Example of Diplomatic Crime --- In the United States, in 1997, an ambassador from the republic of Georgia, legally drink at the time and driving three times the speed limit caused an automobile accident in Washington, D.C. leading to four injuries and the death of a sixteen-year-old girl. The United States fromally requested that the republic of Georgia waive his immunity persuant to Article 32 of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations. The republic of Georgia complied and the diplomat was eventually convicted of involuntary manslaughter in the United States and sentenced to federal prison.

Source author: Adil Khalil adilfiel@yahoo.com

causes of national threats --- Threats to national security could exacerbated by the inability of nationals to filter information which is not meant for social social media thereby exposing their territory unknowingly to preying extremists forces.

Source author: Rebecca Peyavali Iyambo riyambo@mirco.gov.na

Objective of Protecting Citizens --- To protect a country and its citizens against national security disruption we have to look for threats which are mostly affecting national security as in: Terrorists who are sponsored or tolerated by foreign powers to cause disruption through violence, hostile governments who have intentions, cybercrimes threat because onlilne criminals associated with hotile governments pose a danger to national security through hacking economic institutions, government websites and infrastructure operating systems or to serve ideological agenda. National security can also be threaten by Natural Disasters and Diseases like earthquakes or hurricanes which can make serious damage to the people and physical infrastructure, besides, pandemics which make the economy and healthcare system very weak in addition to other serious impacts.

Source author: Adil Khalil adilfiel@yahoo.com

Aggression against national security... --- ...can also be foreign governments with hostile intentions. Such kind of threats could involve direct acts of war as an agression to another country. Even sometimes some threats can be subtler and difficult to detect as in some examples like election interference.

Source author: Adil Khalil adilfiel@yahoo.com

Selectivity --- As to partners, topics, recurrences, selectivity is essential. However, I believe a certain opportunism also can be effective. Communicating regularly on current events and taking part in unexpected initiatives in a way that is compatible with your “brand identity” might ensure a more continuous presence in the public field of the host country. And this in turn, will yield notoriety and - in the end - trust. While working on key events, it is also important to maintain this continuous activity in the background. All the more since it will also make you familiar with new potential trusted partners.

Source author: Koenraad Du Pont koenraad.dupont@diplobel.fed.be

Yes agreed --- Frankly speaking, as Myanmar is mostly in defensive nature in diplomacy due to its internal problems, it is very important for us to focus on what is in media or what says about Myanmar in adopted statements for reporting or responding. Perhaps, we may be too focused on that rather than taking more initiatives. But for doing so, we need political capital and resources.

Source author: Aung Naing Soe ansoe.mofa@gmail.com

Embassies with something in common --- Two examples. First, the embassies of ASEAN member states in each country gather for a greater impact in pushing forwards issues that are relevant to the region or most countries in the region. They also do several campaigns, including food and cultural festival, which can be more attractive when thinking about 10 countries, a region of 4.5 billion people and cultural diversity. Second, the formation of ‘like-minded countries’ is also important and impactful. In Thailand, ambassadors of four countries (Germany, the U.S., UK and Australia) announced in 2019, ten-step recommendations for Thailand to crack the top ten in the World Bank’s Global Ease of Doing Business Index (Ten for Ten). It is undeniable that, with the formation of four economically-strategic countries, the Thai public significantly paid attention to and had reflections on it.

Source author: Panika PITTAVESTSOONTHON pa.pittayavestsoonthon@mfa.mail.go.th

Multi-effects --- High-level visit if arranged properly has multiple impacts on PD with quick results in a short period of time. Business corporations, investors, youths, or cultural troops accompanying the high-level visit has a huge potential to inform, engage and influence the audiences as many are paying their great attention to every aspects of the visit. Of course such proper high-level visit is an important bridge (also effective PD approach) to build trust, friendship and understanding even between the peoples of the two countries including among different entities (I.e. G2B, B2B).

Source author: Aung Naing Soe ansoe.mofa@gmail.com

It would indeed be handy --- to have a kind of diversified yet pre-defined repository or map of pd “instruments” for PD: speakers, websites and social media, recurring subjects, other initiatives provided by the various ministries in order to ensure the linkage to your country in your PD. In my experience, the trouble was mostly not finding local partners, but finding a national element other than the Ambassador and his team to bring into your campaign or event and strengthen the national image.

Source author: Koenraad Du Pont koenraad.dupont@diplobel.fed.be

Pros and Cons --- I do agree that the diaspora plays significant roles and has the potential to be a powerful means of delivering messages and accessing and influencing local media (e.g. Cambodian diaspora in Australia). What are the possible challenges for PD campaign if the diaspora community doesn't cooperate? Are there any experience from our friends here that your countries encounter such problem? What have your countries done to overcome this issue?

Source author: Usaphea Horn usaphea.horn@gmail.com

It truly works --- Unlike our previous ambassadors to Thailand, the current Cambodia's ambassador to Thailand has done greater job in engaging with the publics, media and non-state actors. As a result, he has earned tremendous support from and popularity among Cambodian migrant workers in Thailand as well as policy makers and the publics in home country.

Source author: Usaphea Horn usaphea.horn@gmail.com

Diaspora and PD --- In case of Thailand, diaspora communities, particularly in Europe, actively take part in organizing cultural events since the events allow them to reconnect to their roots. However, the engagement of diaspora communities in other activities may not be as strong as in cultural activities. Some/many of them may not share understanding or feelings with people in their homeland in some newly-emerged issues. So, what I wish to highlight when talking about diaspora communities is a need for the embassies to develop close connection or network with the groups, including to (re)establish/strengthening the missing connections to some issues.

Source author: Panika PITTAVESTSOONTHON pa.pittayavestsoonthon@mfa.mail.go.th

diaspora politics --- Roughly 2,5 million Hungarians (Hungary has 9,7 mil inhabitants) live in the diaspora. It is a complex task to help them preserving their national identity, to help them staying in their homeland (it goes for those who became part of the diaspora because the borders of the country has changed after the WWII) while keeping them as part of the nation without borders and using this potential for the economic as well as social benefit of the country of origin. Hungary has built up a complex instituion for this. And in 2016 a new startegy for the diaspora politics have been adopted as well which sets 4 directions for development: i) development in the sphere of education ii) strengthening economic cooperation iii) strengthening diaspora diplomacy iv) creation of a centre for emigrants and the diaspora.

Source author: Adrienn Sallai sadrienn78@yahoo.co.uk

communication can easily become superficial and even slippery. --- I think using emojis can be useful when the intention is to target and engage the younger audience. It is true that it can speak across borders - physical borders and even more borders between generations. But I think the meanings are very limited so communication can easily become superficial and even slippery.

Source author: Adrienn Sallai sadrienn78@yahoo.co.uk

long term PD may end in result --- Let me share with you one of my experience which perhaps reflects that PD activities in certain areas are indeed for medium-to -long term and might only reach partial success but are still very important and necessary in the long run. Back in 2010, when I used to work for the EU Delegation to Malaysia, we had launched a kind of campaign on the abolition of the death penalty. To be honest at that time we did not use the term public diplomacy campaign although definitely at least partly it was PD activity. It was part of the broader human rights country strategy and also part of the general EU strategy of fighting against the capital punishment. It resulted as far as I know in partial success as in July 2018, the Malaysian government established an immediate moratorium on executions and it is also expected to table legislation in the Parliament that would remove the mandatory death penalty for 11 offences. (Our Malaysian colleague can correct me if I am wrong or missed some information). At that time we did not use social media tools,(we might have been mosre effective but those were different times) but we drew up a multifaceted series of events. On ambassadorial level we met with the law minister, with the attorney general,with parliamentarians, with the human rights commission of Malaysia to explain our position on the matter and to share the objective of our campaign as well as to get a clear picture of the offiacial position of the country in this regard. As a kick off event we managed to get into the country an attorney (if I remember well) from the International Court of Justice – who was in the region at that time and was ready to cooperate with us - who made a presentation on the legal reasoning of the abolition and the experiences of the last few decades along pros and cons. Through this we gained our legal argumentation for the campaign id est it is not the severity of the punishment which restrains from committing a capital offence but the certainty of the implementation of any kind of punishment namely that you can’t get off light – this is what is dissuasive. We had as main partner the Malasian Bar and also different national and international civil society organisations, and as the government told us that it was the Malaysian public which was rather against abolition we needed to change their mindset through annual public conferences on the topic, public forums with the participation of those whose relatives were on the death row, published news paper articles, we followed and visited court cases of the kind in Malaysia and in the region. It was a great experience.

