Humanitarian Negotiations do Stand Apart --- In agrement with you Terez. HDiplomats should at all times ensure that the 7 fundamental principles are respected and abided to and at all times, the humanitarian objective will should be the main objective.

Source author: Phoebe Shikuku Pheobeshikuku@gmail.com

Interest based Approach --- Each party has thier own interest that they bring to the table. It is therefore of importance to clearly and in a trusted manner understand the interest of both parties before during and after the negotiations to ensure that both parties are satisfied. Being congnisant that some interest may be layered and one discussion will lead to an interest being unveiled.

Source author: Phoebe Shikuku Pheobeshikuku@gmail.com

Inclusive face to face negotiations --- All parties, relevant stakeholders, media and spokespersons of victims/vulnerable people should be presented in the face to face or any format of negotiations to keep the process out of questions or criticisms.

Source author: M. Humayun Kabir hkabir1971@gmail.com

Status quo - fourth tool of compromise --- In negotiations status quo can be used as a tool of compromise that can give chances to both parties to get prepare for next move. As such immediate gain is possible for the time being.

Source author: M. Humayun Kabir hkabir1971@gmail.com

Respect for IHL --- Yes Nathalie, this reminds us that the Russian Armed Forces in general don't show much respect, to say the least, for IHL, but this is not really a surprise if we remember the war in Chechnia.

Source author: Jean-Michel Monod jmmonod@yahoo.com

quota --- one cannot forget about the eternal debate of being there for filling in a quota, or being there because of your unique skills... i.e. maybe in this case the selected people are the best placed and too bad if no women among them, and this is coming from a woman who has fought 20 years for this not to happen!

Source author: Nathalie Caminade nathalie.m.caminade@gmail.com

evacuations --- this is so tragic that ICRC is denied the right to evacuate people! they are watching helplessly as people die...

Source author: Nathalie Caminade nathalie.m.caminade@gmail.com

Zelenskyy speeches --- Very good point Eefje. The President of Ukraine has attracted the global attention to the war in his country. Through his speeches, he was able to get supporters for his cause and also took the advantage to make humanitarian appeal to helps those in need. Its an advocacy and at the same time uses the same as leverage in the ongoing negotiations. Russia feels pressure when the whole is questioning their attacks against Ukraine.

Source author: Mohamed Ibrahim Nur boorshaxle@gmail.com

Semanitcs --- Just wanted to mention that this is a great way to articulate the concept of 'compromising' and on a macro level, the importance of semantics, especially from a cultural point of view

Source author: Jaime Abraham jaime.j.abraham@gmail.com

Stakeholder Analysis --- I agree Eefje and Emmanuel - a key exercise to ensure that all interests are represented is a solid stakeholder analysis (at all levels)

Source author: Jaime Abraham jaime.j.abraham@gmail.com

Team --- i think there is always a team, as preparing for a humanitarian negotiation is rarely done by a single person. The team however might be more or less visible at the nogotiation table, and this is a decision of the negotiation approach. I am strongly in favour of having a team present at the negotiation table, even if one person usually does the talking, the other persons present are still actively listening, picking up information, behaviours, change of tones that the main negotiator might not be able to see.

Source author: Fanny Charmey fanny.charmey@eda.admin.ch

Getting to yes --- I would strongly recommand the book by these two authors, "Getting to Yes". it was first published in 1981, but its theories are at the core of any negotiation technique and seminars, and the basis of the now famous harvard principled negotiation, or win-win negotiation. The book advocates four fundamental principles of negotiation: 1) separate the people from the problem; 2) focus on interests, not positions; 3) invent options for mutual gain; and 4) insist on objective criteria.

Source author: Fanny Charmey fanny.charmey@eda.admin.ch

BATNA - ZOPA --- This reminded me of the terminolgy I learned in a previous negociation course: in negotiation, the parties needs to know their BATNA which stands for 'Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement'. BATNA answers the question: 'What would you do if you were not able to agree to a deal with your negotiation partner?' It might be useful to know/guess the BATNA of the other negociation party. The space of possibilities between the two BATNA is called the ZOPA "zone of possible agreement", basically the array of possible negotiatied outcomes that would fit both parties.

Source author: Fanny Charmey fanny.charmey@eda.admin.ch

position - interest - values --- I am a trained mediator, and one of the technique of mediation goes actually one step deeper, or better said, to peel one more layer of the onion and to look what are behind the interest of a person in order to address the core values, that are reflected in the interest and subsequently in the position.

Source author: Fanny Charmey fanny.charmey@eda.admin.ch

Use of authorities for personal interests --- Thanks Emmanuel and Seyedeh. This is indeed a reality we are living in Somalia. Sometimes, terminated staff try to use their relatives in the government to pressure us and to rehire them. We need to be prepared in such situations. In our context, we do the same and explain everything to the authorities and also use the clan elders to intervene if needed.

Source author: Mohamed Ibrahim Nur boorshaxle@gmail.com

First Impression counts --- Mapping of stakeholders is very important in humanitarian work, it cut-across, neither does it having right-time, nor expire, you should explore all available avenues as much as you can. to enhance your acceptance and access regularly.

Source author: Emmanuel Lessur emmanuel.lessur@ssdredcross.org

All Interest Included? --- In negotiation you don't expect everything to go the way you have planed for, but most importantly, you should have a genuine interest that attract the attention of others.

Source author: Emmanuel Lessur emmanuel.lessur@ssdredcross.org

Public Speeches --- Public speeches is one of the negotiation tools if it is used at right time and to right audience to gain more support/ strengthen.

Source author: Emmanuel Lessur emmanuel.lessur@ssdredcross.org

Women at the negotiation table --- In the current negotiations between Ukraine and Russia, the fact that no woman has a seat at the table (on both sides) has been criticized. This is even more problematic given the disproportionate impact of war on women. In addition this goes against UNSC resolution 1325 making it binding under international law or women to be involved in peace processes.

Source author: Chloe Sarthou chloe.sarthou@hotmail.fr

Virtual negotiations --- Covid and the fact that everything became virtual must have had a big impact on this aspect. I would be curious to hear about others' experience.

Source author: Chloe Sarthou chloe.sarthou@hotmail.fr

Mediator --- Can this imply to agree on resorting to a mediator /a neutral third party? Is it something that is sometimes done in humanitarian negotiations?

Source author: Chloe Sarthou chloe.sarthou@hotmail.fr

Mali --- This has been a recurring and very sensitive question in Mali. Should the Malian government explore dialogue with terrorist groups as a way to end the bloody conflict that has been ongoing for almost a decade making lots of civilian casualties. Obviously the military strategy didn't work so far. Dialogue seems worth pursuing (for instance on the role of Islam in society and state).

Source author: Chloe Sarthou chloe.sarthou@hotmail.fr

Taming the ego --- Maybe having a team is also a good way to make it less personal (with less ego at play) and focus on interests rather than on positions ?

Source author: Chloe Sarthou chloe.sarthou@hotmail.fr

Speeches of President of Ukraine --- Eefje, my answer would be all of the above, and it is rather well done!

Source author: Jean-Michel Monod jmmonod@yahoo.com

Misinformation --- Thank you Eefje, it is a good article. We are dealing with a well coordinated misinformation campaign. Now the questions are: who benefits from this disinformation and who is behind it?

Source author: Jean-Michel Monod jmmonod@yahoo.com

Power of the speeches of Zelenskyy --- How should we regard the speeches of Zelenskyy to the parliaments worldwide? As a form of public advocacy or maybe also as an indirect way to influence negotiations with both Russia, but also about the support and delivery of weapons by the countries adressed?

