffering and contributes to many untimely deaths.Therefore,I would like to congratulatethe efforts of the United Nations, especiallyby the Verified campaign, infighting misinformation and disinformation.They pose an evergreater threat to oursocieties.To counter variouskinds ofmanipulations, we needaholistic approach and concrete new ways to get better in detecting, analyzing,and exposing disinformation

for a global code of conduct that promotes integrity in public information