Source author: Adrienn Sallai sadrienn78@yahoo.co.uk

digital parnerships --- An interesting example here in Germany was the Nordic embassies teaming up on specific topics for a live Q&A on twitter. This involved Ambassadors of all three countires responding live to questions from twitter and allowed them to highlight similarities and differences in policy approaches to questions such as climate change or education. Their responses showed they were digitally-savvy, innovative, and understood the audience on the channel (as well as very well briefed in advance)!

Source author: Kate Bruene Katharina.Bruene@dfat.gov.au

And who should approach them? --- Something to consider for each target group as well: who is best to approach them to build a relationship? While often many contacts are clearly interested (and honoured) to meet with an Ambassador, sometimes a working level approach can lead to quicker results...

Source author: Kate Bruene Katharina.Bruene@dfat.gov.au

diaspora communities --- National communities in country are also a great source of information when it comes to making an assessment of perceptions in the host country - qualitative interviews on their experiences, especially with nationals working in a relevant field, can give new insights (often for free) and additionally build a stronger network with local communities on the ground.

Source author: Kate Bruene Katharina.Bruene@dfat.gov.au

Trust --- "Public diplomacy is about trust. However, public diplomacy in itself is not a short cut to trust." This words evoke deep insights. Not only important aspects such as arguments, initiatives and environment, but also an accumulation of time is an element that forms PD. It is a long process and calls for patience.

Source author: Takahiro Hara takahiro.hara-2@mofa.go.jp

Agree --- I think it is impossible to manage and suppress that criticism itself. So, rather than spending energy on curbing that criticism, I think there is no choice but to mitigate those criticism by conducting constructive, sincere and concrete measures. In many cases, those criticism is related with the past. The past cannot be changed. Of course, if distorted facts are advertised, it is necessary to correct them. It also takes considerable energy to correct certain perceptions. But we may change the future. We should do our best to build matured relationships for the future.

Source author: Takahiro Hara takahiro.hara-2@mofa.go.jp

High-level visits --- You are right, Aung, especially as a high-lvel Minister can be a key to unlocking access for business visitors to influential figures in the host country. I remember that during the London 2012 Olympics, the Kenyan mission hosted a commercial promotion event and invited their long-distance runners as guests of honour which ensured heavy interest and attendance. But it is worth remembering that visits should be part of a longer-term strategy of building relationships and not a on-off event. One must keep up momentum.

Source author: Liz Galvez LizG@diplomacy.edu

Outside contacts --- Playing devil's advocate here to all of you: if all your work is inside your office on your computer, what is the point of having an embassy in-country? You could run your embassy's business entirely from the capital or from half a dozen key regional locations, with the odd trip to present credentials, call on a couple of important people, host a National Day reception. But shouldn't diplomacy be more than that? Isn't it about getting out and about to really know the country you're in and its people, so that you are best placed on the one hand to report and analyse, identify opportunities and risks, recommend policy, and then on the other hand show them who you are as a country, what you represent and how mutually beneficial it can be for both sides to work together. If we are not doing this as diplomats, then the nay-sayers who are critical of diplomats as massive wasters of public money have their case made for them.

Source author: Liz Galvez LizG@diplomacy.edu

Media in general --- The challenge for diplomats today is that they may become too focused on what is in social media but online media should include also main dailies/weeklies, news programmes on TV and radio, and even local or specialist media which may have different perspectives. Of course you need proficiency in languages to follow what is being written/said but that is where cultivating contacts with journalists can be handy.

Source author: Liz Galvez LizG@diplomacy.edu

Valid point --- We can have a conceptual discussion if you wish on Thursday but the danger here is that it can get too theoretical and general and doesnt really help when you have to write it yourself. Perhaps for Thursday you could all think of how you would draw up the outline of an overall PD strategy for your own country/institution, aligned with your Ministry's foreign policy objectives, and adjusted for Europe and for Asian countries (though I think it is misleadinand unhelpful to lump all the countries of one geographical region together). Then at the chat session (which will be text) you can each say what conclusions you have drawn about elements of your PD strategy that would be similar regardless of the audience, and which would differ significantly, bearing in mind Bianca's comment about what type of narratives resonate with whom, and which methods are most effective where.

Source author: Liz Galvez LizG@diplomacy.edu

Opportunities for girls --- Several embassies did this, I think, and several in one host country band together which makes an even greater impact. The trick is to sustain the message that your country stands for equal opportunities for girls,in education (especially in the sciences and IT sectors), employment (again - same sectors), health etc and that this narrative permeates everything that you do and say. One-off events on their own catch media attention but PD is a long game.

Source author: Liz Galvez LizG@diplomacy.edu

Countering stereotypes --- One of the challenges for governments is to change fixed perceptions about their country among the plic of another. For example, when people think of the UK, they might think the Queen, bowler hats, pageantry, castles, ie tradition. Do they automatically think of AI creativity and development, innovation in design, scientific excellence? I'm sure all of you have seen the same challenge with your own countries. It's more than rebranding. It's showing modern realities and opportunities that ultimately will advance your national interests, political or economic or both.

Source author: Liz Galvez LizG@diplomacy.edu

In a daily work, --- it is indeed a challenge to keep in touch with the outside world, without being physically and mentally exhausted, while coping with a huge amount of daily work, and responding to instructions from the capital that arrives every day. But I think it's worth it.

Source author: Takahiro Hara takahiro.hara-2@mofa.go.jp

Not just this --- Not just important for engaging and monitoring online media throughout and after the campaign, it is also important to keep constant tracking, analyse and evaluate online media to know exactly how the target audiences perceived and understand their sentiments before planning strategies or beginning PD campaigns because, in addition to resources for making decision, preliminary assessment is always conducive to the adoption of efficient and better approach to achieve the intended objectives.

Source author: Aung Naing Soe ansoe.mofa@gmail.com

how and what --- thank you Thomas! I agree and in fact I would even add that it would be great to see some more conceptual discussions on what (rather than just how) we communicate. what type of messages touch the ears of European and Asian publics? what makes then tick? what is that both share in terms of interests?

Source author: Bianca Anechitei Bianca.ANECHITEI@eeas.europa.eu

Agree, but since this module is called "strategy"... --- ... I think we should discuss about more than just campaigns. Campaigns are one activity under a strategy, but there is so much more to it. Consider e.g. branding of events / projects you support; the "look & feel" of your embassy premises; busienss cards and email signatures; language & terminology (e.g. does your staff present themselves as working for your country, your embassy, or a specific department of your ministry?), etc.

Source author: Thomas Baumgartner thomas.baumgartner@eda.admin.ch

Switzerland has established... --- ... reginoal social media hubs, usually consisting of a digital native / social media expert who can provide guidance and support to the missions in the region. This is very useful, as they fill competency gaps, promote exchange of good practice among the missions in the region, and also provide punctual support / resources for time-bound campaigns. They also generate weekly social media newsletters with suggestions for posts.

Source author: Thomas Baumgartner thomas.baumgartner@eda.admin.ch

Localization is key --- I know we Swiss are obsessed with decentralization, but I think any public diplomacy strategy must be locally relevant, so I'm a strong advocate for a decentralized approach with the MFA providing a framework with overall objectives, some M&E guidelines, and then tools and resources for local implementation.

Source author: Thomas Baumgartner thomas.baumgartner@eda.admin.ch

Who is in charge --- I think that several people in an embassy can run SM accounts that overall have the goal of raising profile, even if they are less direct. and you may want several different official accounts: Embassy, ambassador, Consular, Economic/Commercial, all managed by them. But if you have a PD committee in post, or address PD issues regularly and frequently in staff meetings, you can keep track of who's doing what and what needs promoting.

Source author: Liz Galvez LizG@diplomacy.edu

key objectives --- Limiting these is an option or setting staged objectives for different phases depending on achievement of key indicators could do. But remember that specific objectives should be time-limited even if the overall goal is long-term eg Overall goal could be to promote inward investment from country x to your country or to expand your country's commerncail presence in country X. A specific indicator of achievement could be to conclude an Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement by date x, or to arrange a successful Ministerial/business visit focussed on x sector within 12 months resulting in new contracts. Outcome would be an x% increase in exports/vol of investment etc. I'm sure you're all familiar with this process.