Source author: Eefje Appel eappel@redcross.nl

Time --- And to follow your example Fritz, we will be paying more as the supplier knows that we are in a hurry! As a rule, time plays most of the time against the HDiplomat as the people we are supposed to assist and protect don't have time !

Source author: Jean-Michel Monod jmmonod@yahoo.com

First impression --- Indeed Mohamed, and we all know the old saying: always follow your first impression, above all when it is a bad one !

Source author: Jean-Michel Monod jmmonod@yahoo.com

Team --- Thank you Terez and Mohamed, most of the time, the highest ranking person on each side will do the talking, but having a few advisers - perhaps locals and expats, women and men - depending on the circumstances, might help too.

Source author: Jean-Michel Monod jmmonod@yahoo.com

High level --- You are right Seyedeh, this is why very often, when the stakes are high, top ranking officials in the institution will be negotiating themselves, but of course, it all depends on who is sitting across the table!

Source author: Jean-Michel Monod jmmonod@yahoo.com

What is at stake? --- Exactly Terez, negotiating access to a population, to security detainees, does not leave much room for concessions given the importance of the issue. Think about the options offered to the ICRC as we write, to evacuate the civilian population of Mariupol in Ukraine. Very little leeway, given the positions of the parties and the security factor.

Source author: Jean-Michel Monod jmmonod@yahoo.com

How come the correlation between Time & Leverage? --- Time is definitely an important factor. But how does it generate leverage? Short time can also mean high leverage. Negotiating for resources for a Ukrainian field hospital for example: Time is of the essence and this allows quick reactions through short negotiations with suppliers.

Why should there be a correlation?

Source author: Fritz Pinnow fritzpinnow@gmx.de

Abductions --- Unfortunately Nathalie, colleagues are too often abducted, either for money, or simply to send a strong signal to the humanitarian institution that it is not welcome in the area. Negotiations can take months, sometimes years, and as we cannot pay, otherwise it would be an open door to more abductions, we try to work through third parties. We have two collegues in this course from the ICRC delegation in Somalia, maybe they would like to add something on this issue.

Source author: Jean-Michel Monod jmmonod@yahoo.com

Shameful concessions = Frozen conflict --- There is a massive difference between resolving an issue and freezing it. Especially in conflict. Should one party be forced to a "Shamefull concession" this can lead to a conflict to become "Frozen" rather than resolved. Meaning: This issue will influence future negotiations and nurture an environment of dislike and distrust, possibly even splitting the party engaging in this concession into those accepting this "defeat" and those not accepting the outcome of this negotiation.

Source author: Fritz Pinnow fritzpinnow@gmx.de

View on different interests --- I absolutely agree with you! We have learned to research specifically the different components of the negotiation, these can provide a 3D view on the subject negotiated upon: 2D "The classic view" --> The cake from above allows the parties only to negotiate in a way where equally the "win" for one side incurrs a loss for the other 3D "The layered view": --> The cake from above and the side. Depending on the Various components of the subject negotiated upon the BATNA varies. The parties might be ready to allow more concessions on one subject than the other leading to each party actually achieving goals by each component rather than the subject itsself.

Was that understandable? Do you have an example for such a subject matter?

Source author: Fritz Pinnow fritzpinnow@gmx.de

Stall of the negotiation --- Now every time you bring up the issue of the open window the Co-worker immediately feels insulted saying: "Are you calling me a liar?" Turning the issue into a personal matter.

What would you to now?

Source author: Fritz Pinnow fritzpinnow@gmx.de

Example "Complication" --- The Co-worker claims that it is not the open window that blows the documents off the table, but a fan that had been set up by another co-worker. Even discussing further and providing evidence that the fan has nothing to do with this issue the Co-worker will not engage into a discussion of the matter any longer and is set on His/Her opinion.

Source author: Fritz Pinnow fritzpinnow@gmx.de

Very Basic Example --- This example is quite good in order to explain the basics of the principle. However, it tends to get tricky when the views on the subject (especially on the cause of the problem) are different:

Source author: Fritz Pinnow fritzpinnow@gmx.de

Working modalities could be different --- in the Somalia context, its not easy to -sometimes- collaborate with other humanitarian organizations because they may not strictly follow the humanitarian principles (naturality. impartiality and independency) and could be a a target for armed groups.

Source author: Mohamed Ibrahim Nur boorshaxle@gmail.com

First impression counts --- We need to do our research with regards to the interlocutors we are negotiating with to understand what is acceptable socially. If we fail to act properly, our negotiations have lesser chances to succeed.

Source author: Mohamed Ibrahim Nur boorshaxle@gmail.com

Team approach is the best --- By experience, its always good to have a team when negotiating specially in complex issues. Yes, it could be possible for one individual to go for negotiation but it depends on the mission he is representing.

Source author: Mohamed Ibrahim Nur boorshaxle@gmail.com

Preparation --- Terez. You have raised an important point, but your physical appearance can also speak louder to some extent, especially in South Sudan context.

Source author: Emmanuel Lessur emmanuel.lessur@ssdredcross.org

Involving Government Authorities --- Lessur, you have raised an interesting notion. I have witnessed this issue with the UN and the INGOs - staff's tendency to take the inner-organisational problems, including disagreements with colleagues, to government authorities. It is interesting that the notion is not only relevant to one context and access to different level authorities also becomes a means to resolve personal issues in other contexts.

Source author: Seyedeh Sepideh Seyed Asgari asgari.spdh@gmail.com

Team Effort --- Should one always enter a negotiation as a team? Is there ever a time when it is more beneficial to enter a negotiation as an individual?

Source author: Terez Curry terez.curry@gmail.com

Difference in Negotiations --- The humanitarian diplomat is negotiating for the betterment of human lives and sometimes saving of human lives. Life is precious and the negotiations to impact or save human life I believe outweighs the negotiations of a profit or an over take of another corporation. When as a National Society representative, a better life is sort for the most vulnerable, this outweighs if that National Society is negotiating for a governmental grant. So it depends on what is being negotiated that bears the weight/importance.

Source author: Terez Curry terez.curry@gmail.com

Reaching a suitable compromise --- The Fisher & Ury theory seeks in other words to seek a suitable comprimse for the problem. This sometimes is the best option to use during a humanitarian diplomacy situation when the interlocutor is set on their position. Looking at the problem can help both parties to find a solution that is best suited for all. So not a full compromise as each party gets a part of what they want.

Source author: Terez Curry terez.curry@gmail.com

The humanitarian negotiator's mandate --- Based on experience, it is vital to assign a clear Mandate to the humanitarian negotiator, with a detailed scope of work, roles/responsibilities, and limits set out in it. In addition, it is essential that the Mandate gives room to the negotiator. The more organisations/mandator limits the mandatee, the less the negotiator can make progress, e.g. when a negotiator has no decision making power, they will be forced to leave the negotiation table exactly when the negotiations reach a key and determinative point.

Source author: Seyedeh Sepideh Seyed Asgari asgari.spdh@gmail.com

Separate drafting seems more beneficial --- Developing separate draft agreements seems more beneficial and time saving than single text based one. Identifying common clauses from both drafts, a mutual problem solving approach may be taken for those remaining/uncommon clauses.

Source author: M. Humayun Kabir hkabir1971@gmail.com

Evaluating options before engaging in negotiations --- Before engaging in any negotiations, it is critical to know our options and our redlines/BATNAs carefully studied and assessed. Furthermore, by examining the counterpart(s)' potential ideal outcomes of the negotiation, we can determine the possible common grounds and prepare for the dialogue ahead to ensure we get to a win-win-win (us-counterpart-beneficiary) solution.