Source author: Liz Galvez LizG@diplomacy.edu

You are right --- Anticipating/seeing what may lie ahead is really a core quality and one which in my opinion all diplomats should have. It is also a key element in accurate political analysis for reporting and creating policy recommendations.

Source author: Liz Galvez LizG@diplomacy.edu

Who agrees... --- ... that disabling comment is a good thing? (Not the same thing as moderating out offensive, insulting language but I guess you will discuss this next week).

Source author: Liz Galvez LizG@diplomacy.edu

Good point, Bianca --- Some countries have less known than others, or known for only one aspect to the detriment of others. But small countries can make themselves familiar everywhere with a clever strategy carefully focussed, eg Estonia, Singapore.

Source author: Liz Galvez LizG@diplomacy.edu

Keep the number of your goals limited --- As public diplomacy is still a relatively new category (even if many of actions categorizaed as PD are indeed not new) I would suggest to keep the number of measurable goals in the strategic plan very low. Better focus on 1-2 key objectives and put the whole network to work on them. In following years it will be possible to build on that, adding new goals or revising the old ones.

Source author: Ugo Boni ugo.boni@esteri.it

I think these are more attitudes than skills --- Social media I believe requires more detailed technical skills than other public diplomacy-related works.

Before, translation and drafting skills seemed to be the only skill that was required for the position. Now, that's clearly not enough. Skills to create visuals is prerequisites. Being able to use Adobe Creative Cloud to edit photos and videos, design and illustrate graphics and posters are key competencies needed for social media managing.

Source author: Hee-eun Hahm hehahm@naver.com

Glad someone recognizes this! --- Back when I worked for the Ministry of Culture in Korea, and now in the Australian embassy as well, there have been only one person in charge of social media. Embassy is a lot smaller but as for the culture ministry, I had to in charge of Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, Flickr accounts which in total had around 800,000 followers.

Though the numerical achievements were frequently used for cables, the job seems to be unfortunately still considered as just supplementing. Yet if I want to take leaves I have to prepare all the contents and schedule them in advance, because there's no one that can replace my role, and because vacancy in social media managing is clearly recognizable to public.

Source author: Hee-eun Hahm hehahm@naver.com

Understanding trend is important --- Yet too many times at work, it falls behind priorities. Rather than giving output all the time, it's necessary to have a separate time for simply observing what public (or more specifically target audience) is interested in.

I don't know how it is for other countries, but trends change extremely frequently in Korea. The phrases used by youngsters, fashion, hit tv shows or music, they change every four season of a year.

Source author: Hee-eun Hahm hehahm@naver.com

True and yet --- Some countries decide to disable comment function on their governmental websites or contents to avoid having showing negative comments in public.

Source author: Hee-eun Hahm hehahm@naver.com

Social media calendar --- For our Australian embassy in Korea, one thing we find important is setting up and constantly filling in social media calendar.

National commemorative days and international days are repeated annually. So listing these days and keeping in mind of what day will come, help us prepare contents beforehand and publish related contents at the right time.

Source author: Hee-eun Hahm hehahm@naver.com

EU EMERGENCY TRUST FUND FOR AFRICA --- Trust Fund for Africa is a good example of what you are pointed out Cara@. At least, it was perceived like this within several humanitarian organisations in the Sahel area. Maybe we can ask ourselves: saving lives at any cost?

Source author: María Romero Pardo sohi1z1@hotmail.com

Balancing time and cost of vulnerability --- Time is a crucial factor in persuasion. Humans need time to revisit every information they have received. As they take time to think on something the more they will be convinced by understanding the truth. HD must avail enough time to parties to meditate in balance with the cost the vulnerable are paying.

Source author: Wossene Hailu Wossene_Hailu@wvi.org

Faith based organizations --- @Wossene Hailu faith based organizations are usually biased and impartial in nature,pursuing own faith agenda,e.g.trying to convert more people.For HD to be effective it maybe advisable to leave religion out of the process as it might also turn out to be divisive.The aim is to remain neutral and impartial.

Source author: Katlego W. Phele phelekatlego@gmail.com

The right analysis --- Don't worry Anna, the NSAG will take the decision for you. Either you transport the wounded soldier or they blow your head off and take your vehicle themselves. Besides, if the combattant is wounded, he is "hors de combat", so you take him on board, without his weapon, and you politely refuse to take a valid armed combattant with him.

Source author: Jean-Michel Monod jmmonod@yahoo.com

Situations evolve --- Another good question Marwa ! You might have in mind the situation of the Afghan Red Crescent today. Our role is to support them and help them (through HD and other means) to strenghten their capacity to act. And the circumstances can change with time. So yes, we keep supporting the NS which are in similar situations around the globe.

Source author: Jean-Michel Monod jmmonod@yahoo.com

Censorship --- Yes Taban, this is why Trump is not allowed on Facebook and Twitter anymore. But except for such a well known case, who should decide in other cases? When is censorship legitimate and when is it not?

Source author: Jean-Michel Monod jmmonod@yahoo.com

Use of Online social media --- Measures have to be put to monitor "Fake News" or those who rebrand posted information to achieve own objectives.

Source author: Taban Sabir Alahai taban.sabir@ssdredcross.org

Data Sharing with Parties --- Data sharing with parties may be sensitive in conflict context in interest of achieving goals through HD. Do no harm applies here!

Source author: Taban Sabir Alahai taban.sabir@ssdredcross.org

NS Uniqueness --- Sheebah, you are absolutely right, NSs are not automatically unique to have access. A lot have to be done to maintain it's acceptance and individuals integrity working for NSs through HD.

Source author: Taban Sabir Alahai taban.sabir@ssdredcross.org

What if there is no agreement on what the applicable law is --- For example, Israel does not accept the international community's position on occupied territory. In this instance there is no actual agreement on the applicable law itself. In such situations is it worth bringing in international law at all or would it only derail the HD efforts.

Source author: Marwa Shabbar marwashabbar@yahoo.com.au

GC IV and AP I & II --- The fourth GC and the two additional protocols also have some provisions on the prevention of displacement etc. Which places certain obligations on the warring parties.

Source author: Marwa Shabbar marwashabbar@yahoo.com.au

humanitarian organisations --- The ICRC actually can't be compelled to give evidence due to their unique status. With that being said other humanitarian agencies and specifically human rights organisations (such as HRW) participate in these proceedings regularly (if it falls within their mandate) by way of amicus briefs.

Source author: Marwa Shabbar marwashabbar@yahoo.com.au

Also very politicised --- Some of the Courts and Tribunals are established by treaties and not all States are signatory of those treaties. Best example is ICC, as the US is not a signatory, it often makes enforcing anything against the US difficult (although there has been some creativity on this issue). Court and Tribunals also rely on State fundings which unfortunately restricts their operation at times. Ultimately these courts and tribunals are not a truly independent body and this compromises their legitimacy and action.

Source author: Marwa Shabbar marwashabbar@yahoo.com.au

Only in theory --- There is a presumption here that NSs everywhere have equal and balanced relationships with government. Unfortunately that is not true in practice, especially in conflict areas, the rise of health care in danger cases in conflict zones, goes to prove this point. As a Movement, are we being unrealistic in pretending that NSs can and do say no to governments on issues that do not align with the FPs.

Source author: Marwa Shabbar marwashabbar@yahoo.com.au

punishment unlikely to yield desired effect --- To choose a much milder example, the admission of Magen David Adom and the Palestinian Red Crescent Society to the Movement was conditional on a number of certain matters including cooperation between the two. My understanding is that to this day neither are in full compliance. The Movement can choose to suspend either or both their membership but one must consider what benefits could this possibly bring. If anything it would only politicise the assistance of both organisations even more and make it less accessible to those who need it.

Source author: Marwa Shabbar marwashabbar@yahoo.com.au

Agreement on data protection --- Thanks John. Both the NS and WFP could enter into an agreement on data protection/privacy either as provisions in their cooperation/partnership agreement or as separate agreement in addition to their partnership contract. In doing so, all organisations agree to harmonise their data protection/privacy methods, including sharing personal data with third party, which can pose as a challenge.