Source author: Seyedeh Sepideh Seyed Asgari asgari.spdh@gmail.com

Success in Negotiation --- South Sudan Red Cross Society was able to secure more than (500,000 USD) during Covid-19 outbreak from CDC Africa by explaining to them role played by the National Society, number of the beneficiaries reached through public awareness/ campaign and methodologies used.

Source author: Emmanuel Lessur emmanuel.lessur@ssdredcross.org

the Belgian compromise --- None gets what was demanded prior to the negotiation but at the end of a compromise all are reasonably satisfied...a nightmare for home and foreign policy....back in 2018, government collapsed on UN Compact on migration...

Source author: Nathalie Caminade nathalie.m.caminade@gmail.com

practical considerations --- practical considerations can render a negotiated solution unfeasible, who has example in HD? i remember, after hard negotiation, time etc,,, between a european and an asian country a barter trade was established, but the complex negotiation resulted in overlooking a key aspect: the physical goods..turned out the barter was impossible to implement because asian goods could not be used in european market for anthropomorphologic considerations :) eventually both parties felt it was a lose-lose.

Source author: Nathalie Caminade nathalie.m.caminade@gmail.com

separate the person from the function --- ah the dilemma, after hours, do you have to behave in a manner consistent with your function? what about the fundamental right to privacy? is it ok to be a jerk with your wife/kids and a graceful opinion leader?

Source author: Nathalie Caminade nathalie.m.caminade@gmail.com

Dissemination During Crisis --- Some staff whose contracts ended in 2021, and not renewed, have requested public authorities to intervene and dissolve National Society. Immediately National Society have organized one day workshop to members of the National Parliament to explain to them who has the right to dissolve National Society and under which circumstances.

Source author: Emmanuel Lessur emmanuel.lessur@ssdredcross.org

Best ways of negotiation --- Government of South Sudan in 2012, able to facilitate the adoption of South Sudan Red Cross Society Act 2012, and Emblem Regulations Act 2012. Government was convinced by work done by Sudanese Red Crescent during civil war in Sudan. The Law itself motivated the Government to ratify Geneva Convention.

Source author: Emmanuel Lessur emmanuel.lessur@ssdredcross.org

Practical ways of Negotiations --- Always consult when taking photos during negotiations, stick or address the root causes of the problem, adapt to the prevail situation/ context, be an exemplary.

Source author: Emmanuel Lessur emmanuel.lessur@ssdredcross.org

Written document of oral agreement --- In oral agreement, the letter contained the ToR/content of agreement should be received by both parties with signature and stamp by their representatives or office so that it can be served as written document of the agreement.

Source author: M. Humayun Kabir hkabir1971@gmail.com

Risk assessment with smaller NGO's --- when a large organization consideres working with a local NGO there is much to win on a local level because mostly they can be more effective in local operations. Nevertheless, their high flexibility can incurr a dept to professionalism. This should be extensively researched.

Source author: Fritz Pinnow fritzpinnow@gmx.de

Shared responsibility --- when entering a partnership in a humanitarian context, where safety, resources and effectiveness is based on reputation. It is extremely important to note that every mistake made by one side of the partnership incurs reputational costs on both.

Source author: Fritz Pinnow fritzpinnow@gmx.de

Motives --- Before any encounter we have learned to asses the motives of every party involved and the relationship between them. That is where many traps might be hidden. Controversial topics must be identified in order to evade them. should this however be the basis of the negotiation the controversy must be unfolded extensively with the help of local advisers (but even they might have a biased opinion about it). Basically: read both sides of the coin and find common ground

Source author: Fritz Pinnow fritzpinnow@gmx.de

Very good learning modus --- I personally have enjoyed this group assignment greatly. It was extremely helpfull and great to have some face-to-face time with the participants and exchange about the project.

Source author: Fritz Pinnow fritzpinnow@gmx.de

not quite? --- Diplomacy - although has changed a lot and public diplomacy became an important part of it - is still very much a quiet process when it comes to convincing the other party about a new idea, a new argument.

Source author: Adrienn Nasz adrienn.nasz@gmail.com

difference --- Negotiations are usually more formal, with larger number of participants while private advocacy can be limited in number and with a more casual atmosphere that gives space to a more open exchange of views.

Source author: Adrienn Nasz adrienn.nasz@gmail.com

Time-consuming screening but unavoidable --- In the last ngo I was working for we had a template dedicated to the screening of local partners. It was pretty exhaustive including in addition to values and principles, the internal structure and functioning, the funding aspects (budget, capacity of funds management...), track record, capacities of staff, reputation. This screening process represents an important time investment which is not always made.. It's also worth taking the time to visit the ngo on-site.

Source author: Chloe Sarthou chloe.sarthou@hotmail.fr

Public advocacy : more risky? --- Public advocacy seems to entail more risks such as loss of access to beneficiaries, security risks for staff on the ground. But private advocacy can also present risks, I'm thinking of the fact that it could be perceived as a lack of courage, or as an act of collaboration with the authorities in cases of violations committed against the population.

Source author: Chloe Sarthou chloe.sarthou@hotmail.fr

Finding a balance --- Should advocacy become public when private talks have failed and when it would be in the interest of the most vulnerable ones to speak out? Speaking out must be weighed against impact and risks on staff and affected population.

Source author: Chloe Sarthou chloe.sarthou@hotmail.fr

time limited partnerships - may be beneficial ? --- It appeared a great initiative - and was productive in raising awareness - created a space for the broader pop to participate and make a difference- then it , imploded - dissipated . It may be that big characters - high profile orgs - are best placed to have short term alliances - with specific outcomes in mind . Perhaps long term partnership - may not suit those profiles ?

Source author: Sally Mckay sallyjmckay@gmail.com

different pitches - for different steps --- as you explain Teresa - there are complex issues we are dealing with and 3 points on a page - don't do the issues justice . For me - it has been about knowing the audience and how they receive information well. Several powerful people I have worked with ( think a bit of attention deficit was at play ) needed it very short and sweet on a page - to attract their interest - then you could start to have the discussions. We had to pitch in stages - they could only take in so much in any one conversation . so needed to plan several conversation over a period of time - then they could be involved in a group discussion to further explore. We are an intricate lot !- us humans

Source author: Sally Mckay sallyjmckay@gmail.com

Visible --- Thank you very much for sharing your experience

Source author: Eefje Appel eappel@redcross.nl

Attention Span --- Great point both of you. It seems that today more and more people have limited attention spans and sometimes an unwillingness or resistance to new information. The elevator pitch at least brings the issue to light and then more can be done afterwards to reinforce the persuasion campaign.

Source author: Kylea Shropshire kylea.shropshire@gmail.com

Clash of Personalities --- This is an interesting point. Why did they diverge so much on message? I wonder if there was enough time given at the beginning with initial engagement to ensure the celebrities were on the same page?

Source author: Kylea Shropshire kylea.shropshire@gmail.com

Partnerships and Data Sharing --- Thank you for raising this point Kabir. When I worked with MSF, I was responsible for conducting salary surveys in various locations. It was often a challenge, especially where MSF had not been working for a long time as our counterparts were afraid to share sensitive financial data - even though we assured them that it would be anonymized and they would receive a report so they could see where they were in the market. It took a lot of effort meeting with different NGO and INGO representatives, and clinic staff, sometimes multiple times. And sometimes we were still unsuccessful in obtaining the data.

Source author: Kylea Shropshire kylea.shropshire@gmail.com

consulting beneficiaries... --- Excellent point! Other agencies need to factor in the affected population's input when making decisions that could affect them. In most cases, humanitarian organizations plan what they think is good for the people without = in many cases- consulting and giving space to the right people. We could review this and start from the beneficiaries.