Source author: Ivy Susanti ivysusanti@gmail.com

Cultural diversity --- Coming from a country with diverse culture and languages, I would also agree with Maria to adapt to audience, however keeping in mind the fundamental principles that anchor your stance.

Source author: Sheebah Mirisa orgdevmgr@redcross.org.sb

Learnings on Evidence Based Approach in HD --- Need information sharing on this if existing processes have been used by HD experts at National /regional level.

Source author: Sheebah Mirisa orgdevmgr@redcross.org.sb

NSs as NGOs? --- Or as NGHA/Humanitarian Agencies? Which term would really set RCRC NS apart from the NGOs?

Source author: Sheebah Mirisa orgdevmgr@redcross.org.sb

Abandonment of neutrality --- Most relief agencies and UN forces abandon the idea neutrality and cling with renewed vigour to the traditional humanitarian principles of humanity and impartiality or going beyond traditional humanitarian principles by justifying their position in terms of solidarity, or by giving more refined interpretations of impartiality.

Source author: Emmanuel Henry Pierre manniepierre@hotmail.com

Unique access --- Because context and political dynamics at play doesn't give that kind of access to all NSs, commitment to organizational capacity in HD is necessary.

Source author: Sheebah Mirisa orgdevmgr@redcross.org.sb

neutrality --- We take initiatives but not side.

Source author: Baboloki Tebatso baboloki20@gmail.com

FP --- Acknowledging that the fundamental overlap is key during their application as well ensuring their consistance application is key. If understood and properly applied they make access to the affected people easy.

Source author: Baboloki Tebatso baboloki20@gmail.com

Perception just as important --- It seems just as important to bear in mind how you may be perceived, as what you actually do.

Source author: Anna Beijmo advocacy@forumongi-rdc.org

making the analysis in a stressful situation --- An it all need contextualisation and analysis, which is easier (bu not easy) to do in theory than in practice, when you are confronted with an emerging situation.

Source author: Anna Beijmo advocacy@forumongi-rdc.org

The right analysis --- To continue...,Example; if being stopped by an armed group and asked to take their wounded soldier to the hospital. Is the wounded soldier there and then still a soldier or did he change status as being wounded and in need of care? It seems very much a matter of being able to make the analysis without having the time on your side.

Source author: Anna Beijmo advocacy@forumongi-rdc.org

A need to contextualise --- There is always a need to contexualise the use of the principles. As clear as it may seem in theory, it may often be about making an analysis of a situation that you are confonted with very suddenly.

Source author: Anna Beijmo advocacy@forumongi-rdc.org

Framing --- The gist, I think, comes in the following sentence on framing - as Jean-Michel noted, it is about how we structure the values of an argument rather than the specific words. So 'language' here is more about justiciations and values. I think, in the humanitarian space, of the temptation of some actors to use metaphors of a flood or other uncontrolled natural hazard to describe refugees - perhaps the aim is to get more public attention, but the values perpetuated are of an uncontrollable movement.

Source author: Murdoch Stephens murdoch.stephens@redcross.org.nz

te tiriti o Waitangi --- My country was formed through a treaty - through the agreement of the British Crown with numerous, though not all, Māori tribal entities (iwi). It's the first time I have thought of this treaty as having been made in the international law context, since it has paved the way for the creation of a new domestic sphere.

Source author: Murdoch Stephens murdoch.stephens@redcross.org.nz

Negotiation and impact. --- According to mapping, it is necessary to measure the impact of our actions in terms of negotiation, as they may alter existing power balances, ultimately harming the beneficiaries.

Source author: Virginia Maria Callau Vidal vircavidal@hotmail.com

Conflict of neutral and humanity --- In my organisation, perhaps because the stakes are not as high as in military conflicts, this conflation, as well as a related public sector definition of neutrality has made some humanitarian actors far more risk averse than a focus on humanity might require. These conversations almost always end in a quagmire of discussing the principles with people who don't want to discuss them and nothing ends up changing in the HD space.

Source author: Murdoch Stephens murdoch.stephens@redcross.org.nz

Humanity and Humanism --- It feels to me that while protection of humans is still a goal of many NGOs that the impetus of a coherent ideology around humanity is not as strong as it might be, or might have been. Has anyone come across any good definitions of humanism that have a strong meaning?

Source author: Murdoch Stephens murdoch.stephens@redcross.org.nz

Sphere standars handbook --- The Sphere standards handbook is the result of good practices, lessons learned from many interventions over the years and the standardization of minimum quality principles in humanitarian assistance.It is the reference for the humanitarian community since 2018.In fact I wonder to what extent the decision to intervene is really conditioned by the compliance with the minimums, knowing perfectly well the existing assistance needs.Surely your experiences could shed some light on this point.Thank you!

Source author: Virginia Maria Callau Vidal vircavidal@hotmail.com

distinction between internationally accepted protocol and etiquette with culture and context influenced ones --- What the distinction between internationally accepted protocol and etiquette with culture and context influenced ones? This homework must be solved before undertaking the humanitarian diplomacy work as the work might involve parties that have international exposure and local ones.

Source author: Wossene Hailu Wossene_Hailu@wvi.org

Soft Law-Moral Authority --- Most people are governed by unwritten moral low as every society has its own moral dictates. It is vivid that the authoritativeness or force of moral authority is applied to the conscience of each individual, who is free to act according to or against its dictates. Humanitarian diplomats must aware these characteristics of parties on the table.

Source author: Wossene Hailu Wossene_Hailu@wvi.org

Data protection --- sometimes we work with parties like WFP and they always require the lists of beneficiaries. how can we ensure that they don't pass these data to third party which can then be used for different purposes ?

Source author: John Lobor john.lobor@ssdredcross.org

Faith based organizations and Fundamental Humanitarian Principles --- Being a faith-based humanitarian organization in some contexts might be a source root cause to violate fundamental humanitarian principles. But this is also an opportunity to celebrate those principles as most religions and faiths advocate to respect the principles. The books which are taken as a base and guide to these religions/faiths will serve as a tool for humanitarian diplomacy.

Source author: Wossene Hailu Wossene_Hailu@wvi.org

Communities --- Communities being assisted should be part of the accountability process through Community Engagement and Accountability(CEA)

Source author: John Lobor john.lobor@ssdredcross.org

talk to two sides --- It is always important in such situations to talk to both sides so that you have balanced information.

Source author: John Lobor john.lobor@ssdredcross.org

Pressures on National Staff --- pressures will always be there whether for international or national staff ,however the organisation must be persistence and consistent in upholding the principles of neutrality and Independence to be seen as a credible and reliable organisation.

Source author: John Lobor john.lobor@ssdredcross.org

Accountability --- Evolving in an increasingly internationalized environment and guided by growing requirements of accountability both to aid beneficiaries and to private and public sponsors> NGOs will then be better prepared for that challenge and for the many others that they already or that lie ahead.

Source author: Emmanuel Henry Pierre manniepierre@hotmail.com

Innovation --- It is not up to NGOs alone to seek to preserve the humanitarian space, previous experience suggests it is better to trust the solutions which the non-governmental humanitarian agencies will endeavor to apply, because their capacity has demonstrated its capacity for innovation and it continues to develop in the 21st century.

Source author: Emmanuel Henry Pierre manniepierre@hotmail.com

NS principles --- Continuous awareness on fundamentals principles is critical and important to all humanitarian actors

Source author: Abraham Kisang kisangkisumbat@gmail.com

branding --- Not only ICRC, the Movement is generally good in branding.

Source author: John Lobor john.lobor@ssdredcross.org

Testimony. --- They are critical source of information and testimony as they will provide first hand credible and reliable , information based on their experiences. So they should not be neglected.

Source author: John Lobor john.lobor@ssdredcross.org

MSF and institutional funds --- Dear Marwa,

I worked with MSF and MSF accepts institutional funds but in a very reduced percentage and after an thorough evaluation of the institutional donors and funds for certain projects. What is true, it is that they don't depend on these funds and they can decide to stop to work with these donors if their change their positions towards an issue or other ethical issues,

Source author: María Romero Pardo sohi1z1@hotmail.com

Authorities turnover --- The fundamental humanitarian Principles face challenges where there is high turnover in key positions in Authority. Relations well built and the individuals are fired or transferred to another positions

Source author: Taban Sabir Alahai taban.sabir@ssdredcross.org

Advocating for Humanitarian Objectives --- What about advocating for the implementation of humanitarian provisions in Peace Agreement? One party drags feet, can HD take precedent with caution of the principle of neutrality?