Source author: Mohamed Ibrahim Nur boorshaxle@gmail.com

Advocacy and government positions --- Thanks Phoebe. Another point on this is that if the government denies a vulnerability issue but it is clear that it exists (the drought in your example) advocacy on the topic can become very politically charged. We see this a lot in some countries on migration and environment issues, in particular.

Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com

Data protection laws --- Thanks for this good question, Adrienn. A lot of international NGOs would consider themselves bound to follow their own home country laws irrespective of the law of the country where they are working, or both. This can be confusing, especially as data protection legislation varies greatly from country to country and it's possible that international organisations working in Ecuador would be following very different legislation and making life difficult for their local partners.

Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com

Advocacy by consortia --- Thanks Mohamed. The Somalia consortium is a good example. There are some other countries where similar consortia have been built, and in many more there are consortia on certain topics. The Refugee Council of Australia is one such. They can be very useful.

Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com

Advocacy - co-creation --- Good thinking Phoebe, but not usually possible without good preparation and early networking.

Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com

Humanitarian exemptions --- Thanks for this Mohameds. In the past we sometimes found that exemptions which could be obtained from the UN Security Council's sanctions processes would be more or less respected by member states. The proliferation of legislation by individual states has made this a much more fraught topic and I sense a need in the future for humanitarian organisations to do some joint work on this. Perhaps using the InterAgency Standing Committee and with the Steering Committee for Humanitarian Response as the kick-starter for the action. A subject for further thought.

Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com

Risk assessment --- IN my experience it varies with various strands led by different parts of the organisation - security, finance, programme. In terms of assessing risks of a diplomacy strategy I would have thought senior management would want to be involved given some of the reputation risks and sometimes careful balance of maintaining operational access with diplomacy for longer-term ends.

Source author: Teresa Hanley thanley7@gmail.com

LOOP --- Maria - I'd be interested to find out more about your experience of using LOOP. Let's connect. I'm not sure the extent to which it is seen as a protection mechanism v feedback mechanism. Also not sure how./if IFRC has engaged with it and managed reputation risk issues etc (and dealing with cautious boards). let's chat.

Source author: Teresa Hanley thanley7@gmail.com

Promoting community voices in humanitarian diplomacy --- The Red Cross approach to community engagement sees as important role ensuring ommunity voices and perspectives are part of the diplomacy agenda and approach. Community experiences form part of the evidence base of humanitarian diplomacy. But yes,providing spaces for voices/direct engagement between affected people and decision makers should also feature - but is something I think we are much more cautious about.

Source author: Teresa Hanley thanley7@gmail.com

awareness raising --- HI Nathalie - I agree awareness raising can be about shining a light on an issue. My thoughts are that awareness raising is a stage of advocacy or diplomacy ie to begin to get something onto the agenda; to build a receptive environment for solutions to be supported; and if its public awareness building this might be building political pressure for an issue to be addressed.

Source author: Teresa Hanley thanley7@gmail.com

Critical success factor for HDiplomats --- Stakeholder mapping should be a priority for HDiplomats. You need to know who are your key interlocutors and what is their level of power, influence and interest?

Source author: Mohamed Ibrahim Nur boorshaxle@gmail.com

Assessment of the situation --- I think this relates to the assessment of the situation. We have a target group, we have a problem, now we need to ask ourself what is also available to address the problem and why is it not enough

Source author: Fanny Charmey fanny.charmey@eda.admin.ch

public diplomacy --- public advocacy looks to me very similar to the concept of public diplomacy. I find all these attempts to define diplomacy, with subcategories that are also linked to each other, rather confusing.

Source author: Fanny Charmey fanny.charmey@eda.admin.ch

Preset solution or part of the solution --- I agree with Teresa here, one should be careful with proposed solutions. I think it again depedns very much on the context and required the humanitarian diplomats to read the room and the sensitivity of the issue. Ready-made solutions are useful for stakeholders that do not have enough ressources or the ability to take solutions, but it can cause a feeling of frustration too, and advocacy might be equally effective by aiming at a joint solution finding process.

Source author: Fanny Charmey fanny.charmey@eda.admin.ch

Bayes theorem --- What an interesting article, thank you! In particular following sentence: "Prior beliefs create an inertia that opposes change." Providing facts is not enough to change opinion, because it all depends on the prior beliefs of the person and how strong she stands on those beliefs.

Source author: Fanny Charmey fanny.charmey@eda.admin.ch

Advocacy is the key --- I could imagine how difficult it becomes to conduct principled humanitarian intervention without having direct or indirect advocacy. In the Somalia context, the Somalia NGO Consortium conducts major advocacy work for its members which consist of more than 100 national and international NGOs. So, if we are not doing it directly, we are doing do it indirectly.

Source author: Mohamed Ibrahim Nur boorshaxle@gmail.com

Taking advantage of greenlights from NSAGs --- Is it only the government or NSAGs are included? I am asking this because sometime powerful and difficult NSAGs introduce policy changes towards humanitarian intervention and its critical to take advantage of such opportunities.

Source author: Mohamed Ibrahim Nur boorshaxle@gmail.com

HDiplomacy for the Counter-terrorism --- Thanks Kusow for raising this. The Counter terrorism legislation in the making has very serious consequences for the humanitarian workers in Somalia and as HDiplomats we have to work to persuade decision makers to include humanitarian exemptions.

Source author: Mohamed Ibrahim Nur boorshaxle@gmail.com

Is the Elevator Pitch recommended from all contexts? --- I have a question about the "elevator pitch" method. I am not sure if it is appropriate for all contexts and cultures. Usually, I don't recommend it for the context of Iran as the method has the potential to cause a loss of momentum for the subject if raised fast and without concrete argument. I would appreciate feedback and experiences on the matter.

Source author: Seyedeh Sepideh Seyed Asgari asgari.spdh@gmail.com

Difficult Position of HDiplomats --- The concept is definitely relatable. I believe all those in the position of HDiplomats negotiating major or day-to-day humanitarian issues have been in this position many times. When our organisations give their word, and we fail to deliver. This puts the frontline Diplomats/Negotiators/Advocates in a challenging position and compromises their trust and rapport building efforts.

Source author: Seyedeh Sepideh Seyed Asgari asgari.spdh@gmail.com

How Power Works --- This is a crucial consideration in advocacy. Power dynamics can greatl boost an advocacy or it can water it down. For example if a government voices its concern on drought issues in a country, the advocacy around resource mobilization gains momentum. But should a government deny this, the whole advocacy strategy is watered down

Source author: Phoebe Shikuku Pheobeshikuku@gmail.com

Individual Credibility vs Organisational Credibility --- At the Field level, one potential scenario is not the organisational credibility but trust in a few individuals in senior management positions that provide grounds for Advocacy. The evident downside to this approach is that with the individuals leaving the organisation, the trust and credibility to do the Advocacy is gone, and the organisation loses its status. In my years of experience, this continues to be the approach with local authorities.

Source author: Seyedeh Sepideh Seyed Asgari asgari.spdh@gmail.com

Funding --- Thank you Humayun, Nathalie and Chris, Once upon a time, major donors would give funds for operations in a given country or even a region (for instance Middle East) without asking for details. non-earmarked funding is the best funding for a humanitarian organisation. Then donors started to integrate more and more their funding into the objectives of their foreign policy, until we reached the quagmire of the triple nexus. This tendency is highly regrettable but unavoidable.

Source author: Jean-Michel Monod jmmonod@yahoo.com

Risk --- Thank you Adrienn, mainly we are dealing with two categories of risk, risk for the reputation of the Institution, and operational (security) risk. Both involve a solid knowledge of the facts and of the field. Therefore the assessment is in the hands of the operational managers both in the field and at HQ.