Source author: Taban Sabir Alahai taban.sabir@ssdredcross.org

Resources from Governments --- National Societies in most countries receive funds from annual budget allocations of their Governments. This is point of entry by Authorities to bend the fundamental principles. Therefore sustained HD.

Source author: Taban Sabir Alahai taban.sabir@ssdredcross.org

Fake News --- From South Sudan, we had an individual, who has amassed wealth. One time he produced a video of himself making statement of donating $5,000 to Kenya Red Cross and $5,000 to South Sudan Red Cross from his Hotel room in Nairobi. This went Viral and the two NSs had to clear the air.- Fake News!

Source author: Taban Sabir Alahai taban.sabir@ssdredcross.org

NGO Registration --- In most countries or for example in South Sudan, INGOs and NNGOs are registered and viewed by Authorities as humanitarians. However, some have agendas far from humanitarian- those dealing in addressing root causes of bad Governance.

Source author: Taban Sabir Alahai taban.sabir@ssdredcross.org

Good Governance organizations --- States get more confusion and find it hard to differentiate between humanitarians and those who registers as NGOs/INGOs , but have a different agenda- Good Governance which has contentious issues that pin governments.

Source author: Taban Sabir Alahai taban.sabir@ssdredcross.org

Adapting language --- On reflection I have noticed I change language according to the situation. Lately I've used words or phrases in reports that have been 'government speak' so that they will understand immediately what I am referring to even though I would never use those terms of phrase myself. On the other hand when speaking about people that have been detained, government/stakeholders use the term 'detainees' whereas I always use the term 'people in detention' or 'person in detention' as it is less dehumanising and to emphasize that the detention is situational.

Source author: Cara Ceriani caraceriani@hotmail.com

Donors and political agendas --- I agree that we see the biggest donors are from governments with political agendas which help maintain power and control. This also affects which disasters/conflicts are receiving funding and which are 'forgotten'. You mentioned funding for projects related to migration which I find particularly interesting - we have seen the externalizing of Europe's borders over the past years (Turkey, Libya, Sub-saharan Africa etc.) and a lot of funding going into projects that help maintain those external borders under the guise of humanitarian aid.

Source author: Cara Ceriani caraceriani@hotmail.com

how can this be done in volatile contexts --- In volatile contexts with constantly shifting landscapes, this can be a very difficult thing to do. Take Haiti or Afghanistan for example, it's not easy to plan for anything other than the here and now.

Source author: Marwa Shabbar marwashabbar@yahoo.com.au

organisation vs individual - response --- I agree that this balance can be very tricky, especially in contexts where your neutrality could have negative repercussions on your family. There is a great push for localisation which I generally agree with, but in reality, it is easier for international staff to adhere to the principles than local stuff, not because of any moral superiority but simply because the international staff's reality and environment is different, which means they are not subjected to the same extreme pressures as the local staff.

Source author: Marwa Shabbar marwashabbar@yahoo.com.au

win-win --- A humanitarian agency providing support to a community can itself be seen as a win for state and non-state actors. For non-state actors, "their" people receive humanitarian assistance. For state militaries, humanitarian assistance is that "force multiplier" when working in contested areas. An issues is does this tarnish what the aid agency was doing anyway?

Source author: Joe Cropp joe.cropp@ifrc.org

The long game --- I am really interested in hearing from other people how they stay motivated through the 'long games' of HD that go on for years with little change? I have found that celebrating small (sometime miniscule) wins can be helpful as does having a really good team of colleagues and believing in what you are doing but the work can, at times, be disheartening. I would love to hear how others navigate these challenges?

Source author: Cara Ceriani caraceriani@hotmail.com

'Why' questions --- One interviewing tip I was given when training as a social worker was to avoid questions starting with 'why' as they tend to come across as judgmental, potentially shaming and can lead to the interviewee feeling guarded and defensive which is the opposite of what we want. Instead of asking 'Why did you do xyz?' we could ask 'What led you to do xyz?' I've found coming from a place of curiosity can really help people drop their guard (unfortunately this does not work in every situation!). I would be interested in hearing any other interview or questioning techniques that people have found useful in their work/HD

Source author: Cara Ceriani caraceriani@hotmail.com

Naming and shaming --- I agree, Ivy. Naming and shaming doesn't do much in the way of building relationships with other stakeholders.

Source author: Daniel Beaudoin beaudoin.dnl@gmail.com

Big data analysis and ethical challenges. --- Ivy, you raise an important ethical question. Big data analysis, which is becoming popular in humanitarian operations, poses just that kind of ethical challenge.

Source author: Daniel Beaudoin beaudoin.dnl@gmail.com

Due diligence. --- Catherine, yes, and from here the importance of conducting due diligence before establishing partnerships.

Source author: Daniel Beaudoin beaudoin.dnl@gmail.com

USAID --- Perhaps. John. The USAID rarely leaves even in crisis.

Source author: Daniel Beaudoin beaudoin.dnl@gmail.com

Body language --- Yes Maria, and adapt your body and sign vocabulary too.

Source author: Daniel Beaudoin beaudoin.dnl@gmail.com

Degrees of "burn" --- Your point is valid, Gerhard. But it would depend on which organization you belong to. In the case of the ICRC you would most probably be "burned". In the case of the UN, less so.

Source author: Daniel Beaudoin beaudoin.dnl@gmail.com

Branding --- Marwa, you ask an important question. From my experience I have seen how the ICRC, for example, make great efforts to differentiate themselves from the other organizations. This is done in order to protect their "brand" of apolitical aid.

Source author: Daniel Beaudoin beaudoin.dnl@gmail.com

Humanitarian work & assistance vs development vs human rights organisations --- Over the years there has been an increase in the number of international organisations with some being more specialised in a particular field than others. For those who don't work in the humanitarian sector or not familiar with the sector all three type of organisations in the title are the same, which may lead to suspicion about motives etc. How can the sector better explain these differences to avoid ambiguity?

Source author: Marwa Shabbar marwashabbar@yahoo.com.au

MSF --- Absolutely Thierry, for this very reason we saw MSF pull out from the Humanitarian Summit and also for this reason they do not accept funding from States. MSF is one of the organisations that apply the fundamental principles and they believe the principles would be compromised if they accept State fundings.

Source author: Marwa Shabbar marwashabbar@yahoo.com.au

ICC --- I assume as a humanitarian diplomat, you would be "burned" if you appear as a witness in front of the ICC. But still , I believe, that the power, reach, recognition and use of the ICC needs to be strengthen as one of the guardians of Inhumanity!

Source author: Gerhard Tauscher gerhardtoday@gmail.com

god cop/ bad cop --- I see more and more benefits in the auxiliary role as a role play between INGO´s/NGO of being the bad cop and good cop. The different roles and approached do work better or not that good in different scenarios and contexts.

Source author: Gerhard Tauscher gerhardtoday@gmail.com

Principles are your guide --- The Humanitarian principles are tools that every Hdiplomat should have at his or her "chest " to empower them is their negotiation. The Principles form the basis of your negotiating language.

Source author: John Lobor john.lobor@ssdredcross.org

history will tell --- Often is easier to judge when history is written. The example use of Nazi Germany taking over the German Red Cross and the role of the international components, has still not been seen so critical in the commentaries of Jean Pictet, page 9! " We may note that the ICRC has never yet to take such an extreme measure action" written 1979

Source author: Gerhard Tauscher gerhardtoday@gmail.com

suspension --- Sure there is milder case, than what i listed, and a due process to support and bring back on track. And in the recent history, the RCRC movement has acted more strict. One example would be the Hellenic RC, suspended in 2018.https://oldmedia.ifrc.org/ifrc/press-release/statement-suspension-hellenic-red-cross-member-ifrc/

Source author: Gerhard Tauscher gerhardtoday@gmail.com

scientific distribution of funding --- I agree, that this should be the approach. Ideally, a global overview of the needs in all countries, and a distribution of funds accordingly. Not looking at media attention,strategic interests, history, access,....