Source author: Jean-Michel Monod jmmonod@yahoo.com

"Needs" we feel are necessary vs the real "Needs" --- Based on experience, sometimes, as humanitarians, we advocate for new interventions that we believe are right and needed using assessment tools. However, beyond the extensive advocacy and negotiations on the intervention, we do not bring improvement to the lives of people because the intervention (however essential) will not change the beneficiaries' lives for the best (sometimes have no impact). There needs to be a certainty that a change we are all advocating for is critical for our communities and the cultural and infrastructural requirements are in place.

Source author: Seyedeh Sepideh Seyed Asgari asgari.spdh@gmail.com

Ecuador --- Good point. Some countries on the other hand who receive a lot of humanitarian aid don't have or have just recently adopted data protection laws. I was surprised to see (coming from Europe where GDPR is everywhere) that here the data protection law was only adopted in 2021. I was wondering if before this date humanitarian organizations (Europeans for example) were supposed to collect and organize data for stakeholder mapping having in mind the Ecuadorian legislation or keeping themselves to their stricter European standards?

Source author: Adrienn Nasz adrienn.nasz@gmail.com

Detention and advocacy --- Thank you Chloe for this remark. ICRC will not use advocacy in order to gain access to security detainees, mainly because the name of the game for the Institution is to remain confidential on matters of detention. Our detention reports are confidential and given only to the detaining authority (and will be made public only if this detaining authority is publishing first parts (generally the good parts) of the report. Therefore the ICRC prefers it when the public advocacy is performed by organisations such as Amnesty or Human Rights Watch, without any mention of the ICRC. It reinforces indirectly our quiet diplomacy approach.

Source author: Jean-Michel Monod jmmonod@yahoo.com

role in the organization --- I'm wondering, is risk management a separate role in humanitarian organizations or is it merged with policy planning? In the private sector it is usually a separate role and quite important at that.

Source author: Adrienn Nasz adrienn.nasz@gmail.com

ICRC in Ukraine --- Thank you Crys, Nathalie and Chris, Yes, what is happening to the ICRC in Ukraine looks like a major misinformation campaign. Small details are used, even the smile on Maurer's face when he shakes hand with Lavrov (underlining the importance of body language in all circumstances) to try to give some substance to the fake news. The matter is very serious, above all from the angle of security for the ICRC and Ukrainian Red Cross personel who are active in and around Mariupol and other hot spots.

Source author: Jean-Michel Monod jmmonod@yahoo.com

different levels of the problem --- Also, it seems to me that it helps to understand the underlying causes, see a more detailed and complex picture, different levels where the problem stems from and then the NS can decide at which level they want to address the problem. From the root causes or if it's not the most effective way (or it's not possible) then from a different level maybe.

Source author: Adrienn Nasz adrienn.nasz@gmail.com

religious organizations --- I'm just guessing here, but maybe apart from the reasons you mentioned the nature of the organization could also influence this, eg. religous organizations might give themselves less room to maneuver when it comes to framing an issue? Would be interesting to know.

Source author: Adrienn Nasz adrienn.nasz@gmail.com

the ultimate goal --- Maybe this one should be at the forefront as all other dimensions/goals should point towards bettering the lives of people in vulnerable conditions.

Source author: Adrienn Nasz adrienn.nasz@gmail.com

Co Creation to support your evidence --- The more you involve me, the more support I will provide as I will feel a part of the process. Advocacy being a process, co-creation is mandatory.

Source author: Phoebe Shikuku Pheobeshikuku@gmail.com

Process of Changing Opinions --- Important to realize that this is a PROCESS and not a one off process. This calls for constant engagement and follow up with the stakeholders including even after the change of opinions.

Source author: Phoebe Shikuku Pheobeshikuku@gmail.com

Trust and follow-up --- Thanks Kabir. You comment illustrates the value of our inclusion of monitoring and evaluation among the settings for humanitarian diplomacy.

Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com

Coalition risks --- Thanks for this interesting - and sad - story. I think one of the best defences against this kind of thing is for the agreement to be public, or at least well known to the roots and branches of the member institutions. It's much more difficult to do as the bullies you mention did.

Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com

Covid and change --- Thanks Jaime and Nathalie. This is a good entry point for considering how response to one catastrophe can awaken governmental eyes to others which have had too little attention. In Australia covid has helped the whole population understand just how poorly run homes for aged people have been funded and are functioning.

Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com

Services available --- Crys and Sally, the services wouldn't usually be in the form of humanitarian aid. They might be institutions in the country, or services provided under legislation governing the matter including access to such entities as hospitals, human rights commissions or other things. They might be empowered but unable to exercise that power. This could be a long list and might include international assistance, sometimes.

Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com

Working culture --- Exactly the right question Terez. I had an epic experience early in my time at IFRC when the then SG asked me if I could get something done at the UN for the organisation. I said "Yes" but only if I can be sure that you will then deliver on the outcome. No more questions, if you know what I mean.

Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com

Verifiable evidence --- Terez, it's not possible for (especially) small and under-resourced humanitarian organisations to gather a line-by-line verification of all evidence. That's why we put the credibility/risk issue into the penultimate dot point.

Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com

Relevant advocacy --- Thanks Terez. I'm like a broken record - "stakeholder analysis".

Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com

Mode of message delivery --- Thanks for this useful comment Kabir. There is such a proliferation of Voice programs in the internet that it's wise to check which programs are used by people in the country or locality where you plan to use them. It's not always WhatsApp, as you'll appreciate (I now have five such programs installed in my phone, and there are many others).

Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com

Spokesperson --- Thanks for this good example Emmanuel. This is evidence of good persuasion.

Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com

Networking and partnerships --- Thanks Kylea, and Yes. Partnerships are often formed from earlier networking.

Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com

Advocacy and Humanitarian Affairs --- Kylea, maybe I miss something? MSF has a long record of advocacy, and recently advertised the position of Head of its Advocacy Unit in reliefweb. They do, however, usually advocate alone.

Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com

Better to partner? --- Thanks Chloe. Jean-Michel might have a further comment on this, but I generally see partnering as an option which should be explored. If your organisation (like the ICRC) prefers to go it alone, fine, but there will be times which some form of partnering will be wise and acceptable. That's part of the reason why the ICRC is a "standing invitee" to the InterAgency Standing Committee (IASC).

Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com

State sovereignty --- Thanks Chloe and I agree. It's also important to note that treaties usually include provisions about withdrawal - so it's possible for a State to withdraw from a treaty using those provisions and this sometimes happens after a change of government (but rarely). It's also important that a State cannot add a reservation later, after it has ratified the treaty.

Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com

Focus of advocacy --- Eefjie, I don't see this a a binary choice. In many cases it's possible to do both.

Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com

Being invisible --- Thanks Eefjie. Sometimes your organisation will decide that its best strategy is to argue quietly for an objective. The difficulty is that you may lose your supporters who wonder why you are so silent. A way needs to be found for some public disclosure of what you're doing and this is usually possible. One thing I've done is to ask friendly opinion leaders to speak highly of what my organisation is doing to promote a solution, without going into details which would damage the advocacy. It is also usually possible to go into some detail after the issue is resolved, and this should satisfy most of your supporters.

Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com

Keeping volunteers involved --- Thanks Teresa. Your comment reminds me that it is also important to keep volunteers in mind when preparing your advocacy - in this case to test the language you plan to use with them to make sure it's understood by the grassroots and their support base.

Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com

Invisible programs --- Thanks Nathalie and Kabir. The handling of this depends a lot on the nature of your organisation. If you are RCRC you will (or should) have a long history of describing your Society in terms of the fundamental principles, and a track record of providing to vulnerable people anywhere, including in gaol. How broadly you describe your support for them depends on your circumstances and in some cases you might not want to put that information into the world wide web but provide it more discreetly to any concerned donors.

Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com

Theory of change --- Thanks for this Maria. It's a useful set of points and well worth considering. I like the emphasis on focus.

Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com

Aung San Suu Kyi and her icon status --- Yes Nathalie and Kabir. She went to the International Court of Justice in The Hague and sought to rebuff the genocide case brought against her government. Many domestic observers saw this as something done support her hopes that the military would not intervene and remove her. In the end, of course, this didn't work. Discussing this would take us a long time.

Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com

Change at regional and other levels --- Yes, Crys, those levels will also be relevant. Most humanitarian organisations will be best equipped to argue for change at national and local levels but will also be able to be supported internationally by others with that ability.

Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com

Using evidence --- Thanks Crys and Sally. Once again. your stakeholder analysis should answer these questons.

Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com

Which organisation would be the best? --- Nathalie and Crys, this question would normally revolve around alternatives, and your stakeholder analysis would point to the best organisation for the job at hand.

Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com

Awareness raising --- Thanks Nathalie. Yes, this is a form of advocacy and normally it would be done with an objective.

Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com

Changing National Society leaders --- Thanks Emmanuel and Fritz. This raises in my mind the question of the attitudes to this on the part of the ICRC and IFRC. Were they consulted by anyone?

Source author: Christopher Lamb christopher.lamb17@gmail.com

Trust and follow-up for partnership --- To work in partnership depends on some issues such as trust and follow-up. Every partner must complete the task of their part and must review the same of the other. Frequent data sharing, follow-up and communication are the keys to success in partnership. Both party should use partner's best output/activities to build powerful combine efforts to reach desired goal or achievement.

Source author: M. Humayun Kabir hkabir1971@gmail.com

Hiding identity of donors' as well as beneficiaries' --- Donors must to know where their money is going and how they are spending? So donors must be provided with all details of the beneficiaries. To hide identity of beneficiaries are less important than that of donors'. In many cases (religion or cast hating) humanitarian agencies need to hide donors' identity to avoid such situation (in many countries Muslim communities may not accept donation from Jews funding).

Source author: M. Humayun Kabir hkabir1971@gmail.com

hepatitis --- covid actually evolved health systems in some part of the world, where hepatitis community organisations tested for both COVID-19 and viral hepatitis in settings that are already trusted by their communities. On the principle that every opportunity should be seized to identify the 290 million people living with viral hepatitis who are unaware of their status, Covid changed the narrative of the advocacy efforts by linking hepatitis to Covid testing.

Source author: Nathalie Caminade nathalie.m.caminade@gmail.com

an act of bravery will change the perception --- very true another story is this homeless man who went into a burning house to save an elderly man in a wheelchair as he heard him scream. i think the village offered him a home and a job, and the hero was later interviewed and said he went from invisible and unwanted to a local celebrity invited everywhere, yet he felt he was the same person.

Source author: Nathalie Caminade nathalie.m.caminade@gmail.com

covid camps --- sorry just a bit of trivia, but your comment reminded me of my aussie colleague who had to stay in a Covid camp which used to be miner barracks in Darwin for a quarantine coming from Europe this summer which really seemed like a detention camp. I do hope this is not where the Ukrainians will be stationed?

Source author: Nathalie Caminade nathalie.m.caminade@gmail.com

Using the Problem Tree --- Indeed Sally. Many organisations with Advocacy as their mandate suggest using the problem tree to define the roots and consequences of a problem. There could a be solution tree defined as per the problem tree to suggest potential solutions to the issues identified.

Source author: Seyedeh Sepideh Seyed Asgari asgari.spdh@gmail.com

Coalition - Risk vs Competitive Advantages --- Based on experience, when coalitions happen at the organisation's HQ levels, there is more accountability and longer-term interests than at the field level. E.g. an alliance of three NGOs was formed several years ago in Iran to advocate for more funding from the EC. Years later, out of the three, the largest and most influential one broke it unilaterally, used the cancel culture, bullying and misinformation to remove and replace others, went against the initial goal, counter-advocating for funding for the country.

Source author: Seyedeh Sepideh Seyed Asgari asgari.spdh@gmail.com

Advocacy & Humanitarian affairs --- To me advocacy and humanitarian affairs are interlinked but it could be mindset that need to change if one thinks outside the humanitarian space?. I can agree some dedicated organizations with required resources can run the advocacy but it is an element that need to included at all levels. For example if Organization like MSF is dedicated for health related matters, they can still advocate for others and orient the stakeholders accordingly(meaning x y z organization are better positioned allow them to as well) right?.

Source author: Mohamed Abdirashid keysar126@gmail.com

partnerships - and /or- coalitions --- perhaps a good stakeholder mapping tool here ?- sorry if I have missed it . and linkages/ coalitions / collaborative actions can be also mapped

Source author: Sally Mckay sallyjmckay@gmail.com

providing feedback --- once compiled - and findings gathered - are these provide back to beneficiaries ?

Source author: Sally Mckay sallyjmckay@gmail.com

to not depend upon facts alone --- https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-to-convince-someone-when-facts-fail/?fbclid=IwAR0R1hleA8ReuAQGm9oEk3qO7Wi7mnb0dx6ysFCFwO0SQKyu1BbyGRMlJWs

Source author: Sally Mckay sallyjmckay@gmail.com

alleviating the surface issues - or addressing the problem ? --- agree - services often try to alleviate the issues manifesting - as a result of a problem. but don't often actually address the cause / real problem

Source author: Sally Mckay sallyjmckay@gmail.com

what is the cause - and what is the symptom/ result of the cause --- apparent 'problems' can often be the result of a far more deep rooted issues.

Source author: Sally Mckay sallyjmckay@gmail.com

changing opinions --- https://theconversation.com/why-facts-alone-dont-change-minds-in-our-big-public-debates-25094

many recent research and articles on the aspects of changing minds - Covid has escalated some of these learnings

Source author: Sally Mckay sallyjmckay@gmail.com

Advocacy --- South Sudan Red Cross National Youth Chairperson was expelled by the Governing Council at mid of February 2022, due to his persistent unprofessional behaviour. Immediately he wrote a letter to the Authorities, Office of President, Relief and Rehabilitation Commission, Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs, Ministry of Interior. Asking these institutions to intervene and dissolve the current Governing Council and constitute an interim body to run the Affairs of the institutions until June 2023 elections.

Source author: Emmanuel Lessur emmanuel.lessur@ssdredcross.org

Credibility gap --- I fully share this view. There is a lot of schizophrenia in the aid/development sector and a gap between what is preached outside and done inside. I remember attending the ceremony of the international human rights day which was organised by the UN in Mali in a 5 star hotel...

Source author: Chloe Sarthou chloe.sarthou@hotmail.fr

Organizational Resources / Mandates --- Agree Kylea. Some NGOs / orgnaizations do not have the resources and therefore not the mandate to focus on advocacy, but play an important role in advocacy campaigns led by organizations with the resources / mandate for advocacy and do a good job of incorporating all relevant stakeholders. (I've especially seen this work well in Syria).

Source author: Jaime Abraham jaime.j.abraham@gmail.com

Covid Priority --- It will be interesting to see where / how Covid ranks in terms of a need for many humanitarian contexts and how that affects advocacy when discussing field and global advocacy priorities within an organization

Source author: Jaime Abraham jaime.j.abraham@gmail.com

Interpretation /Use of Evidence --- I completely agree with you both, Chrys and Terez. Another factor, as has been mentioned in previous models has been misinformation, and in the case of evidence, the warping of evidence for the purposes of misinformation and factoring this into advocacy actions / overall HD.