Source author: Gerhard Tauscher gerhardtoday@gmail.com

International Criminal Courts --- These are Courts that try people who have committed war crimes and crime against. How effective and fast can these tribunals expediate cases brought against persons accused of the crimes ? can humanitarian diplomats be called upon as witness during the trial if the have full knowledge of the events leading to the accused being reigned in Court ?

Source author: John Lobor john.lobor@ssdredcross.org

Adapt to the audience --- When it comes to active speaking in negotiations, it is important that your counterpart understand welll you and your message, so for me, it is important to adapt you words and your message so that you can be well understood. Adapt your vocabulary to the person you are talking to.

Source author: María Romero Pardo sohi1z1@hotmail.com

What does moral authority means? --- Do we understand the moral authority of States as our trust in their capacity to make the right and good decision?

Do all the leaders guide their States interests through moral authority?

Source author: María Romero Pardo sohi1z1@hotmail.com

Involvement of affected population and communities --- The involvement of the community or targeted groups in the needs assessments as well as in the designing of an emergency response or humanitarian programs is a must in terms of pertinence of the actions and aid as well as that in terms of acceptance. We need to push and promote their participation in such activities.

Source author: María Romero Pardo sohi1z1@hotmail.com

Language --- Catherine, I think using the same language is fine, what we mean is not using the same words, idioms, metaphors, than your interlocutor, but instead sticking to your own humanitarian (neutral and impartial) way of explaining the situation.

Source author: Jean-Michel Monod jmmonod@yahoo.com

IDPs --- Thank you Virginia and Ivy, let us not forget the Kampala Convention (African Union Convention) listed below in the text.

Source author: Jean-Michel Monod jmmonod@yahoo.com

IHL --- In fact John, most of the time, the ICRC and the NS work together as many NS don't have the knowledge and resources to conduct sessions of dissemination of IHL

Source author: Jean-Michel Monod jmmonod@yahoo.com

Punitive measures --- You are right John, the ICRC and the Federation have to agree to act when a NS does not comply with its statutes (which have been agreed upon by both Geneva institutions at the time the NS joined the Movement). Instead of punishing, ICRC and Federation try to help the Governance of the NS to put things right, easier said than done.

Source author: Jean-Michel Monod jmmonod@yahoo.com

Map relationships between actors --- Have a stakeholder analysis, it is very important. During this exercise, something that we have not to forget to do, it is to examine the layers of interconnection and influence between actors to determine who can influence/persuade whom in order to generating effective actions.

Source author: María Romero Pardo sohi1z1@hotmail.com

Funding --- Thank you Thierry, Ivy and John, funding is as you say getting more and more complicated. The triple nexus (Emergency, development, peace) promoted mainly by the EU complicates matters further.

Source author: Jean-Michel Monod jmmonod@yahoo.com

Principles --- Yes John, this is precisely why HD is so important. Let us not forget that the FPs were first adopted by the International RCRC Conference in 1965, not only by the NS but also by the Governments represented at the Conference.

Source author: Jean-Michel Monod jmmonod@yahoo.com

Stake holder Analysis --- The mapping helps you to find out reputable, trusted, reliable and credible partners that you work with after carrying out risk assessment .

Source author: John Lobor john.lobor@ssdredcross.org

Funding and Foreign Aid. --- In the event that strings are attached to the funding which compromises the humanitarian principles , the organization especially movement component ( NS, IFRC and ICRC) can decline to receive the funds .

Source author: John Lobor john.lobor@ssdredcross.org

Hdiplomacy --- you are right Shane, humanitarian diplomacy should extend to Civil Societies and CBOs as long as they are engaged with Public authorities and opinion leaders in the interest of the vulnerable population.

Source author: John Lobor john.lobor@ssdredcross.org

Employing another Language. --- use your own language that is the language and the tools that you understand better while negotiating. Using another language weakens your capacity. In Hdiplomacy use the right tools and skills to influence decision makers.

Source author: John Lobor john.lobor@ssdredcross.org

Access vs Independence --- From experience when conflict breaks out in a country between state and non- state actors, most of the development partners will pull away from the country due the fact that they will not get the required resources due to changes in the context.

Source author: John Lobor john.lobor@ssdredcross.org

Mutual benefits. --- There are benefits the NS can get from the Public authorities such as direct cash contributions , tax exemptions, provision of legal guarantees of access and freedom of movement during emergencies.. Public authorities can benefit from NS by getting support in drafting Laws or Policies that facilitate humanitarian work infavour of vulnerable population. DRR law, IDRL

Source author: John Lobor john.lobor@ssdredcross.org

Synergising intercultural approaches --- Intercultural diplomatic communication or signaling is a fundamental mechanism to connect cultures and promote cultural diversity to build better bilateral relations. There is also a trend in the world currently, to understand different cultures and what they imply for each of diplomat as a means of conflict prevention.

Source author: Adil Khalil adilfiel@yahoo.com

Modern diplomacy --- Diplomacy is challenged by nationalism and protectionism. The trend of protectionism has brought backward efforts to promote globalization and multilateralism for a few decades ago. As a result, much foreign policy is economically driven. However, hope for multilateralism lies within international organizations such as UNESCO that support multilateral relations.

Source author: Phalla Chem phalla.chem@gmail.com

Counter-terrorism --- After the 11 September 2001 attack, the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy formed a resolution and the Plan of Action (A/RES/60/288): (1) to stop the spread of terrorism, (2) to prevent and combat terrorism, (3) to build states’ capacity to prevent and (4) to strengthen the role of the United Nations system in that regard.

Source author: Phalla Chem phalla.chem@gmail.com

The diversity among the Cultural Institution --- in Europe tends to reflect the differences that exist between the different MS of the EU. The structure and activities of the CIs are often shaped by the organisation of their national administration, historical ties with foreign countries, geopolitical strategies as well as relations with neighbouring countries both in and outside the EU.

Source author: Tarniem Shokry Iskandar tar.eskander@hotmail.com

Observer status --- The granting of observer status to multilateral organisations should be confined to those intergovernmental organisations and countries who's interests conforms to the member states of the multilateral organisation. the recent decision by the African Union to grant Israel observer status caused a stir as some member states were not in support of this fact.

Source author: Simataa Matali simatamatali@icloud.com

IDPs --- 55 million internally displaced persons and there is no convention to specifically address that except for the Kampala Declaration which is regional.More needs to be done in this area.

Source author: Katlego W. Phele phelekatlego@gmail.com

Priority --- this helps in acknowledging that all no size fit all hence the need to analyze and give attention to all pressing issues. As HDdiplomats you will be able to critical analyze the issues taking into consideration the four fundamental principles.

Source author: Baboloki Tebatso baboloki20@gmail.com

HD - mainstreaming --- HD should be mainstreamed in all the programs because it is only through understanding the issues that one can properly advocate and proposed solutions to the issue.

Source author: Baboloki Tebatso baboloki20@gmail.com

Traditional policies --- I also do find it difficult to understand what traditional leaders refer to when taking decision as mostly is not documented. This also make it difficult to measure the impact of the decision made by such leaders.

Source author: Baboloki Tebatso baboloki20@gmail.com

@Mohamed: peace-enforcement --- The UN Charter provides gradual means for intervention, according to circumstances and the the existing decision-making mechanisms. It cannot do more than its members states allow it to do.

Source author: Petru Dumitriu PetruD@diplomacy.edu

@Mahomed: ILO evolution --- ILO is now a specialized agency in the United Nations system and works differently, given its tripartite structure. ILO's evolution was not related institutionally to the League of Nations.

Source author: Petru Dumitriu PetruD@diplomacy.edu

Question --- If the UN can not enforce peace and use force where necessary, is the intergovernmental body able to maintain international peace and security more efficiently?

Source author: Dubo Mohamed mohacpr@gmail.com

Question? --- Since the League of Nations was transformed to UN were there not similar concerns to transform the ILO into a new outfit that can accommodate some of the ILO shortcomings since both were stablished at the same time?

Source author: Dubo Mohamed mohacpr@gmail.com

@Andre: definition of cybercrime --- You know better than me that crime is crime whether committed in the physical space or the cyber space, what committed by traditional means or by digital means.

You also know that the law is always one step behind the practice, or the science and technology are one step ahead of legislation. A universal definition could be of course useful but, in particular in relation with the digital world, it can become obsolete the day after adoption.

International action does not depend necessarily on the existence of a definition, although for instance there was no timely action in Rwanda in 1994 because of the relevance of the definition of genocide. You saw that we do not have an universally agreed definition of democracy but we have enough "descriptors" of democracy.

Last but not least and that's not related to international law and diplomacy, we do not have a definition of beauty and ... yet...

Source author: Petru Dumitriu PetruD@diplomacy.edu

Although a valiant effort, ... --- ... I don't think the problem can ever be truly be considered tackled until and unless the United Nations agrees on a more uniform definition of bad behaviour in cyberspace, whether state-sponsored or not.

Source author: André Xuereb andre.xuereb@um.edu.mt

Not an easy question --- During what is ostensibly a public health emergency it is not easy to decide what should go ahead and what should not. I was highly sceptical that the Olympic games should go ahead this year, although Japan's reputation as a very hygiene-oriented culture certainly helped allay some fears. Ultimately, though, we must remember that athletes (as well as participants in similar large-scale events) are not pawns that should be used to make a political message – regardless of whether that message is negative (your example of Zika in Brazil) or positive (the Tokyo Olympics).

Source author: André Xuereb andre.xuereb@um.edu.mt

@Mohamed: Multitrack diplomacy --- Yes, for example: Multi-track Diplomacy: A Systems Approach to Peace, by John Warlick McDonald and Louise Diamond

Source author: Petru Dumitriu PetruD@diplomacy.edu

Comment --- INGOs and NGOs seem to be over-complementing the UN in the implementation of critical global actions , including the SDGs implementation more effectively than UN bodies.

Source author: Dubo Mohamed mohacpr@gmail.com

Clarification --- I am little bid confused with multi-track and dual-track diplomacy? any reading material on the same for clarification.

Source author: Dubo Mohamed mohacpr@gmail.com

@Sophal: vaccine diplomacy --- The vaccine diplomacy refers to the fact the some countries provide vaccines to countries in need as a means to gain political influence or other advantages. The media is full of reports on such actions; I do not want to speculate on that matter.

Giving vaccines to countries in need is positive in my opinion. The policy of the United Nations is to mobilize and stimulate supply of vaccines to poor countries.

Source author: Petru Dumitriu PetruD@diplomacy.edu

@Sophal: early warning --- If your question refer to early warning, the response is that the world summits provide information that may lead to the anticipation and the prevention of negative phenomena.

This information is brought in the same debate by the governments, professional associations, academia, NGOs, international organizations etc.

Of course, action does not usually follow promptly, but no one denies the great value of collecting and analyzing information on specific issues of global concern.

Source author: Petru Dumitriu PetruD@diplomacy.edu

Vaccine diplomacy --- It seems to be a hot issue for Covid-19 on Vaccine Diplomacy. Could you please explain some on "Covid-19 Vaccine Diplomacy"?

Source author: Sophal Try try.sophal@misti.gov.kh

Question --- What is the main arm of UN to work on this?

Source author: Sophal Try try.sophal@misti.gov.kh

Comment --- This all depends how MFA positions itself as coordinator of all national institutions (both public, private and civil society groups) and not coordinator and implementing organ at the same time.

Source author: Dubo Mohamed mohacpr@gmail.com

Comment --- Secretariats are increasingly become agents for other stakeholders (external pressure groups such as the media, NGOs, et al).

Source author: Dubo Mohamed mohacpr@gmail.com

Comment --- National coordination must ensure wide-buy in by all national institutions whom the implementation of the same decisions will be required. MFA should have practical national institutions coordination method to allow timely coordination and implementation thereafter.

Source author: Dubo Mohamed mohacpr@gmail.com

Comment --- Implementation of consensual decisions enjoys wide support as majority of countries agreed hence becomes embarrassing for them withdrew support after adoption.

Source author: Dubo Mohamed mohacpr@gmail.com

Question --- Which one out of the veto and disassociation is common in use?

Source author: Dubo Mohamed mohacpr@gmail.com

Comment --- Rules of Procedure is increasingly becoming useful in global governance than it used to be in the past.

Source author: Dubo Mohamed mohacpr@gmail.com

Yes nations can complain --- about those that breach international law provisions but the reality of things is that there are not favourable remedial mechanism put in place to ensure and/or enforce compliance with the international laws save for the most practical one being imposition of sanctions.

Source author: Malefetsane Dominic Mosala mosalalaw@gmail.com

Multiple choice questions --- with weekly quizzes were, it is my personal submission sometimes wrongly phrased. For example, posing a question like "what does international law say about situations where diplomats are held hostage?" requires one to answer basing oneself on the provisions of the international instruments, but if they are silent then one would say that they are either silent or unclear. But when the question says "based on states practice", it means that the answer is no longer going to be objective but rather subjective and as thus one would have give common and/or reasonably accepted practice.

Source author: Malefetsane Dominic Mosala mosalalaw@gmail.com

Who would want to expose themselves? --- Indeed it is not normal that both abusers of diplomatic privileges and immunities on the part of diplomatic agents and violators or breachers on the part of RS nationals or authorities would want for such mishaps to be known, so as to protect their image respectively. This is the reason why there is little publicised data on breaches and abuses save for only when reported in the news.

Source author: Malefetsane Dominic Mosala mosalalaw@gmail.com

Location and Nationality --- No Solange, I mean that I want to have my location and nationality as two different countries because it is indeed that way. Same as your location (residence) is Trinidad and Tobago on the one hand and nationality is United Kingdom. When I click on edit my profile, it takes me to the window and towards the bottom of the window, there is an a box for location which is current residence. Below it, is another box for other country but is not functional as it is not highlighted for one to type anything therein. I do not have any other option to type in my country of nationality.

Source author: Malefetsane Dominic Mosala mosalalaw@gmail.com

Q3 --- I agree. I would begin by warning them that this technology would become all-encompassing and way beyond their oiriginal design and function, and as such, I would warn them to always keep in mind ethical considerations and thus not only limited to privacy-by-design, but ethical-by design: including aspects related to privacy, security, inclusion, freedom and even environmental considerations.

Source author: Karen de Brouwer Vásquez de.brouwer.k@outlook.com

Inclusion and AI --- I believe that out of all the emerging technologies perhaps the one with the most disruptive potential is the development of AI, in this sense - and following up on "tech for good" - it would be crucial to direct important time, economic and human resources to assessing how to best harness AI's potential for good, and how to minimize the risks it poses for inclusion and inequality at the micro and macro levels

Source author: Karen de Brouwer Vásquez de.brouwer.k@outlook.com

Block-chain --- Not missing but perhaps under-explored. The Blockchain is having more and more applications in spheres as diverse as art (NFT's), financial transactions (cryptocurrencies), democracy and even conservation efforts.

Source author: Karen de Brouwer Vásquez de.brouwer.k@outlook.com

This would be directly related to the diversity principle, wouldn'it? --- Diversity

Source author: Karen de Brouwer Vásquez de.brouwer.k@outlook.com

Agreed --- It was interesting to see more "hard" principles and their intersections with internet technology and governance however, the principle of diversity is something that often lags behind and thus hinders the universality of the internet

Source author: Karen de Brouwer Vásquez de.brouwer.k@outlook.com

The consular diplomacy --- Consulates play a key role in different ways. They provide consular protection, documentation and evene some consulates organize communitarian initiatives to promote health, education, sport among others, as it is the case of the Mexican consulates in the United States. Consulates also monitor the political activuty at local level with governors, congress, mayors, police departments, sheriffs, amnog others.

Source author: Andrés Josué Aguas Cherf josue.cherf@gmail.com

Vulnerable groups --- I believe this extends beyond vulnerability to weapons, there are groups who have historically been disadvantaged and marginalized, and which technology discussions do not often take into account, thus exacerbating their vulnerability and exclusion. Such groups include: indigenous populations, linguistic minorities, migrants and refugees, people with disabilities, among others,

Source author: Karen de Brouwer Vásquez de.brouwer.k@outlook.com

Necessary dimensions subject to manipulation. --- Sadly, many restrictive measures against freedom of expression and human rights are sacrficed in the name of geopolitical interest and "national security".