Source author: Jaime Abraham jaime.j.abraham@gmail.com

influencing Govts to not deport displaced people following a disaster --- The National Societies - in the Sol Is and Bahamas - following disasters - both NSs directly influenced their Govts to not deport displaced people. As Aux to govt - both NSs were able to have those discrete - respectful negotiations with Govt - behind closed doors - and obtain improved outcomes for people who were very vulnerable. In both situations - those negotiations led to the NSs taking on more responsibilities as an outcome.

Source author: Sally Mckay sallyjmckay@gmail.com

changing approaches to refugees --- Good point Kylea - interestingly in Aust this situation does not appear to being used enough right now - as it could be . The Ukraine invasion - ( has created change in public opinion ) and there appears strong support for Ukraine refugees to come to Aust . Aust has not often been welcoming to refugees. Many refuges have been held in detention centres off shore for years, with no knowledge if they will ever be released or sent back to high risk situations for themselves and their families. This situation may now provide leverage for changes to policies based upon pressure of public opinion - if picked up and led by key groups.

Source author: Sally Mckay sallyjmckay@gmail.com

put your money where your mouth is --- i love this and couldn't agree more - i feel key 'branding' themes such as climate action, gender considerations and localization are examples of how the humanitarian architecture is not really willing to make the changes it pushes for! (at least not fast enough!)

Source author: Crys Al Chamaa Crys.chamaa@gmail.com

red lines --- it's really important as well to understand where we draw the line to 'embracing' risks - in agreement with partners if there are partners involved

Source author: Crys Al Chamaa Crys.chamaa@gmail.com

participatory vs. assessments --- First, consultations/"assessments" is one thing - engagement and meaningful relationship building to understand the realities and build on what communities share is another, and the latter would serve advocacy much better and be endorsed/supported by the communities. Second - 'don't talk about me without me' - why not create strategies with the communities themselves. it's also an opportunity to share information and enable communities to better understand how to navigate should they choose to mobilize. Third, we should share what we collect back to them.

Source author: Crys Al Chamaa Crys.chamaa@gmail.com

evidence- and how much is too much - use of emotion --- Really interesting studies have shown - that when trying to persuade people - more information and evidence - can actually result in that person - bunkering down in their own preexisting belief systems - and refute the new information . So whilst really important to have credible and trusted evidence - to also know where that tipping point is - when is it too much ? The research also indicated that persuasion is most achievable when human connections and emotion are involved . This was then adopted more - when training for Emergency Management - in how to persuade key EM leaders to adopt different approaches and behaviours .

Source author: Sally Mckay sallyjmckay@gmail.com

what if the organization isn't? --- if we aren't, does that mean our advocacy changes to advocating/partnering with the relevant body within the strategy? and if they should not be interested - then what?

Source author: Crys Al Chamaa Crys.chamaa@gmail.com

can someone give an example? --- this doesn't make sense to me - services as in humanitarian aid? temporary solution?

Source author: Crys Al Chamaa Crys.chamaa@gmail.com

Ukraine Crisis & ICRC --- I couldn't agree more - the public's understanding of humanitarian mandates and principles is taken for granted on so many levels. Media portrays the politics the losses and the wars - biased, incomplete and the language used can alter how its digested. the ICRC are currently dealing with another huge PR situation that stemmed from rumors and public questioning why the ICRC is engaging with Russia - there was a lot of anger and misunderstanding from the public - and not surprising at all... anyways, this has been on my mind over the past 2 days and has just made me take a step back to just look at how we're engaging in different situations - change is needed!

Source author: Crys Al Chamaa Crys.chamaa@gmail.com

Patrnerships --- I agree that if you are not well versed in a subject matter to colloborate with a partner organization whose subject area it is to get the gains that you want. We as a National Society has partnered with the Nature Conservancy who is well respected and a credible organizatio in the foeld of climate change and evironmentally friendly paractices. We work along with them to encourage a change in behavior for the environment and do our part against climate change.

Source author: Terez Curry terez.curry@gmail.com

Working Culture --- This is saying to walk the walk and not only talk the talk. Are you as a HD for an organization doing the thing you are advocating for?

Source author: Terez Curry terez.curry@gmail.com

Having verifiable evidence --- How critical is it to have verifiable evidence to support an advocacy plan when you can see the issue, you know the issue and know what can fix the problem. Do you really need to have evidence backed output to substantiate what you know the problem is. I can agree that some interventions need research and evidence but is this required for all advocacy work? or is it just a suggestion?

Source author: Terez Curry terez.curry@gmail.com

Defining the issue --- The But-Why? helps National Societies to determine what is the real issue and what they need to advocate for when approaching government in their auxililary role.

Source author: Terez Curry terez.curry@gmail.com

Relevant Advocacy --- HD must determine what is best way to go to achieve the humanitarian outcome deisred. Basically as a HD, you must be so knowledgeable about your subject cause to know your interlocutor and know how to approach for a change in policy or attitude.

Source author: Terez Curry terez.curry@gmail.com

Being sure of your information --- You are correct Crys in that getting the right evidence to leverage the conversation because if your information is not correct, you will be discredited and any work that you are advocating for will be diminished. Also, if you are discussing "apples" and you take about "oranges", the interlocture would disregard you as a HD as you are not prepared and nothing will be accomplished.

Source author: Terez Curry terez.curry@gmail.com

Powerless celebrities can be useful tools too --- Those such powerless but influential/acceptable characters can attract media coverage through social activities. So the authority must acts on in their favor because of the pressure from public can not be ignored. Such celebrities' can become useful in fundraising, smoking ban etc. as well.

Source author: M. Humayun Kabir hkabir1971@gmail.com

Mode of message delivery --- To avoid unnecessary delay a preliminary idea can be conveyed through SMS or messenger or WhatsApp and the formal delivery of message can be made through e-mail or post. In most cases in-person delivery/discussion brings better results than to make it over phone or on other formats.

Source author: M. Humayun Kabir hkabir1971@gmail.com

A refugee rescues a child from falling ground --- In France a child was about to fall on ground from 8th floor apartments building. Out of blue a refugee young man climbed the building like a Spiderman and rescue the child. As a reward he got a job in the firefighting department. Human in any status can never become burden of the society/country if they are treated, trained and educated well in order to extract their talents and skills.

Source author: M. Humayun Kabir hkabir1971@gmail.com

Risk --- Is this meaning risk regarding partners included in the advocacy strategy?

Source author: Kylea Shropshire kylea.shropshire@gmail.com

Spokeperson of the group --- During the development of the Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) policy in South Sudan, Director General at the Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs was the spokesperson. The idea is to have an inclusive arguments and to let the authorities feels they are involved.

Source author: Emmanuel Lessur emmanuel.lessur@ssdredcross.org

Risk of Never Agreeing on an Action --- I definitely can see the benefits here, but isn't there a risk that this "but why" process could go on indefinitely? Especially if you have less than cooperative colleagues?

Source author: Kylea Shropshire kylea.shropshire@gmail.com

Real Improvement --- Does this mean significant opposed to a menial improvement? Isn't it always better to improve a situation even if it is a small improvement (of course considering cost/benefit analysis)?

Source author: Kylea Shropshire kylea.shropshire@gmail.com

Networking --- I would imagine that networking is included as part of this?

Source author: Kylea Shropshire kylea.shropshire@gmail.com

Advocacy and Humanitarian Affairs --- This to me generally makes sense that it is a method or tool to use to achieve humanitarian goals, but I have seen with some organizations such as MSF, where they refuse advocacy to be part of their humanitarian representation - that they are two separate divisions/strands.

Source author: Kylea Shropshire kylea.shropshire@gmail.com

Disregarded --- Emmanuel, do you mean that the organization was unsuccessful and they were totally disregarded by the government?