Source author: Karen de Brouwer Vásquez de.brouwer.k@outlook.com

Depends at the level of abstraction. --- There are currently several processes underway that seek to regulate different aspects of emerging technologies. For example,m In January, the UN Committee in charge of preparing a universal Convention against cybercrime will begin to hold sessions.

Source author: Karen de Brouwer Vásquez de.brouwer.k@outlook.com

Limits of durability --- I very much like the point of durability, however I think that there are limits to the degree to which principles enshrined in legislation can be applied in practice. As we see in this course, it can be difficult to apply a principle to a concrete policy challenge. New technologies such as cryptocurrencies have to be aligned with principles by legal and political interpretation. I think that in many cases this will not be possible without new, interpreting legislation

Source author: Peter Drahn peterdrahn@mail.de

Human weaknesses --- I think a key aspect here is that technology goves human the possibility to exploit human weaknesses, expecially things such as complacency, desire for comfort or lazyness to think / act. As technology constantly makes our lives ‚easier‘, tech exploiting weaknesses can make people depedant on tech, all for financial gains. However, technology also has the potential to empower people by providing knowledge, services or connections that make us more productive, successful and happy. This is in my view the key task of technology in the future.

Source author: Peter Drahn peterdrahn@mail.de

Usually --- This is also my rule of thumb, but since I take such good care of my equipment sometimes they become obsolete as they no longer are compatible or ableto run the apps, OS and other features that I require for their use.

Source author: Karen de Brouwer Vásquez de.brouwer.k@outlook.com

2 essential standards --- These 2 processes or elements should be an essential standard for the development and deployment of emerging technologies

Source author: Karen de Brouwer Vásquez de.brouwer.k@outlook.com

Technology and Exclusion --- I believe that "progress" for the sake of progress is dangerous, there should always be a focus on the public and social good. If it harms people, especially historically disadvantaged groups that should be a hard limit

Source author: Karen de Brouwer Vásquez de.brouwer.k@outlook.com

Agreed --- Copmpletely agree, most technologies create at least as many challenges and/or problems as the ones that they help solve.

Source author: Karen de Brouwer Vásquez de.brouwer.k@outlook.com

Catch up with regulation. --- Although I agree with Nadia's comment, I believe that the generation she refers to understands and handles well technologies that already exist as well as their most common uses, and is thus well placed to create policies for it.

The issue with technology and regulation and public policy is that it evolves so rapidly and each technology involves a myriad of possible applications which can be very niche and difficult to foresee.

Source author: Karen de Brouwer Vásquez de.brouwer.k@outlook.com

Neoliberalism --- Neoliberalism was on an ascending course until populism politics in the form of Trump and Bolsonaro arrived. Add China to the mix and you have a heavily regulated world. Hopefully Biden and Jinping will be able to find consensus.

Source author: Simataa Matali simatamatali@icloud.com

@Simataa: human security --- Absolutely: that is why the concept of human security was invented: to prevent the absolute nature of state security-

Source author: Petru Dumitriu PetruD@diplomacy.edu

@Simataa: global governance --- Can you elaborate more about the second dimension of factor (4) "liberal world political paradigm"? Do you still see that neoliberalism is continuing its ascending course?

Source author: Petru Dumitriu PetruD@diplomacy.edu

@Andre: a status for the Gulf Stream? --- That's is a really challenging question. I do not know much about the Gulf stream, so do not expect a professional answer. However, by virtue of my right to reflect I would say the following:

1. As to the influence on the climate change and the influence of human activities on the Gulf stream, may be enlisting it among others generic issue like renewable energy, sea level, fossil exploitation could make sense.

2. The Gulf stream is part of an ocean so the Law of the Sea applies to it.

3. However, as a potential source of renewable energy in itself one should know more to determine if it is a global good, or if its needs a special regime for international cooperation.

By all means, your idea deserves further study!

Source author: Petru Dumitriu PetruD@diplomacy.edu

@Andre: the reform of the Security Council --- I am supposed to describe and make you understand the way the mechanisms of the United Nations are expected to work, without naming and shaming.

But if the God asks me your question at the Last Judgement I will say: I do not think that it is necessary to increase the number of permanent members of the Security Council together with their veto privileges. These aspirations would only serve the self-pride and the prestige of the respective members. It will not add anything to the effectiveness of the Security Council. On the contrary!

Now, as you are not God, consider that I did not respond this particular question.

Source author: Petru Dumitriu PetruD@diplomacy.edu

@Andre: the final say on reform --- Well, to make the long story short. The General Assembly would have the final say on a solution agreed by all permanent members of the Security Council.

Source author: Petru Dumitriu PetruD@diplomacy.edu

Human rights VS National Security --- State Security and human security can be at odds and human rights abuses are often justified by reference to national security. a goof example of this is the US Targeted killing policy as well as detention without trial.

Source author: Simataa Matali simatamatali@icloud.com

Factors that impede Global Governance --- The future of global governance will be mainly shaped by the following five factors: (1) Individual empowerment. (2) Increasing awareness of human security. (3) Institutional complexity. (4) International power shift and liberal world political paradigm

Source author: Simataa Matali simatamatali@icloud.com

Gulf Stream? --- The Gulf Stream is critical for maintaining the stability of Earth's climate. One could argue that protecting it therefore falls under the topic of climate change, but if we keep in mind that it is effectively a (quasi-)well-defined body of water, albeit one immersed in a larger body of water, could it be afforded special status?

Source author: André Xuereb andre.xuereb@um.edu.mt

If the P5 are required to change veto powers... --- ... is there any hope for reform?

Somehow I get the impression that this is similar to the US filibuster – an outdated piece of legislation that is being applied far beyond its original scope, with almost nothing in the way of evidence that it should be applicable under current circumstances.

Source author: André Xuereb andre.xuereb@um.edu.mt

Parking tickets --- Diplomats should adhere to the laws of the receiving State they should set an example, not paying of parking tickets is a traffic offence and it does not send a proper message to the general public so therefore they should be made to pay for parking tickets.

Source author: Nyoka Ashton nashton@gov.vc

Evidence should be shown --- I totally agree that there needs to be some sought of evidence to prove there was some sought of threat in order to seek refugee within an Embassy.

Source author: Nyoka Ashton nashton@gov.vc

Difference between Diplomatic Asylum and VCO on Refugees --- Diplomatic Asylum claims is sought in the the diplomatic missions while Asylum claims under the 1951 Vienna Convention on Refugees is sought under extraordinary situation where human lives are at risk.

Source author: Nyoka Ashton nashton@gov.vc

definition of Trial in absentia --- Trial in absentia is a criminal proceeding in a court of law in which the person who is subject to it is not physically present at those proceedings.

Source author: Nyoka Ashton nashton@gov.vc

definition of International Law Commission --- The International Law Commission was established by the General Assembly, in 1947, to undertake the mandate of the Assembly, under article 13 (1) (a) of the Charter of the United Nations to "initiate studies and make recommendations for the purpose of ... encouraging the progressive development of international law and its codification.

Source author: Nyoka Ashton nashton@gov.vc

Parking Violation --- Immunity from prosecution under the Vienna Convention may be a vital part of international relations, but it does little good for the moral fibre of the individuals involved.

As of April in Canberra, Australia, diplomats representing various foreign powers owed the city more than A$500,000 (£290,000) – mostly in unpaid parking fines. Tickets for running red lights and speeding were also common. Saudi Arabian diplomats alone owed nearly A$140,000.

Advertisement In New York, meanwhile, the total bill for parking tickets issued to UN diplomats was more than $16m (£12.3m) as of March. Here Egypt was by far the worst offender, with a debt of nearly $2m, although more than a third of that was the handiwork of just four cars. One of them – registration 001 THD – accrued $109,165 in fines from 1,985 offences, many of which date back to the last century. Since then, with added penalties, the total has more than doubled. Who knows whether the malefactor is still in New York, or even still alive?

Source author: Nyoka Ashton nashton@gov.vc

Countries result in the stunted socioeconomic development --- due to the latter mainly to the unequal balance of payments and trade. Classical dependency theory states that underdeveloped nations remain dependent because foreign investment in raw material extraction results in highly specialized, low value-added, export-oriented activities that impede the internal structural differentiation necessary for sustainable development

Source author: Tarniem Shokry Iskandar tar.eskander@hotmail.com