Source author: Kylea Shropshire kylea.shropshire@gmail.com

Known and Familiar --- Is this due to not reviewing how things could be changed or having the same staff working on advocacy for extended periods of time?

Source author: Kylea Shropshire kylea.shropshire@gmail.com

Ukraine Crisis --- From this point, I could see how the Ukraine Crisis could be used to advocate for other/future refugees' rights within Europe, due to activating the Directive 2001/55/EC. And perhaps serve as a president for elsewhere in the world regarding refugee related humanitarian policy. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32001L0055

Source author: Kylea Shropshire kylea.shropshire@gmail.com

Better to partner? --- Isn't it always better to partner with like-minded organizations having the same advocacy target? When working for the ICRC on detention matters, I felt that this approach was not really explored or considered as a viable option, even if other organizations were active on the same topic. Everyone was conducting its own advocacy separately. This must be a bit hard to understand for the targeted audience, especially the authorities.

Source author: Chloe Sarthou chloe.sarthou@hotmail.fr

State sovereignty --- I find it an interesting and relevant type of argument to use as it is not an "external" argument but it relies on the sovereignty and independence of the state which freely decided to ratify such treaties and can be held accountable on that basis.

Source author: Chloe Sarthou chloe.sarthou@hotmail.fr

Importance of the strategy --- Strategy is a key word here. It requires time and dedicated staff to build a qualitative and inclusive advocacy strategy and to implement it. Sometimes, the focus is on operational activities and there is no sufficient investment made on advocacy which tends to be more of an improvised, ad-hoc action which is not anchored in a proper strategy.

Source author: Chloe Sarthou chloe.sarthou@hotmail.fr

Focus of advocacy --- While acknowledging that it is context depended, would you say that in general it is smarter to focus on further empowering your allies or trying to persuade the neutral actors to get more people behind your cause?

Source author: Eefje Appel eappel@redcross.nl

Elevator pitch --- Interesting question Teresa. I think it could foremost help you making the issue more understandable and appealing if you are able to pitch the matter within a short timespan. I also think if you are able to gain the attention of the listener within that pitch, you might indeed win that extra time in a follow-up.

Source author: Eefje Appel eappel@redcross.nl

Remaining invisible --- Do you think it is becoming more important to show your 'constituency' or followers what you are doing or in which advocacy trajects you are involved?

Source author: Eefje Appel eappel@redcross.nl

But tension with nuance and dealing with complexity? --- Is there a danger with reducing all to an elevator pitch - and constant demands for 3 bullet points- of reducing the complexity of some issues and making people thing there's an easy answer? Are we better to use the elevator pitch as a means to get something on the agenda/foot in the door - so the ask is for just that - ie time to discuss /explore an issue?

Source author: Teresa Hanley thanley7@gmail.com

Example of UK Make Poverty History campaign --- This make poverty history campaign eventually crumbled when various leading voices who were high profile - celebrity ones and from NGOs - clashed on approach. It looked like it might also have been about personal profile in the campaign too. But it did work for a while!

Source author: Teresa Hanley thanley7@gmail.com

Keep involved in the research --- This is interesting. We often commission research from academics or consultants and the volunteer power/influence in the research (beyond being sources of information) can get lost. So they don't feel a strong connection to the final findings and recommendations. Academic language can also be alienating. So best to keep volunteers or representatives as partners - co-creation methods maybe.

Source author: Teresa Hanley thanley7@gmail.com

Problem trees for planning --- This is a similar system as using a problem tree in participatory planning for a project design or as part of developing a theory of change. Really useful - though sometimes goes back to problems which are much harder to address eg inequities.

Source author: Teresa Hanley thanley7@gmail.com

Really useful typology --- I think this is really useful. Sometimes more than one of these categories will be present eg International Year to combat poverty and social exclusion in Europe (I think 2010? - a policy window) provided a means for organisations to build a coalition between campaigners, academics and media so also with a public campaign.

Source author: Teresa Hanley thanley7@gmail.com

Collaboration in creation of the solution --- It can be effective to involve those with power/decision makers in the creation of the solution rather than presenting a pre-set idea. Eg

Source author: Teresa Hanley thanley7@gmail.com

Interviews --- This is good Emmanuel, and then how are these answers to your interviews processed? What happens next?

Source author: Jean-Michel Monod jmmonod@yahoo.com

Relations --- Interesting Mohamed, could you elaborate a little bit and perhaps give concrete examples?

Source author: Jean-Michel Monod jmmonod@yahoo.com

Advocacy as a tool for credibility and trust? --- That sounds like an interesting case! Could you elaborate a bit more on the situation and the allegations made? This could be an interesting example where advocacy has passively established a communications plattform from which an exchange influenced credibility and trust in the Red Cross.

Source author: Fritz Pinnow fritzpinnow@gmx.de

Testing --- I believe testing could rather refer to gathering experience, which can be applied in other contexts. Or as well "probing" communication channels and pursuing the channel which has received the highest resonance.

Source author: Fritz Pinnow fritzpinnow@gmx.de

tricky alliances --- the example of the collective effort of the EU to ban tabacco products is well chosen. However, alliances must be chosen wisely, because in an alliance reputational costs are shared and ones allies mistakes can reflect poorly on both. Does someone have a good example for that or experience with this type of occurence?

Source author: Fritz Pinnow fritzpinnow@gmx.de

Advantages of relations with communities --- This is an area where some humanitarian organizations need to work on. In some cases we tent to focus on the assistance part but forgot to put enough emphasis on building relations with the affected communities. There is a lot opportunities for humanitarian organizations to do this as it can help smoothen their working environment and operations.

Source author: Mohamed Ibrahim Nur boorshaxle@gmail.com

Inclusion --- Currently South Sudan Red Cross Society have taken a significant step to conduct interviews with people affected by flood/ Disaster in the Country. To Incorporate their views into the draft Disaster Law Risk Management bill.

Source author: Emmanuel Lessur emmanuel.lessur@ssdredcross.org

philanthropy in humanitarian diplomacy --- We have seen prominent philanthropists, with no official power, being able to make change happen, e.g. the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation in malaria eradication, covid19 and fight against poverty. These philanthropists act as accelerators and provide visibility.

Source author: Nathalie Caminade nathalie.m.caminade@gmail.com

invisible --- this brings to mind ethical dilemna, the impartiality principle vs earmarked funding e.g. my colleague telling me none wanted to donate for providing medical treatment and drugs to prisoners on the basis that they were criminals...an example where you might want to remain invisible so as to not alienate some donors?

Source author: Nathalie Caminade nathalie.m.caminade@gmail.com

mobilizing resources --- Humanitarian diplomacy advocacy can play a key role in mobilizing resources within the humanitarian wider sector spectrum by doing right engagements with the different sectors to mobilize the resources that one sector may not be able to implement.

Source author: Mohamed Abdirashid keysar126@gmail.com

advocacy at policy reform level --- In the past recent years, some governments put more efforts to legalize counterterrorism laws in their parliament sessions without thinking humanitarian exemptions. This is where Humanitarian diplomacy advocacy makes sense at the policy reform levels.

Source author: Mohamed Abdirashid keysar126@gmail.com

to influence --- https://www.academia.edu/49882416/Dialogue_and_stategic_communication?email_work_card=title

interesting article ......

Resonance How far should mutual influence in relations go? Hartmut Rosa (2019) proposed the notion of resonance, recognising the work of Buber as a source. Resonance occurs when a tuning fork adopts the fibration of a source of sound. Like Buber’s I-Thou relations, resonance requires contact but should not engage in control. Rosa (2019: 17) identified four stages of control: making visible, making reachable, making manageable, and making useful.

Source author: Sally Mckay sallyjmckay@gmail.com